requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。
用python编写。
比urllib2模块更简洁。
Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池,支持使用cookie保持会话,支持文件上传,支持自动响应内容的编码,支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。
在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得python进行网络请求时,变得人性化,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
现代,国际化,友好。
requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive
1)导入模块
import requests
2)发送请求的简洁
示例代码:获取一个网页(个人github)
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求
我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法
requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’) # GET请求
requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”) # POST请求
requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”) # PUT请求
requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”) # DELETE请求
requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”) # HEAD请求
requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” ) # OPTIONS请求
3)为url传递参数
url_params = {'key':'value'} # 字典传递参数,如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中
r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params)
print(r.url)
4)响应的内容
r.encoding #获取当前的编码
r.encoding = 'utf-8' #设置编码
r.text #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体,会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。
r.content #以字节形式(二进制)返回。字节方式的响应体,会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。
r.headers #以字典对象存储服务器响应头,但是这个字典比较特殊,字典键不区分大小写,若键不存在则返回None
r.status_code #响应状态码
r.raw #返回原始响应体,也就是 urllib 的 response 对象,使用 r.raw.read()
r.ok # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功
#*特殊方法*#
r.json() #Requests中内置的JSON解码器,以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的,不然解析出错会抛异常
r.raise_for_status() #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
post发送json请求:
import requests
import json
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))
print(r.json())
5)定制头和cookie信息
header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
import requests
import json
data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)
6)响应状态码
使用requests方法后,会返回一个response对象,其存储了服务器响应的内容,如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例:当你访问 r.text 之时,会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码,并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。
r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
r.encoding = 'GBK'
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
示例代码:
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
print(r.status_code) # 获取返回状态
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求
print(r1.url)
print(r1.text) # 打印解码后的返回数据
运行结果:
/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py
200
http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
…………
Process finished with exit code 0
r.status_code #如果不是200,可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常
7)响应
r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息
r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息
r.cookies #返回cookie
r.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向
8)超时
r = requests.get('url',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时,仅对于连接有效
9)会话对象,能够跨请求保持某些参数
s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1')
10)代理
proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)
汇总:
# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示,中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示
#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print(r.url) #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print (r.encoding)
#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(r.json()) # 需要先import json
# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print (r.request.headers)
#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict,需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies
#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)
#设置访问代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用户名和密码,则需要这样:
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:[email protected]:3128/",
}
# 1、无参数实例
import requests
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
# 2、有参数实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
# 1、基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
import requests
import json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)
请求参数
参数示例代码
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
''' init '''
if __name__ == '__main__':
heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
payload = {'CountryName': '中国',
'ProvinceName': '四川省',
'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
'L2CityName': 'yibing',
'TownName': '',
'Longitude': '107.33393',
'Latitude': '33.157131',
'Language': 'CN'}
r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
data = r.json()
if r.status_code!=200:
print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code))
print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID']) # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack'])
print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)) # 树形打印json,ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode
Xml请求:
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
"""init"""
if __name__ == '__main__':
heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
XML = 'WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS RUN 1127.0.0.1 1 false '
url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
data = r.text
print(data)
状态异常处理
import requests
URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php' # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200,就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
print(e)
else:
result = r.json()
print(type(result), result, sep='\n')
上传文件
使用request模块,也可以上传文件,文件的类型会自动进行处理:
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)
request更加方便的是,可以把字符串当作文件进行上传:
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)
6) 身份验证
基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd')) # 简写
print(r.json())
另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证,Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:
requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
Cookies与会话对象
如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速访问它们:
import requests
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))
要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可以使用 cookies 参数:
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@,冒号,分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数,最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies,且这些都是自动处理的,甚是方便。
下面就来一个真正的实例,如下是快盘签到脚本:
import requests
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm')
_URL = 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php'
s.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})
print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})
这是一个基本的文件保存操作,但这里有几个值得注意的问题:
1.安装requests包,命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests,自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码
2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8,否则保存的文件会出现乱码。
3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容,会提示各种编码错误,所以保存到文件查看。
4.with open方法是更好的写法,可以自动操作完毕后释放资源。
#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests
'''requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例'''
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(html.text)
'''读取一个txt文件,每次读取一行,并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例'''
ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
ff.write(line)
ff.close()
因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据,中文会出现编码错误,所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件,这样来测试读取是否正常。(注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式)
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def login_github():
"""
通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
:return:
"""
# 获取csrf_token
r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 获得get请求的对象
s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 获取登陆授权码,即csrf_token
get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 获取get请求的cookies,post请求时必须携带
# 发送post登陆请求
'''
post登陆参数
commit Sign+in
utf8 ✓
authenticity_token E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
login JackUpDown(用户名)
password **********(密码)
'''
r2 = requests.post(
'https://github.com/session',
data={
'commit': 'Sign+in',
'utf8': '✓',
'authenticity_token': token,
'login': 'JackUpDown',
'password': '**********'
},
cookies=get_cookies # 携带get请求的cookies
)
login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 获得登陆成功的cookies,携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面
# 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
print(r3.text)
requests模拟登陆GitHub
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
},
cookies=i1_cookies
)
# ## 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)
"""
#抽屉新热榜
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
})
with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
f.write(i2.content)
captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件,查看并输入验证码:')
form_data = {
"_xsrf": xsrf,
'password': 'xxooxxoo',
"captcha": 'captcha',
'email': '[email protected]'
}
i3 = session.post(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
data=form_data,
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
i4 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)
#知乎
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64
import rsa
import requests
def js_encrypt(text):
b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
value = value.decode('utf8')
return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = {
'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
data=json.dumps(form_data),
headers={
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'VerificationToken': verification_token}
)
i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
print(i3.text)
参考:
http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4
http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/
http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/quickstart/
https://www.cnblogs.com/tangdongchu/p/4229049.html#t0
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html