深入浅出win32多线程之mfc(2)

4. MFC线程、消息队列与MFC程序的"生死因果"

  分析MFC程序的主线程启动及消息队列处理的过程将有助于我们进一步理解UI线程与消息队列的关系,为此我们需要简单地叙述一下MFC程序的"生死因果"(侯捷:《深入浅出MFC》)。

  使用VC++ 6.0的向导完成一个最简单的单文档架构MFC应用程序MFCThread:

  (1) 输入MFC EXE工程名MFCThread;

  (2) 选择单文档架构,不支持Document/View结构;

  (3) ActiveX、3D container等其他选项都选择无。

  我们来分析这个工程。下面是产生的核心源代码: MFCThread.h 文件

class CMFCThreadApp : public CWinApp
{
 public:
  CMFCThreadApp();

  // Overrides
  // ClassWizard generated virtual function overrides
  //{{AFX_VIRTUAL(CMFCThreadApp)
   public:
    virtual BOOL InitInstance();
  //}}AFX_VIRTUAL

  // Implementation

 public:
  //{{AFX_MSG(CMFCThreadApp)
   afx_msg void OnAppAbout();
   // NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove member functions here.
   // DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code !
  //}}AFX_MSG
 DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

MFCThread.cpp文件

CMFCThreadApp theApp;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CMFCThreadApp initialization

BOOL CMFCThreadApp::InitInstance()
{
 …
 CMainFrame* pFrame = new CMainFrame;
 m_pMainWnd = pFrame;

 // create and load the frame with its resources
 pFrame->LoadFrame(IDR_MAINFRAME,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | FWS_ADDTOTITLE, NULL,NULL);
 // The one and only window has been initialized, so show and update it.
 pFrame->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
 pFrame->UpdateWindow();

 return TRUE;
}

MainFrm.h文件

#include "ChildView.h"

class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd
{
 public:
  CMainFrame();
 protected:
  DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CMainFrame)

  // Attributes
 public:

  // Operations
 public:
  // Overrides
  // ClassWizard generated virtual function overrides
  //{{AFX_VIRTUAL(CMainFrame)
   virtual BOOL PreCreateWindow(CREATESTRUCT& cs);
   virtual BOOL OnCmdMsg(UINT nID, int nCode, void* pExtra, AFX_CMDHANDLERINFO* pHandlerInfo);
  //}}AFX_VIRTUAL

  // Implementation
 public:
  virtual ~CMainFrame();
  #ifdef _DEBUG
   virtual void AssertValid() const;
   virtual void Dump(CDumpContext& dc) const;
  #endif
  CChildView m_wndView;

  // Generated message map functions
 protected:
 //{{AFX_MSG(CMainFrame)
  afx_msg void OnSetFocus(CWnd *pOldWnd);
  // NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove member functions here.
  // DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code!
 //}}AFX_MSG
 DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

MainFrm.cpp文件

IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
 //{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CMainFrame)
  // NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove mapping macros here.
  // DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code !
  ON_WM_SETFOCUS()
 //}}AFX_MSG_MAP
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CMainFrame construction/destruction

CMainFrame::CMainFrame()
{
 // TODO: add member initialization code here
}

CMainFrame::~CMainFrame()
{}

BOOL CMainFrame::PreCreateWindow(CREATESTRUCT& cs)
{
 if( !CFrameWnd::PreCreateWindow(cs) )
  return FALSE;
  // TODO: Modify the Window class or styles here by modifying
  // the CREATESTRUCT cs

 cs.dwExStyle &= ~WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE;
 cs.lpszClass = AfxRegisterWndClass(0);
 return TRUE;
}

ChildView.h文件

// CChildView window

class CChildView : public CWnd
{
 // Construction
 public:
  CChildView();

  // Attributes
 public:
  // Operations
 public:
  // Overrides
  // ClassWizard generated virtual function overrides
  //{{AFX_VIRTUAL(CChildView)
   protected:
    virtual BOOL PreCreateWindow(CREATESTRUCT& cs);
  //}}AFX_VIRTUAL

  // Implementation
 public:
  virtual ~CChildView();

  // Generated message map functions
 protected:
  //{{AFX_MSG(CChildView)
   afx_msg void OnPaint();
  //}}AFX_MSG
 DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

ChildView.cpp文件
// CChildView

CChildView::CChildView()
{}

CChildView::~CChildView()
{}

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CChildView,CWnd )
//{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CChildView)
ON_WM_PAINT()
//}}AFX_MSG_MAP
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CChildView message handlers

BOOL CChildView::PreCreateWindow(CREATESTRUCT& cs)
{
 if (!CWnd::PreCreateWindow(cs))
  return FALSE;

 cs.dwExStyle |= WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE;
 cs.style &= ~WS_BORDER;
 cs.lpszClass = AfxRegisterWndClass(CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW|CS_DBLCLKS,::LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW),
HBRUSH(COLOR_WINDOW+1),NULL);

 return TRUE;
}

void CChildView::OnPaint()
{
 CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting

 // TODO: Add your message handler code here
 // Do not call CWnd::OnPaint() for painting messages
}

文件MFCThread.h和MFCThread.cpp定义和实现的类CMFCThreadApp继承自CWinApp类,而CWinApp类又继承自CWinThread类(CWinThread类又继承自CCmdTarget类),所以CMFCThread本质上是一个MFC线程类,下图给出了相关的类层次结构:
我们提取CWinApp类原型的一部分:

class CWinApp : public CWinThread
{
 DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CWinApp)
 public:
  // Constructor
  CWinApp(LPCTSTR lpszAppName = NULL);// default app name
  // Attributes
  // Startup args (do not change)
  HINSTANCE m_hInstance;
  HINSTANCE m_hPrevInstance;
  LPTSTR m_lpCmdLine;
  int m_nCmdShow;
  // Running args (can be changed in InitInstance)
  LPCTSTR m_pszAppName; // human readable name
  LPCTSTR m_pszExeName; // executable name (no spaces)
  LPCTSTR m_pszHelpFilePath; // default based on module path
  LPCTSTR m_pszProfileName; // default based on app name

  // Overridables
  virtual BOOL InitApplication();
  virtual BOOL InitInstance();
  virtual int ExitInstance(); // return app exit code
  virtual int Run();
  virtual BOOL OnIdle(LONG lCount); // return TRUE if more idle processing
  virtual LRESULT ProcessWndProcException(CException* e,const MSG* pMsg);

 public:
  virtual ~CWinApp();
 protected:
  DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

SDK程序的WinMain 所完成的工作现在由CWinApp 的三个函数完成:

virtual BOOL InitApplication();
virtual BOOL InitInstance();
virtual int Run();


  "CMFCThreadApp theApp;"语句定义的全局变量theApp是整个程式的application object,每一个MFC 应用程序都有一个。当我们执行MFCThread程序的时候,这个全局变量被构造。theApp 配置完成后,WinMain开始执行。但是程序中并没有WinMain的代码,它在哪里呢?原来MFC早已准备好并由Linker直接加到应用程序代码中的,其原型为(存在于VC++6.0安装目录下提供的APPMODUL.CPP文件中):

extern "C" int WINAPI
_tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
 // call shared/exported WinMain
 return AfxWinMain(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow);
}


  其中调用的AfxWinMain如下(存在于VC++6.0安装目录下提供的WINMAIN.CPP文件中):

int AFXAPI AfxWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
 ASSERT(hPrevInstance == NULL);

 int nReturnCode = -1;
 CWinThread* pThread = AfxGetThread();
 CWinApp* pApp = AfxGetApp();

 // AFX internal initialization
 if (!AfxWinInit(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow))
  goto InitFailure;

 // App global initializations (rare)
 if (pApp != NULL && !pApp->InitApplication())
  goto InitFailure;

 // Perform specific initializations
 if (!pThread->InitInstance())
 {
  if (pThread->m_pMainWnd != NULL)
  {
   TRACE0("Warning: Destroying non-NULL m_pMainWnd\n");
   pThread->m_pMainWnd->DestroyWindow();
  }
  nReturnCode = pThread->ExitInstance();
  goto InitFailure;
 }
 nReturnCode = pThread->Run();

 InitFailure:
 #ifdef _DEBUG
  // Check for missing AfxLockTempMap calls
  if (AfxGetModuleThreadState()->m_nTempMapLock != 0)
  {
   TRACE1("Warning: Temp map lock count non-zero (%ld).\n",
AfxGetModuleThreadState()->m_nTempMapLock);
  }
  AfxLockTempMaps();
  AfxUnlockTempMaps(-1);
 #endif

 AfxWinTerm();
 return nReturnCode;
}


  我们提取主干,实际上,这个函数做的事情主要是:

CWinThread* pThread = AfxGetThread();
CWinApp* pApp = AfxGetApp();
AfxWinInit(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow)
pApp->InitApplication()
pThread->InitInstance()
pThread->Run();


  其中,InitApplication 是注册窗口类别的场所;InitInstance是产生窗口并显示窗口的场所;Run是提取并分派消息的场所。这样,MFC就同WIN32 SDK程序对应起来了。CWinThread::Run是程序生命的"活水源头"(侯捷:《深入浅出MFC》,函数存在于VC++ 6.0安装目录下提供的THRDCORE.CPP文件中):

// main running routine until thread exits
int CWinThread::Run()
{
 ASSERT_VALID(this);

 // for tracking the idle time state
 BOOL bIdle = TRUE;
 LONG lIdleCount = 0;

 // acquire and dispatch messages until a WM_QUIT message is received.
 for (;;)
 {
  // phase1: check to see if we can do idle work
  while (bIdle && !::PeekMessage(&m_msgCur, NULL, NULL, NULL, PM_NOREMOVE))
  {
   // call OnIdle while in bIdle state
   if (!OnIdle(lIdleCount++))
    bIdle = FALSE; // assume "no idle" state
  }

  // phase2: pump messages while available
  do
  {
   // pump message, but quit on WM_QUIT
   if (!PumpMessage())
    return ExitInstance();

   // reset "no idle" state after pumping "normal" message
   if (IsIdleMessage(&m_msgCur))
   {
    bIdle = TRUE;
    lIdleCount = 0;
   }

  } while (::PeekMessage(&m_msgCur, NULL, NULL, NULL, PM_NOREMOVE));
 }
 ASSERT(FALSE); // not reachable
}


  其中的PumpMessage函数又对应于:

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CWinThread implementation helpers

BOOL CWinThread::PumpMessage()
{
 ASSERT_VALID(this);

 if (!::GetMessage(&m_msgCur, NULL, NULL, NULL))
 {
  return FALSE;
 }

 // process this message
 if(m_msgCur.message != WM_KICKIDLE && !PreTranslateMessage(&m_msgCur))
 {
  ::TranslateMessage(&m_msgCur);
  ::DispatchMessage(&m_msgCur);
 }
 return TRUE;
}


  因此,忽略IDLE状态,整个RUN的执行提取主干就是:

do {
 ::GetMessage(&msg,...);
 PreTranslateMessage{&msg);
 ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
 ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
 ...
} while (::PeekMessage(...));


  由此,我们建立了MFC消息获取和派生机制与WIN32 SDK程序之间的对应关系。下面继续分析MFC消息的"绕行"过程。

  在MFC中,只要是CWnd 衍生类别,就可以拦下任何Windows消息。与窗口无关的MFC类别(例如CDocument 和CWinApp)如果也想处理消息,必须衍生自CCmdTarget,并且只可能收到WM_COMMAND消息。所有能进行MESSAGE_MAP的类都继承自CCmdTarget,如:


  MFC中MESSAGE_MAP的定义依赖于以下三个宏:

DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(
 theClass, //Specifies the name of the class whose message map this is
 baseClass //Specifies the name of the base class of theClass
)

END_MESSAGE_MAP()


  我们程序中涉及到的有:MFCThread.h、MainFrm.h、ChildView.h文件

DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
MFCThread.cpp文件
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMFCThreadApp, CWinApp)
//{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CMFCThreadApp)
ON_COMMAND(ID_APP_ABOUT, OnAppAbout)
// NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove mapping macros here.
// DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code!
//}}AFX_MSG_MAP
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
MainFrm.cpp文件
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
//{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CMainFrame)
// NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove mapping macros here.
// DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code !
ON_WM_SETFOCUS()
//}}AFX_MSG_MAP
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
ChildView.cpp文件
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CChildView,CWnd )
//{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CChildView)
ON_WM_PAINT()
//}}AFX_MSG_MAP
END_MESSAGE_MAP()


  由这些宏,MFC建立了一个消息映射表(消息流动网),按照消息流动网匹配对应的消息处理函数,完成整个消息的"绕行"。

  看到这里相信你有这样的疑问:程序定义了CWinApp类的theApp全局变量,可是从来没有调用AfxBeginThread或theApp.CreateThread启动线程呀,theApp对应的线程是怎么启动的?

  答:MFC在这里用了很高明的一招。实际上,程序开始运行,第一个线程是由操作系统(OS)启动的,在CWinApp的构造函数里,MFC将theApp"对应"向了这个线程,具体的实现是这样的:

CWinApp::CWinApp(LPCTSTR lpszAppName)
{
 if (lpszAppName != NULL)
  m_pszAppName = _tcsdup(lpszAppName);
 else
  m_pszAppName = NULL;

 // initialize CWinThread state
 AFX_MODULE_STATE *pModuleState = _AFX_CMDTARGET_GETSTATE();
 AFX_MODULE_THREAD_STATE *pThreadState = pModuleState->m_thread;
 ASSERT(AfxGetThread() == NULL);
 pThreadState->m_pCurrentWinThread = this;
 ASSERT(AfxGetThread() == this);
 m_hThread = ::GetCurrentThread();
 m_nThreadID = ::GetCurrentThreadId();

 // initialize CWinApp state
 ASSERT(afxCurrentWinApp == NULL); // only one CWinApp object please
 pModuleState->m_pCurrentWinApp = this;
 ASSERT(AfxGetApp() == this);

 // in non-running state until WinMain
 m_hInstance = NULL;
 m_pszHelpFilePath = NULL;
 m_pszProfileName = NULL;
 m_pszRegistryKey = NULL;
 m_pszExeName = NULL;
 m_pRecentFileList = NULL;
 m_pDocManager = NULL;
 m_atomApp = m_atomSystemTopic = NULL; //微软懒鬼?或者他认为
 //这样连等含义更明确?
 m_lpCmdLine = NULL;
 m_pCmdInfo = NULL;

 // initialize wait cursor state
 m_nWaitCursorCount = 0;
 m_hcurWaitCursorRestore = NULL;

 // initialize current printer state
 m_hDevMode = NULL;
 m_hDevNames = NULL;
 m_nNumPreviewPages = 0; // not specified (defaults to 1)

 // initialize DAO state
 m_lpfnDaoTerm = NULL; // will be set if AfxDaoInit called

 // other initialization
 m_bHelpMode = FALSE;
 m_nSafetyPoolSize = 512; // default size
}


  很显然,theApp成员变量都被赋予OS启动的这个当前线程相关的值,如代码:

m_hThread = ::GetCurrentThread();//theApp的线程句柄等于当前线程句柄
m_nThreadID = ::GetCurrentThreadId();//theApp的线程ID等于当前线程ID


  所以CWinApp类几乎只是为MFC程序的第一个线程量身定制的,它不需要也不能被AfxBeginThread或theApp.CreateThread"再次"启动。这就是CWinApp类和theApp全局变量的内涵!如果你要再增加一个UI线程,不要继承类CWinApp,而应继承类CWinThread。而参考第1节,由于我们一般以主线程(在MFC程序里实际上就是OS启动的第一个线程)处理所有窗口的消息,所以我们几乎没有再启动UI线程的需求!

你可能感兴趣的:(Win32)