【三、Docker 命令大全】

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本文摘要

本专栏将非常细致的讲解docker原理、安装、用docker部署相关服务器以及使用docker部署自己的镜像，非常简单易懂。 本文主要讲解docker镜像与容器命令，及其相关知识。

Docker系列文章：
一、Docker概述
二、Docker安装大全
三、Docker 命令大全
四、Docker容器部署
五、Docker镜像详解
六、Docker容器卷详解
七、 Dockerfile详解
八、Docker网路模式详解
笔记总结：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1og4y1q7M4
可面试可复习

Docker容器运行流程

底层原理

Docker是怎么工作的

• Docker是一个Client-Server结构的系统，Docker的守护进程运行在主机上，通过Socket从客户端访问！
• Docker Server接收到Docker-Client的指令，就会执行这个指令！

Docker 为什么比VM快？

• Docker有着比虚拟机更少的抽象层
• docker利用的是宿主主机的内核，vm需要的是Guest OS。(搭建自己内核)

所以说，新建一个容器的时候，docker不需要像虚拟机一样重新加载一个操作系统内核，避免引导。虚拟机是加载Guest OS,分钟级别的，而docker是利用宿主主机的操作系统，省略了这个复杂的过程，妙计秒级

Docker的常用命令

帮助文档

docker version          #查看docker的版本信息
docker info             #查看docker的系统信息,包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help       #帮助命令(可查看可选的参数)
docker COMMAND --help

帮助文档的地址：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/

镜像命令

**docker images **查看所有本地主机上的镜像

[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
halohub/halo   1.5.2     064b1d04aeff   2 months ago   346MB
hello-world    latest    feb5d9fea6a5   8 months ago   13.3kB


#解释
REPOSITORY   镜像的仓库源
 TAG         镜像的标签
IMAGE ID     镜像id
CREATED      镜像创建的时间
SIZE         镜像大小

#可选项
Options:
  -a, --all            #列出所有的镜像
  -q, --quiet          #只显示镜像的id

docker search 搜索镜像

[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                           DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                          MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12714     [OK]       
mariadb                        MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4882      [OK]       
percona                        Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   579       [OK]   

#可选项
--filter=STARS=3000      #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的

[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000 
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12714     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4882      [OK]    

[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=5000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12714     [OK]  

docker pull下载镜像

#下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名 [:tag]
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest                     #如果不写 tag.默认就是 latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Pull complete                   #分层下载，docker images的核心,联合文件系统
93619dbc5b36: Pull complete 
99da31dd6142: Pull complete 
626033c43d70: Pull complete 
37d5d7efb64e: Pull complete 
ac563158d721: Pull complete 
d2ba16033dad: Pull complete 
688ba7d5c01a: Pull complete 
00e060b6d11d: Pull complete 
1c04857f594f: Pull complete 
4d7cfa90e6ea: Pull complete 
e0431212d27d: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e9027fe4d91c0153429607251656806cc784e914937271037f7738bd5b8e7709
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest               #真实地址

#等价于
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

#指定版本下载
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Already exists 
93619dbc5b36: Already exists 
99da31dd6142: Already exists 
626033c43d70: Already exists 
37d5d7efb64e: Already exists 
ac563158d721: Already exists 
d2ba16033dad: Already exists 
0ceb82207cd7: Pull complete 
37f2405cae96: Pull complete 
e2482e017e53: Pull complete 
70deed891d42: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:f2ad209efe9c67104167fc609cca6973c8422939491c9345270175a300419f94
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

docker rmi删除镜像

 #1.删除指定的容器
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker rmi -f  c20987f18b13(容器id)  
 #2.删除多个容器
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker rmi -f  容器id 容器id 容器id   
 #3.删除全部的容器
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker rmi -f  $(docker images -aq) 

容器命令

说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，Linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

#参数说明
--name="名字"           指定容器名字
-d                     后台方式运行
-it                    使用交互方式运行,进入容器查看内容
-p                     指定容器的端口
            (
            -p ip:主机端口:容器端口  配置主机端口映射到容器端口
            -p 主机端口:容器端口
            -p 容器端口
            )
-P                     随机指定端口(大写的P)

#测试，启动进入容器
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@5fb5b6532790 /]# ls             #查看容器内的centos发现和外部的一样，但是这俩个没关系（容器内部的centos是基础版本，很多命令都是不完善的）           
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

#从容器中退回到主机
[root@5fb5b6532790 /]# exit
exit

[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# ls
bin  boot  data  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  patch  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var  www

列出所有运行的容器

#docker ps 命令
     #列出当前正在运行的容器
-a   #列出当前正在运行的容器+带出历史运行的容器
-n=? #显示最近创建的容器 
-q   #只显示容器的编号

[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED       STATUS       PORTS                                       NAMES
73e2b5c8fc98   halohub/halo:1.5.2   "/bin/sh -c 'java -X…"   5 weeks ago   Up 2 hours   0.0.0.0:8090->8090/tcp, :::8090->8090/tcp   halo

[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS                       PORTS                                       NAMES
5fb5b6532790   centos               "/bin/bash"              4 minutes ago   Exited (130) 3 minutes ago                                               determined_bohr
8e66cb3423bd   hello-world          "/hello"                 2 hours ago     Exited (0) 2 hours ago                                                   thirsty_shamir
2a3dc17e5aaa   hello-world          "/hello"                 13 hours ago    Exited (0) 13 hours ago                                                  elegant_swartz
73e2b5c8fc98   halohub/halo:1.5.2   "/bin/sh -c 'java -X…"   5 weeks ago     Up 2 hours                   0.0.0.0:8090->8090/tcp, :::8090->8090/tcp   halo

退出容器

exit         #直接容器停止退出
Ctrl + P + Q #容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id              #删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)      #删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q | xargs docker rm  #删除所有的容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器id          #启动容器
docker restart 容器id        #重启容器
docker stop  容器id          #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id           #强制停止当前的容器

常用其他命令

后台启动容器

# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名！
[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker run -d centos

#问题docker ps,发现 centos停止了

# 常见的坑，docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自定停止
# nginx,容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了

查看日志

[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker logs --help

Usage:  docker logs [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

Fetch the logs of a container

Options:
      --details        Show extra details provided to logs
  -f, --follow         Follow log output
      --since string   Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
  -n, --tail string    Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
  -t, --timestamps     Show timestamps
      --until string   Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)


#自己写一段shell脚本
[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo dainaiao;sleep 5;done"


[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE    
0572cf30f11a   centos   


# 显示日志
docker logs -tf 容器id             #全部日志
docker logs --tail number 容器id   #num为要显示的日志条数

[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker logs -ft --tail 10 0572cf30f11a
2022-06-12T03:20:58.021575099Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:03.023374038Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:08.025159460Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:13.026943187Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:18.028730554Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:23.030516778Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:28.032287142Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:33.034048941Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:38.035825824Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:43.037605728Z dainaiao
2022-06-12T03:21:48.039459087Z dainaiao

查看容器中进程信息

#命令 docker top 容器id
[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker top 0572cf30f11a  
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                2187347             2187328             0                   
root                2189996             2187347             0                   

查看镜像的元数据

#命令
docker inspect 容器id

#测试
[root@VM-16-15-centos /]# docker inspect 0572cf30f11a 
[
    {
        "Id": "0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a",
        "Created": "2022-06-12T03:14:07.52903823Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo dainaiao;sleep 5;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 2187347,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-06-12T03:14:07.873248642Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/www/server/docker/containers/0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/www/server/docker/containers/0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/www/server/docker/containers/0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/www/server/docker/containers/0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a/0572cf30f11adb69a119461d014f581401e1b98cac4f8ca742745d040fa4943a-json.log",
        "Name": "/zen_heisenberg",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/www/server/docker/overlay2/524be4a9c5c2cd87829a2badde52d66b4e6db3da085da2a641f2413d64b7ce80-init/diff:/www/server/docker/overlay2/f7c85e20f350b421fc13648e756c65211468b872c65dc5798f543117776603be/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/www/server/docker/overlay2/524be4a9c5c2cd87829a2badde52d66b4e6db3da085da2a641f2413d64b7ce80/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/www/server/docker/overlay2/524be4a9c5c2cd87829a2badde52d66b4e6db3da085da2a641f2413d64b7ce80/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/www/server/docker/overlay2/524be4a9c5c2cd87829a2badde52d66b4e6db3da085da2a641f2413d64b7ce80/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "0572cf30f11a",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo dainaiao;sleep 5;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "33bc49cef421574a5280bbb5ab869edd9034ce5ed53eb28d3b12bac200fb40a8",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/33bc49cef421",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "f3505927d7a924a9aa7e00d4958a902786630c50b4e1b8e8ead7355865ed078a",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "107cf7cbdfd63636e0c5f2d611b945c9d45e5a5ab48363afa591a41228571913",
                    "EndpointID": "f3505927d7a924a9aa7e00d4958a902786630c50b4e1b8e8ead7355865ed078a",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

因为通常我们的容器都是使用后台方式来运行的，有时需要进入容器修改配置

• 方式1

#命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashshell
#测试
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED       STATUS       PORTS     NAMES
0572cf30f11a   centos    "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   4 hours ago   Up 4 hours             zen_heisenberg

[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker exec -it 0572cf30f11a  /bin/bash
[root@0572cf30f11a /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

[root@0572cf30f11a /]# ps -ef
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root           1       0  0 03:14 ?        00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo dainaiao;sleep 5;done
root        2715       0  0 06:59 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        2731       1  0 06:59 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 5
root        2732    2715  0 06:59 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef

• 方式2

docker attach 容器id
#测试
[root@VM-16-15-centos ~]# docker attach 0572cf30f11a 
正在执行当前的代码...

# docker exec     #进入容器后开启一个新的容器，可以在里面操作（常用）
# docker attach   #进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程！

拷贝操作

#拷贝容器的文件到主机中
docker cp 容器id:容器内路径  目的主机路径

#拷贝宿主机的文件到容器中
docker cp 目的主机路径 容器id:容器内路径

#查看当前主机目录下
[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# ls
dainiao.java  lighthouse  www

#进入docker容器内部
[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# docker attach 89a99696cd86 
[root@89a99696cd86 /]# cd /home

#在容器内创创建一个文件
[root@89a99696cd86 home]# touch test.java

#退出容器
[root@89a99696cd86 home]# exit
exit

[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
89a99696cd86   centos    "/bin/bash"   2 minutes ago   Exited (0) 10 seconds ago             cranky_aryabhata

#将文件从容器中拷贝到主机上
[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# docker cp 89a99696cd86:/home/test.java /home
[root@VM-16-15-centos home]# ls
dainiao.java  lighthouse  test.java  www


#拷贝是一个手动过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现自动同步（将主机的home和容器的home联系在一起）

小结

attach    Attach to a running container                 # 当前 shell 下 attach 连接指定运行镜像
build     Build an image from a Dockerfile              # 通过 Dockerfile 定制镜像
commit    Create a new image from a container changes   # 提交当前容器为新的镜像
cp        Copy files/folders from the containers filesystem to the host path   #从容器中拷贝指定文件或者目录到宿主机中
create    Create a new container                        # 创建一个新的容器，同 run，但不启动容器
diff      Inspect changes on a container's filesystem   # 查看 docker 容器变化
events    Get real time events from the server          # 从 docker 服务获取容器实时事件
exec      Run a command in an existing container        # 在已存在的容器上运行命令
export    Stream the contents of a container as a tar archive   # 导出容器的内容流作为一个 tar 归档文件[对应 import ]
history   Show the history of an image                  # 展示一个镜像形成历史
images    List images                                   # 列出系统当前镜像
import    Create a new filesystem image from the contents of a tarball # 从tar包中的内容创建一个新的文件系统映像[对应export]
info      Display system-wide information               # 显示系统相关信息
inspect   Return low-level information on a container   # 查看容器详细信息
kill      Kill a running container                      # kill 指定 docker 容器
load      Load an image from a tar archive              # 从一个 tar 包中加载一个镜像[对应 save]
login     Register or Login to the docker registry server    # 注册或者登陆一个 docker 源服务器
logout    Log out from a Docker registry server          # 从当前 Docker registry 退出
logs      Fetch the logs of a container                 # 输出当前容器日志信息
port      Lookup the public-facing port which is NAT-ed to PRIVATE_PORT    # 查看映射端口对应的容器内部源端口
pause     Pause all processes within a container        # 暂停容器
ps        List containers                               # 列出容器列表
pull      Pull an image or a repository from the docker registry server   # 从docker镜像源服务器拉取指定镜像或者库镜像
push      Push an image or a repository to the docker registry server    # 推送指定镜像或者库镜像至docker源服务器
restart   Restart a running container                   # 重启运行的容器
rm        Remove one or more containers                 # 移除一个或者多个容器
rmi       Remove one or more images             # 移除一个或多个镜像[无容器使用该镜像才可删除，否则需删除相关容器才可继续或 -f 强制删除]
run       Run a command in a new container              # 创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令
save      Save an image to a tar archive                # 保存一个镜像为一个 tar 包[对应 load]
search    Search for an image on the Docker Hub         # 在 docker hub 中搜索镜像
start     Start a stopped containers                    # 启动容器
stop      Stop a running containers                     # 停止容器
tag       Tag an image into a repository                # 给源中镜像打标签
top       Lookup the running processes of a container   # 查看容器中运行的进程信息
unpause   Unpause a paused container                    # 取消暂停容器
version   Show the docker version information           # 查看 docker 版本号
wait      Block until a container stops, then print its exit code   # 截取容器停止时的退出状态值