函数在计算机语言的使用中贯穿始终,函数的作用是什么呢?它可以把我们经常使用的代码封装起来,需要的时候直接调用即可。这样既 提高了代码效率 ,又 提高了可维护性 。在SQL 中我们也可以使用函数对检索出来的数据进行函数操作。使用这些函数,可以极大地 提高用户对数据库的管理效率 。
从函数定义的角度出发,我们可以将函数分成 内置函数 和 自定义函数 。在 SQL 语言中,同样也包括了内置函数和自定义函数。内置函数是系统内置的通用函数,而自定义函数是我们根据自己的需要编写的,本章及下一章讲解的是 SQL 的内置函数。
在使用 SQL 语言的时候,不是直接和这门语言打交道,而是通过它使用不同的数据库软件,即DBMS。DBMS 之间的差异性很大,远大于同一个语言不同版本之间的差异。实际上,只有很少的函数是被 DBMS 同时支持的。比如,大多数 DBMS 使用(||)或者(+)来做拼接符,而在 MySQL 中的字符串拼接函数为concat()。大部分 DBMS 会有自己特定的函数,这就意味着采用 SQL 函数的代码可移植性是很差的,因此在使用函数的时候需要特别注意。
MySQL提供了丰富的内置函数,这些函数使得数据的维护与管理更加方便,能够更好地提供数据的分析与统计功能,在一定程度上提高了开发人员进行数据分析与统计的效率。
MySQL提供的内置函数从 实现的功能角度 可以分为数值函数、字符串函数、日期和时间函数、流程控制函数、加密与解密函数、获取MySQL信息函数、聚合函数等。这里将这些丰富的内置函数再分为两类: 单行函数 、 聚合函数(或分组函数) 。
ABS(x) | 返回x的绝对值 |
---|---|
SIGN(X) | 返回x的符号。正数返回1,负数返回-1,0返回0 |
PI() | 返回圆周率的值 |
CEIL(x),CEILING(x) | 返回大于或等于某个值的最小整数 |
FLOOR(x) | 返回小于或等于某个值的最大整数 |
LEAST(e1,e2,e3…) | 返回列表中的最小值 |
GREATEST(e1,e2,e3…) | 返回列表中的最大值 |
MOD(x,y) | 返回x除以Y后的余数 |
RAND() | 返回0~1的随机值 |
RAND(x) | 返回0~1的随机值,其中x的值用作种子值,相同的x值会产生相同的随机数 |
ROUND(x) | 返回一个对x的值进行四舍五入后,最接近于x的整数 |
ROUND(x,y) | 返回一个对x的值进行四舍五入后最接近x的值,并保留到小数点后面Y位 |
TRUNCATE(x,y) | 返回数字x截断为y位小数的结果 |
SQRT(x) | 返回x的平方根。当x的值为负数时,返回NULL |
#1.数值函数
#基本的操作
SELECT ABS(-123),ABS(32),SIGN(-23),SIGN(43),PI(),CEIL(32.32),CEILING(-43.23),FLOOR(32.32),
FLOOR(-43.23),MOD(12,5),12 MOD 5,12 % 5
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+
| ABS(-123) | ABS(32) | SIGN(-23) | SIGN(43) | PI() | CEIL(32.32) | CEILING(-43.23) | FLOOR(32.32) | FLOOR(-43.23) | MOD(12,5) | 12 MOD 5 | 12 % 5 |
+-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+
| 123 | 32 | -1 | 1 | 3.141593 | 33 | -43 | 32 | -44 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
+-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+
*/
#取随机数(其中的参数称为种子,种子相同的两个RAND函数每次结果都一样且不变)
SELECT RAND(),RAND(),RAND(10),RAND(10),RAND(-1),RAND(-1)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| RAND() | RAND() | RAND(10) | RAND(10) | RAND(-1) | RAND(-1) |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 0.23112941927381736 | 0.8571839666526615 | 0.6570515219653505 | 0.6570515219653505 | 0.9050373219931845 | 0.9050373219931845 |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
*/
#四舍五入:RAND(操作数,保留小数的位数)
SELECT ROUND(123.556),ROUND(123.456,0),ROUND(123.456,1),ROUND(123.456,2),
ROUND(123.456,-1),ROUND(153.456,-2)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| ROUND(123.556) | ROUND(123.456,0) | ROUND(123.456,1) | ROUND(123.456,2) | ROUND(123.456,-1) | ROUND(153.456,-2) |
+----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| 124 | 123 | 123.5 | 123.46 | 120 | 200 |
+----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
*/
#截断操作:TRUNCATE(操作数,保留小数的位数)
SELECT TRUNCATE(123.456,0),TRUNCATE(123.496,1),TRUNCATE(129.45,-1)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| TRUNCATE(123.456,0) | TRUNCATE(123.496,1) | TRUNCATE(129.45,-1) |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| 123 | 123.4 | 120 |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
*/
#单行函数可以嵌套
SELECT TRUNCATE(ROUND(123.456,2),0)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------------------+
| TRUNCATE(ROUND(123.456,2),0) |
+------------------------------+
| 123 |
+------------------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
RADIANS(x) | 将角度转化为弧度,其中,参数x为角度值 |
DEGREES(x) | 将弧度转化为角度,其中,参数x为弧度值 |
SELECT RADIANS(30),RADIANS(45),RADIANS(60),RADIANS(90),
DEGREES(2*PI()),DEGREES(RADIANS(60))
FROM DUAL;
/*
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| RADIANS(30) | RADIANS(45) | RADIANS(60) | RADIANS(90) | DEGREES(2*PI()) | DEGREES(RADIANS(60)) |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| 0.5235987755982988 | 0.7853981633974483 | 1.0471975511965976 | 1.5707963267948966 | 360 | 59.99999999999999 |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
SIN(x) | 返回x的正弦值,其中,参数x为弧度值 |
ASIN(x) | 返回x的反正弦值,即获取正弦为x的值。如果x的值不在-1到1之间,则返回NULL |
cos(x) | 返回x的余弦值,其中,参数x为弧度值 |
ACOS(x) | 返回x的反余弦值,即获取余弦为x的值。如果x的值不在-1到1之间,则返回NULL |
TAN(x) | 返回x的正切值,其中,参数x为弧度值 |
ATAN(x) | 返回x的反正切值,即返回正切值为x的值 |
ATAN2(m,n) | 返回两个参数的反正切值 |
COT(x) | 返回x的余切值,其中,x为弧度值 |
举例:
ATAN2(M,N)函数返回两个参数的反正切值。 与ATAN(X)函数相比,ATAN2(M,N)需要两个参数,例如有两个点point(x1,y1)和point(x2,y2),使用ATAN(X)函数计算反正切值为ATAN((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)),使用ATAN2(M,N)计算反正切值则为ATAN2(y2-y1,x2-x1)。由使用方式可以看出,当x2-x1等于0时,ATAN(X)函数会报错,而ATAN2(M,N)函数则仍然可以计算。
#三角函数
SELECT SIN(RADIANS(30)),DEGREES(ASIN(1)),TAN(RADIANS(45)),DEGREES(ATAN(1))
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+
| SIN(RADIANS(30)) | DEGREES(ASIN(1)) | TAN(RADIANS(45)) | DEGREES(ATAN(1)) |
+---------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+
| 0.49999999999999994 | 90 | 0.9999999999999999 | 45 |
+---------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
POW(x,y),POWER(X,Y) | 返回x的y次方 |
EXP(X) | 返回e的x次方,其中e是一个常数,2.718281828459045 |
LN(X),LOG(X) | 返回以e为底的X的对数,当x<=0时,返回的结果为NULL |
LOG10(X) | 返回以10为底的X的对数,当X<=0时,返回的结果为NULL |
LOG2(X) | 返回以2为底的x的对数,当X<=0时,返回NULL |
#指数
SELECT POW(2,5),POWER(2,4),EXP(2)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------+------------+------------------+
| POW(2,5) | POWER(2,4) | EXP(2) |
+----------+------------+------------------+
| 32 | 16 | 7.38905609893065 |
+----------+------------+------------------+
*/
#对数
SELECT LN(EXP(2)),LOG(EXP(2)),LOG10(10),LOG2(4)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------+-------------+-----------+---------+
| LN(EXP(2)) | LOG(EXP(2)) | LOG10(10) | LOG2(4) |
+------------+-------------+-----------+---------+
| 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
+------------+-------------+-----------+---------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
BIN(x) | 返回x的二进制编码 |
HEX(x) | 返回x的十六进制编码 |
OCT(x) | 返回x的八进制编码 |
CONV(x,f1,f2) | 返回f1进制数变成f2进制数 |
#进制间的转换
SELECT BIN(10),HEX(10),OCT(10),CONV(10,10,8)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------+---------+---------+---------------+
| BIN(10) | HEX(10) | OCT(10) | CONV(10,10,8) |
+---------+---------+---------+---------------+
| 1010 | A | 12 | 12 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
ASCIl(S) | 返回字符串S中的第一个字符的ASCII码值 |
CHAR_LENGTH(s) | 返回字符串s的字符数。作用与CHARACTER_LENGTH(s)相同 |
LENGTH(s) | 返回字符串s的字节数,和字符集有关 |
CONCAT(s1,s2…n) | 连接s1,s2…,sn为一个字符串 |
CONCAT_WS(x,s1,s2,.sn) | 同CONCAT(s1,s2,…函数,但是每个字符串之间要加上x |
INSERT(str, idx, len,replacestr) | 将字符串str从第idx位置开始,len个字符长的子串替换为字符串replacestr |
REPLACE(str, a, b) | 用字符串b替换字符串str中所有出现的字符串a |
UPPER(s)或UCASE(s) | 将字符串s的所有字母转成大写字母 |
LOWER(s)或LCASE(s) | 将字符串s的所有字母转成小写字母 |
LEFT(str,n) | 返回字符串str最左边的n个字符 |
RIGHT(str,n) | 返回字符串str最右边的n个字符 |
LPAD(str, len, pad) | 用字符串pad对str最左边进行填充,直到str的长度为len个字符 |
RPAD(str ,len, pad) | 用字符串pad对str最右边进行填充,直到str的长度为len个字符 |
LTRIM(s) | 去掉字符串s左侧的空格 |
RTRIM(s) | 去掉字符串s右侧的空格 |
TRIM(s) | 去掉字符串s开始与结尾的空格 |
TRIM(s1 FROM s) | 去掉字符串s开始与结尾的s1 |
TRIM(LEADING s1 FROM s) | 去掉字符串s开始处的s1 |
TRIM(TRAILING s1 FROM s) | 去掉字符串s结尾处的s1 |
REPEAT(str, n) | 返回str重复n次的结果 |
SPACE(n) | 返回n个空格 |
STRCMP(s1,s2) | 比较字符串s1,s2的ASClI码值的大小 |
SUBSTR(s,index,len) | 返回从字符串s的index位置其len个字符,作用与SUBSTRING(s,n,len)、MID(s,n,len)相同 |
LOCATE(substr,str) | 返回字符串substr在字符串str中首次出现的位置,作用于POSITION(substr IN str)、INSTR(str,substr)相同。未找到返回0 |
ELT(m,1,s2,…n) | 返回指定位置的字符串,如果m=1,则返回s1,如果m=2,则返回s2,如果m=n,则返回sn |
FIELD(s,s1,s2…n) | 返回字符串s在字符串列表中第一次出现的位置 |
FIND_IN_SET(s1,s2) | 返回字符串s1在字符串s2中出现的位置。其中,字符串s2是一个以逗号分隔的字符串 |
REVERSE(s) | 返回s反转后的字符串 |
NULLIF(value1,value2) | 比较两个字符串,如果value1与value2相等,则返回NULL,否则返回value1 |
注意:MySQL中,字符串的位置是从1开始的。
#3. 字符串函数
#ASCII:求字符串中第一个字符的ASCII码
#CHAR_LENGTH:求字符串长度CHAR_LENGTH
#LENGTH:字符串所占字节数
SELECT ASCII('Abcdfsf'),CHAR_LENGTH('hello'),CHAR_LENGTH('我们'),
LENGTH('hello'),LENGTH('我们')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| ASCII('Abcdfsf') | CHAR_LENGTH('hello') | CHAR_LENGTH('我们') | LENGTH('hello') | LENGTH('我们') |
+------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| 65 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
+------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+------------------+
*/
#CONCAT:字符串拼接
# xxx worked for yyy
SELECT CONCAT(emp.last_name,' worked for ',mgr.last_name) "details"
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
WHERE emp.`manager_id` = mgr.employee_id;
/*部分输出
+--------------------------------+
| details |
+--------------------------------+
| Kochhar worked for King |
| De Haan worked for King |
| Hunold worked for De Haan |
*/
#CONCAT_WS:用第一个参数分隔连接后面的字符串
SELECT CONCAT_WS('-','hello','world','hello','beijing')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+--------------------------------------------------+
| CONCAT_WS('-','hello','world','hello','beijing') |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| hello-world-hello-beijing |
+--------------------------------------------------+
*/
#字符串的索引是从1开始的!(Java从0开始的)
#INSERT(str, idx, len,replacestr)
#将字符串str从第idx位置开始,len个字符长的子串替换为字符串replacestr
SELECT INSERT('helloworld',2,3,'aaaaa'),REPLACE('hello','lol','mmm'),REPLACE('hello','lo','mmm')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| INSERT('helloworld',2,3,'aaaaa') | REPLACE('hello','lol','mmm') | REPLACE('hello','lo','mmm') |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| haaaaaoworld | hello | helmmm |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+
*/
#大小写转换
SELECT UPPER('HelLo'),LOWER('HelLo')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------+----------------+
| UPPER('HelLo') | LOWER('HelLo') |
+----------------+----------------+
| HELLO | hello |
+----------------+----------------+
*/
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'King';
/*严格说应该查不到-->但是Mysql大小写不严格
+-----------+----------+
| last_name | salary |
+-----------+----------+
| King | 24000.00 |
| King | 10000.00 |
+-----------+----------+
*/
SELECT LEFT('hello',2),RIGHT('hello',3),RIGHT('hello',13)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| LEFT('hello',2) | RIGHT('hello',3) | RIGHT('hello',13) |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| he | llo | hello |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
*/
# LPAD:实现右对齐效果
# RPAD:实现左对齐效果
SELECT employee_id,last_name,LPAD(salary,10,'$'),LPAD(salary,10,' ')
FROM employees;
/*
+-------------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | last_name | LPAD(salary,10,'$') | LPAD(salary,10,' ') |
+-------------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| 100 | King | $$24000.00 | 24000.00 |
| 101 | Kochhar | $$17000.00 | 17000.00 |
| 102 | De Haan | $$17000.00 | 17000.00 |
| 103 | Hunold | $$$9000.00 | 9000.00 |
*/
#TRIM去掉首尾空格
#LTRIM去掉左侧空格
#TRIM('oo' FROM 'ooheolloo')去掉'oo'
SELECT CONCAT('---',LTRIM(' h el lo '),'***'),
TRIM('oo' FROM 'ooheolloo')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| CONCAT('---',LTRIM(' h el lo '),'***') | TRIM('oo' FROM 'ooheolloo') |
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ---h el lo *** | heoll |
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
*/
#REPEAT(str,n):重复n次str
#SPACE(n):提供n个空格
#STRCMP:比较字符串大小
SELECT REPEAT('hello',4),LENGTH(SPACE(5)),STRCMP('abc','abe')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------------+------------------+---------------------+
| REPEAT('hello',4) | LENGTH(SPACE(5)) | STRCMP('abc','abe') |
+----------------------+------------------+---------------------+
| hellohellohellohello | 5 | -1 |
+----------------------+------------------+---------------------+
*/
#SUBSTR(str,i,len):截取str中i处起len个字符
#LOCATE('ll','hello')定位‘ll’首次出现的位置
SELECT SUBSTR('hello',2,2),LOCATE('ll','hello'),LOCATE('lll','hello')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| SUBSTR('hello',2,2) | LOCATE('ll','hello') | LOCATE('lll','hello') |
+---------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| el | 3 | 0 |
+---------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
*/
#ELT:返回指定位置的字符串
#FIELD(s,s1,...):返回s在字符列表中首次出现的位置
#FIND_IN_SET(s1,s2):返回s1在s2中首次出现的位置
SELECT ELT(2,'a','b','c','d'),FIELD('mm','gg','jj','mm','dd','mm'),
FIND_IN_SET('mm','gg,mm,jj,dd,mm,gg')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| ELT(2,'a','b','c','d') | FIELD('mm','gg','jj','mm','dd','mm') | FIND_IN_SET('mm','gg,mm,jj,dd,mm,gg') |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| b | 3 | 2 |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
*/
#NULLIF(s1,s2):字符串s1和s2相等返回NULL,不相等返回s1
SELECT employee_id,NULLIF(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name)) "compare"
FROM employees;
/*姓和名一样长返回NULL
+-------------+---------+
| employee_id | compare |
+-------------+---------+
| 100 | 6 |
| 101 | 5 |
| 102 | 3 |
| 103 | 9 |
| 104 | NULL |
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
CURDATE() ,CURRENT_DATE() | 返回当前日期,只包含年、月、日 |
CURTIME(), CURRENT_TIME() | 返回当前时间,只包含时、分、秒 |
NOW() / SYSDATE()/ CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() /LOCALTIME()/LOCALTIMESTAMP() | 返回当前系统日期和时间 |
UTC_DATE() | 返回UTC(世界标准时间) |
UTC_TIME() | 返回UTC(世界标准时间)时间 |
#4.1 获取当前日期、时间
SELECT CURDATE(),CURRENT_DATE(),CURTIME(),NOW(),SYSDATE(),
UTC_DATE(),UTC_TIME()
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------+----------------+-----------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+------------+
| CURDATE() | CURRENT_DATE() | CURTIME() | NOW() | SYSDATE() | UTC_DATE() | UTC_TIME() |
+------------+----------------+-----------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+------------+
| 2022-02-12 | 2022-02-12 | 18:59:18 | 2022-02-12 18:59:18 | 2022-02-12 18:59:18 | 2022-02-12 | 10:59:18 |
+------------+----------------+-----------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+------------+
*/
SELECT CURDATE(),CURDATE() + 0,CURTIME() + 0,NOW() + 0
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| CURDATE() | CURDATE() + 0 | CURTIME() + 0 | NOW() + 0 |
+------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| 2022-02-12 | 20220212 | 190103 | 20220212190103 |
+------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
UNIX_TIMESTAMP() | 以UNIX时间戳的形式返回当前时间。SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP() ->1634348884 |
UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date) | 将时间date以UNIX时间戳的形式返回。 |
FROM_UNIXTIME(timestamp) | 将UNIX时间戳的时间转换为普通格式的时间 |
#4.2 日期与时间戳的转换
#UNIX_TIMESTAMP(): 以UNIX时间戳(毫秒数)的形式返回当前时间
SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(),UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2021-10-01 12:12:32'),
FROM_UNIXTIME(1635173853),FROM_UNIXTIME(1633061552)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| UNIX_TIMESTAMP() | UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2021-10-01 12:12:32') | FROM_UNIXTIME(1635173853) | FROM_UNIXTIME(1633061552) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| 1644663805 | 1633061552 | 2021-10-25 22:57:33 | 2021-10-01 12:12:32 |
+------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
YEAR(date)/MONTH(date) / DAY(date) | 返回具体的日期值 |
HOUR(time)/ MINUTE(time) /SECOND(time) | 返回具体的时间值 |
MONTHNAME(date) | 返回月份:January,… |
DAYNAME(date) | 返回星期几: MONDAY,TUESDAY…SUNDAY |
WEEKDAY(date) | 返回周几,注意,周1是0,周2是1,。。。周日是6 |
QUARTER(date) | 返回日期对应的季度,范围为1~4 |
WEEK(date),WEEKOFYEAR(date) | 返回一年中的第几周 |
DAYOFYEAR(date) | 返回日期是一年中的第几天 |
DAYOFMONTH(date) | 返回日期位于所在月份的第几天 |
DAYOFWEEK(date) | 返回周几,注意:周日是1,周一是2,。。。周六是7 |
#4.3 获取月份、星期、星期数、天数等函数
SELECT YEAR(CURDATE()),MONTH(CURDATE()),DAY(CURDATE()),
HOUR(CURTIME()),MINUTE(NOW()),SECOND(SYSDATE())
FROM DUAL;
/*输出
+-----------------+------------------+----------------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| YEAR(CURDATE()) | MONTH(CURDATE()) | DAY(CURDATE()) | HOUR(CURTIME()) | MINUTE(NOW()) | SECOND(SYSDATE()) |
+-----------------+------------------+----------------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| 2022 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 50 | 55 |
+-----------------+------------------+----------------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------+
*/
#MONTHNAME(date) 返回月份:January,..
#DAYNAME(date) 返回星期几:MONDAY,TUESDAY.....SUNDAY
SELECT MONTHNAME('2021-10-26'),DAYNAME('2021-10-26'),WEEKDAY('2021-10-26'),
QUARTER(CURDATE()),WEEK(CURDATE()),DAYOFYEAR(NOW()),
DAYOFMONTH(NOW()),DAYOFWEEK(NOW())
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| MONTHNAME('2021-10-26') | DAYNAME('2021-10-26') | WEEKDAY('2021-10-26') | QUARTER(CURDATE()) | WEEK(CURDATE()) | DAYOFYEAR(NOW()) | DAYOFMONTH(NOW()) | DAYOFWEEK(NOW()) |
+-------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| October | Tuesday | 1 | 1 | 7 | 44 | 13 | 1 |
+-------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
EXTRACT(type FROM date) | 返回指定日期中特定的部分,type指定返回的值 |
EXTRACT(type FROM date)函数中type的取值与含义:
#EXTRACT(type FROM date) 返回指定日期中特定的部分,type指定返回的值
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM NOW()),EXTRACT(DAY FROM NOW()),
EXTRACT(HOUR_MINUTE FROM NOW()),EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM '2021-05-12')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| EXTRACT(SECOND FROM NOW()) | EXTRACT(DAY FROM NOW()) | EXTRACT(HOUR_MINUTE FROM NOW()) | EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM '2021-05-12') |
+----------------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 18 | 13 | 303 | 2 |
+----------------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
TIME_TO_SEC(time) | 将time转化为秒并返回结果值。转化的公式为:小时3600+分钟60+秒 |
SEC_TO_TIME(seconds) | 将seconds描述转化为包含小时、分钟和秒的时间 |
#4.5 时间和秒钟转换的函数
SELECT TIME_TO_SEC(CURTIME()),
SEC_TO_TIME(83355)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------------+--------------------+
| TIME_TO_SEC(CURTIME()) | SEC_TO_TIME(83355) |
+------------------------+--------------------+
| 11039 | 23:09:15 |
+------------------------+--------------------+
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
DATE_ADD(datetime,lNTERVAL exprtype),ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL exprtype) | 返回与给定日期时间相差INTERVAL时间段的日期时间 |
DATE_SUB(date,lNTERVAL expr type),SUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type) | 返回与date相差INTERVAL时间间隔的日期 |
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
ADDTIME(time1,time2) | 返回time1加上time2的时间。当time2为一个数字时,代表的是秒,可以为负数 |
SUBTIME(time1,time2) | 返回time1减去time2后的时间。当time2为一个数字时,代表的是秒,可以为负数 |
DATEDIFF(date1,date2) | 返回date1 - date2的日期间隔天数 |
TIMEDIFF(time1, time2) | 返回time1 - time2的时间间隔 |
FROM_DAYS(N) | 返回从0000年1月1日起,N天以后的日期 |
TO_DAYS(date) | 返回日期date距离0000年1月1日的天数 |
LAST_DAY(date) | 返回date所在月份的最后一天的日期 |
MAKEDATE(year,n) | 针对给定年份与所在年份中的天数返回一个日期 |
MAKETIME(hour,minute,second) | 将给定的小时、分钟和秒组合成时间并返回 |
PERIOD_ADD(time,n) | 返回time加上n后的时间 |
#4.6 计算日期和时间的函数
#DATE_ADD(datetime, INTERVAL expr type),ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type)
#返回与给定日期时间相差INTERVAL时间段的日期时间
SELECT NOW(),DATE_ADD(NOW(),INTERVAL 1 YEAR),
DATE_ADD(NOW(),INTERVAL -1 YEAR),
DATE_SUB(NOW(),INTERVAL 1 YEAR)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| NOW() | DATE_ADD(NOW(),INTERVAL 1 YEAR) | DATE_ADD(NOW(),INTERVAL -1 YEAR) | DATE_SUB(NOW(),INTERVAL 1 YEAR) |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 2022-02-13 03:04:42 | 2023-02-13 03:04:42 | 2021-02-13 03:04:42 | 2021-02-13 03:04:42 |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
*/
SELECT DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 DAY) AS col1,DATE_ADD('2021-10-21 23:32:12',INTERVAL 1 SECOND) AS col2,
ADDDATE('2021-10-21 23:32:12',INTERVAL 1 SECOND) AS col3,
DATE_ADD('2021-10-21 23:32:12',INTERVAL '1_1' MINUTE_SECOND) AS col4,
DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL -1 YEAR) AS col5, #可以是负数
DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL '1_1' YEAR_MONTH) AS col6 #需要单引号
FROM DUAL;
/*DATE_ADD('2021-10-21 23:32:12',INTERVAL '1_1' MINUTE_SECOND) 加一分一秒
DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL '1_1' YEAR_MONTH)加一年一个月
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| col1 | col2 | col3 | col4 | col5 | col6 |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2022-02-14 03:05:23 | 2021-10-21 23:32:13 | 2021-10-21 23:32:13 | 2021-10-21 23:33:13 | 2021-02-13 03:05:23 | 2023-03-13 03:05:23 |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
*/
#DATEDIFF(d1,d2)返回时间间隔的天数
SELECT ADDTIME(NOW(),20),SUBTIME(NOW(),30),SUBTIME(NOW(),'1:1:3'),DATEDIFF(NOW(),'2021-10-01'),
TIMEDIFF(NOW(),'2021-10-25 22:10:10'),FROM_DAYS(366),TO_DAYS('0000-12-25'),
LAST_DAY(NOW()),MAKEDATE(YEAR(NOW()),32),MAKETIME(10,21,23),PERIOD_ADD(20200101010101,10)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+---------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------+
| ADDTIME(NOW(),20) | SUBTIME(NOW(),30) | SUBTIME(NOW(),'1:1:3') | DATEDIFF(NOW(),'2021-10-01') | TIMEDIFF(NOW(),'2021-10-25 22:10:10') | FROM_DAYS(366) | TO_DAYS('0000-12-25') | LAST_DAY(NOW()) | MAKEDATE(YEAR(NOW()),32) | MAKETIME(10,21,23) | PERIOD_ADD(20200101010101,10) |
+---------------------+---------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2022-02-13 03:06:21 | 2022-02-13 03:05:31 | 2022-02-13 02:04:58 | 135 | 838:59:59 | 0001-01-01 | 359 | 2022-02-28 | 2022-02-01 | 10:21:23 | 20200101010111 |
+---------------------+---------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------+
举例:查询 7 天内的新增用户数有多少?
SELECT COUNT(*) as num FROM new_user WHERE TO_DAYS(NOW())-TO_DAYS(regist_time)<=7
*/
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
DATE_FORMAT(date,fmt) | 按照字符串fmt格式化日期date值 |
TIME_FORMAT(time,fmt) | 按照字符串fmt格式化时间time值 |
GET_FORMAT(date_type,format_type) | 返回日期字符串的显示格式 |
STR_TO_DATE(str, fmt) | 按照字符串fmt对str进行解析,解析为一个日期 |
上述非GET_FORMAT函数中fmt参数常用的格式符:
格式符 | 说明 | 格式符 | 说明 |
---|---|---|---|
%Y | 4位数字表示年份 | %y | 表示两位数字表示年份 |
%M | 月名表示月份(January,…) | %m | 两位数字表示月份(01,02,03。。。) |
%b | 缩写的月名(Jan.,Feb.,…) | %c | 数字表示月份(1,2,3,…) |
%D | 英文后缀表示月中的天数( 1st,2nd,3rd,…) | %d | 两位数字表示月中的天数(01,02…) |
%e | 数字形式表示月中的天数(1,2,3,4,5…….) | ||
%H | 两位数字表示小数,24小时制(01,02…) | %h 和%l | 两位数字表示小时,12小时制(01,02…) |
%k | 数字形式表示小时,24小时制 | %l | 数字形式的小时,12小时制(1,2,3)(1,2,3,4…) |
%i | 两位数字表示分钟(00,01,02) | %S和%s | 两位数字表示秒(o0,01,02.….) |
%W | 一周中的星期名称(Sunday…) | %a | 一周中的星期缩写( Sun.,Mon.,Tues., …) |
%w | 以数字表示周中的天数(0=Sunday,1=Monday…) | ||
%j | 以3位数字表示年中的天数(001,002…) | %U | 以数字表示年中的第几周,(1,2,3。。)其中Sunday为周中第一天 |
%u | 以数字表示年中的第几周,(1,2,3。。)其中Monday为周中第一天 | ||
%T | 24小时制 | %r | 12小时制 |
%p | AM或PM | %% | 表示% |
GET_FORMAT函数中date_type和format_type参数取值如下:
#4.7 日期的格式化与解析
# 格式化:日期 ---> 字符串
# 解析: 字符串 ----> 日期
#此时我们谈的是日期的显式格式化和解析
#之前,我们接触过隐式的格式化或解析
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date = '1993-01-13';
/*
+-------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+
| employee_id | first_name | last_name | email | phone_number | hire_date | job_id | salary | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id |
+-------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+
| 102 | Lex | De Haan | LDEHAAN | 515.123.4569 | 1993-01-13 | AD_VP | 17000.00 | NULL | 100 | 90 |
+-------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+
*/
#格式化:
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(),'%Y-%M-%D'),
DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y-%m-%d'),TIME_FORMAT(CURTIME(),'%h:%i:%S'),
DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y-%M-%D %h:%i:%S %W %w %T %r')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(),'%Y-%M-%D') | DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y-%m-%d') | TIME_FORMAT(CURTIME(),'%h:%i:%S') | DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y-%M-%D %h:%i:%S %W %w %T %r') |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2022-February-13th | 2022-02-13 | 03:07:30 | 2022-February-13th 03:07:30 Sunday 0 03:07:30 03:07:30 AM |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
*/
#解析:格式化的逆过程
SELECT STR_TO_DATE('2021-October-25th 11:37:30 Monday 1','%Y-%M-%D %h:%i:%S %W %w')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STR_TO_DATE('2021-October-25th 11:37:30 Monday 1','%Y-%M-%D %h:%i:%S %W %w') |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2021-10-25 11:37:30 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/
SELECT GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+------------------------+
| GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA') |
+------------------------+
| %m.%d.%Y |
+------------------------+
*/
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(),GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA'))
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------------------------------------------+
| DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(),GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA')) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 02.13.2022 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
*/
流程处理函数可以根据不同的条件,执行不同的处理流程,可以在SQL语句中实现不同的条件选择。
MySQL中的流程处理函数主要包括IF()、IFNULL()和CASE()函数。
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
IF(value,value1,value2) | 如果value的值为TRUE,返回value1,否则返回value2 |
IFNULL(value1, value2) | 如果value1不为NULL,返回value1,否则返回value2 |
CASE WHEN 条件1 THEN 结果1 WHEN 条件2 THEN 结果2… [ELSE resultn] END | 相当于Java的if…else if…else… |
CASE expr WHEN 常量值1 THEN 值1 WHEN 常量值1 THEN 值1 … [ELSE 值n] END | 相当于Java的switch…case… |
#5.流程控制函数
#5.1 IF(value,value1,value2)
#如果value的值为TRUE,返回value1,否则返回value2
SELECT last_name,salary,IF(salary >= 6000,'高工资','低工资') "details"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------+----------+-----------+
| last_name | salary | details |
+-------------+----------+-----------+
| King | 24000.00 | 高工资 |
| Kochhar | 17000.00 | 高工资 |
| De Haan | 17000.00 | 高工资 |
| Hunold | 9000.00 | 高工资 |
| Ernst | 6000.00 | 高工资 |
| Austin | 4800.00 | 低工资 |
*/
SELECT last_name,commission_pct,IF(commission_pct IS NOT NULL,commission_pct,0) "details",
salary * 12 * (1 + IF(commission_pct IS NOT NULL,commission_pct,0)) "annual_sal"
FROM employees;
/*
+-------------+----------------+---------+------------+
| last_name | commission_pct | details | annual_sal |
+-------------+----------------+---------+------------+
| King | NULL | 0.00 | 288000.00 |
| Kochhar | NULL | 0.00 | 204000.00 |
| De Haan | NULL | 0.00 | 204000.00 |
| Hunold | NULL | 0.00 | 108000.00 |
| Ernst | NULL | 0.00 | 72000.00 |
*/
#5.2 IFNULL(VALUE1,VALUE2):看做是IF(VALUE,VALUE1,VALUE2)的特殊情况
#如果value1不为NULL,返回value1,否则返回value2
SELECT last_name,commission_pct,IFNULL(commission_pct,0) "details"
FROM employees;
/*
+-------------+----------------+---------+
| last_name | commission_pct | details |
+-------------+----------------+---------+
| King | NULL | 0.00 |
| Kochhar | NULL | 0.00 |
| De Haan | NULL | 0.00 |
*/
#5.3 CASE WHEN ... THEN ...WHEN ... THEN ... ELSE ... END
# 类似于java的if ... else if ... else if ... else
SELECT last_name,salary,CASE WHEN salary >= 15000 THEN '白骨精'
WHEN salary >= 10000 THEN '潜力股'
WHEN salary >= 8000 THEN '小屌丝'
ELSE '草根' END "details",department_id
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------+
| last_name | salary | details | department_id |
+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------+
| King | 24000.00 | 白骨精 | 90 |
| Kochhar | 17000.00 | 白骨精 | 90 |
| De Haan | 17000.00 | 白骨精 | 90 |
| Hunold | 9000.00 | 小屌丝 | 60 |
| Ernst | 6000.00 | 草根 | 60 |
| Austin | 4800.00 | 草根 | 60 |
| Pataballa | 4800.00 | 草根 | 60 |
*/
#ELSE可省略,省略时除以上情况外就为NULL
SELECT last_name,salary,CASE WHEN salary >= 15000 THEN '白骨精'
WHEN salary >= 10000 THEN '潜力股'
WHEN salary >= 8000 THEN '小屌丝'
END "details"
FROM employees; #ELSE可省略,省略时除以上情况外就为NULL
/*部分输出
+-------------+----------+-----------+
| last_name | salary | details |
+-------------+----------+-----------+
| King | 24000.00 | 白骨精 |
| Kochhar | 17000.00 | 白骨精 |
| De Haan | 17000.00 | 白骨精 |
| Hunold | 9000.00 | 小屌丝 |
| Ernst | 6000.00 | NULL |
| Austin | 4800.00 | NULL |
| Pataballa | 4800.00 | NULL |
*/
#5.4 CASE ... WHEN ... THEN ... WHEN ... THEN ... ELSE ... END
# 类似于java的swich ... case...
/*
练习1
查询部门号为 10,20, 30 的员工信息,
若部门号为 10, 则打印其工资的 1.1 倍,
20 号部门, 则打印其工资的 1.2 倍,
30 号部门,打印其工资的 1.3 倍数,
其他部门,打印其工资的 1.4 倍数
*/
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id,salary,CASE department_id WHEN 10 THEN salary * 1.1
WHEN 20 THEN salary * 1.2
WHEN 30 THEN salary * 1.3
ELSE salary * 1.4 END "details"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------+-------------+---------------+----------+----------+
| employee_id | last_name | department_id | salary | details |
+-------------+-------------+---------------+----------+----------+
| 100 | King | 90 | 24000.00 | 33600.00 |
| 101 | Kochhar | 90 | 17000.00 | 23800.00 |
| 102 | De Haan | 90 | 17000.00 | 23800.00 |
| 103 | Hunold | 60 | 9000.00 | 12600.00 |
| 104 | Ernst | 60 | 6000.00 | 8400.00 |
| 105 | Austin | 60 | 4800.00 | 6720.00 |
| 106 | Pataballa | 60 | 4800.00 | 6720.00 |
*/
/*
练习2
查询部门号为 10,20, 30 的员工信息,
若部门号为 10, 则打印其工资的 1.1 倍,
20 号部门, 则打印其工资的 1.2 倍,
30 号部门打印其工资的 1.3 倍数
*/
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id,salary,CASE department_id WHEN 10 THEN salary * 1.1
WHEN 20 THEN salary * 1.2
WHEN 30 THEN salary * 1.3
END "details"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30);
/*输出
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+----------+
| employee_id | last_name | department_id | salary | details |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+----------+
| 200 | Whalen | 10 | 4400.00 | 4840.00 |
| 201 | Hartstein | 20 | 13000.00 | 15600.00 |
| 202 | Fay | 20 | 6000.00 | 7200.00 |
| 114 | Raphaely | 30 | 11000.00 | 14300.00 |
| 115 | Khoo | 30 | 3100.00 | 4030.00 |
| 116 | Baida | 30 | 2900.00 | 3770.00 |
| 117 | Tobias | 30 | 2800.00 | 3640.00 |
| 118 | Himuro | 30 | 2600.00 | 3380.00 |
| 119 | Colmenares | 30 | 2500.00 | 3250.00 |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+----------+
*/
加密与解密函数主要用于对数据库中的数据进行加密和解密处理,以防止数据被他人窃取。这些函数在保证数据库安全时非常有用。
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
PASSWORD(str) | 返回字符串str的加密版本,41位长的字符串。加密结果 不可逆,常用于用户的密码加密 |
MD5(str) | 返回字符串str的md5加密后的值,也是一种加密方式。若参数为NULL,则会返回NULL |
SHA(str) | 从原明文密码str计算并返回加密后的密码字符串,当参数为NULL时,返回NULL。 SHA加密算法比MD5更加安全 。 |
ENCODE(value,password_seed) | 返回使用password_seed作为加密密码加密value |
DECODE(value,password_seed) | 返回使用password_seed作为加密密码解密value |
可以看到,ENCODE(value,password_seed)函数与DECODE(value,password_seed)函数互为反函数。
#6. 加密与解密的函数
#PASSWORD(str)返回字符串str的加密版本,41位长的字符串。加密结果 不可
#逆 ,常用于用户的密码加密
#MD5(str)返回字符串str的md5加密后的值,也是一种加密方式。若参数为
#NULL,则会返回NULL
#SHA(str)从原明文密码str计算并返回加密后的密码字符串,当参数为
#NULL时,返回NULL。 SHA加密算法比MD5更加安全 。
#ENCODE(value,password_seed) 返回使用password_seed作为加密密码加密value
#DECODE(value,password_seed) 返回使用password_seed作为加密密码解密value
# PASSWORD()在mysql8.0中弃用。
SELECT MD5('mysql'),SHA('mysql'),MD5(MD5('mysql'))
FROM DUAL;
/*部分输出
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| MD5('mysql') | SHA('mysql') | MD5(MD5('mysql')) |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 81c3b080dad537de7e10e0987a4bf52e | f460c882a18c1304d88854e902e11b85d71e7e1b | 9b1c95c962f12d84f57c68e694274783 |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
*/
#ENCODE()\DECODE() 在mysql8.0中弃用。
/*
SELECT ENCODE('atguigu','mysql'),DECODE(ENCODE('atguigu','mysql'),'mysql')
FROM DUAL;
/*5.7输出:
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ENCODE('atguigu','mysql') | DECODE(ENCODE('atguigu','mysql'),'mysql') |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ,敺—+粱 | atguigu |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
*/
MySQL中内置了一些可以查询MySQL信息的函数,这些函数主要用于帮助数据库开发或运维人员更好地对数据库进行维护工作。
函数 | 用法 |
---|---|
VERSION() | 返回当前MySQL的版本号 |
CONNECTION_ID() | 返回当前MySQL服务器的连接数 |
DATABASE(),SCHEMA() | 返回MySQL命令行当前所在的数据库 |
USER(),CURRENT_USER()、SYSTEM_USER()、SESSION_USER() | 返回当前连接MySQL的用户名,返回结果格式为“主机名@用户名” |
CHARSET(value) | 返回字符串value自变量的字符集 |
COLLATION(value) | 返回字符串value的比较规则 |
#7. MySQL信息函数
#VERSION() 返回当前MySQL的版本号
#CONNECTION_ID() 返回当前MySQL服务器的连接数
#DATABASE(),SCHEMA() 返回MySQL命令行当前所在的数据库
#USER(),CURRENT_USER()、SYSTEM_USER(),SESSION_USER()
#返回当前连接MySQL的用户名,返回结果格式为“主机名@用户名”
#CHARSET(value) 返回字符串value自变量的字符集
#COLLATION(value) 返回字符串value的比较规则
SELECT VERSION(),CONNECTION_ID(),DATABASE(),SCHEMA(),
USER(),CURRENT_USER(),CHARSET('尚硅谷'),COLLATION('尚硅谷')
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+----------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------------+
| VERSION() | CONNECTION_ID() | DATABASE() | SCHEMA() | USER() | CURRENT_USER() | CHARSET('尚硅谷') | COLLATION('尚硅谷') |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+----------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------------+
| 8.0.26 | 8 | atguigudb | atguigudb | root@localhost | root@localhost | utf8mb3 | utf8_general_ci |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+----------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------------+
*/
MySQL中有些函数无法对其进行具体的分类,但是这些函数在MySQL的开发和运维过程中也是不容忽视的。
#FORMAT(value,n)返回对数字value进行格式化后的结果数据。n表示 四舍五入 后保留
#到小数点后n位
SELECT FORMAT(123.125,2),FORMAT(123.125,0),FORMAT(123.125,-2)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| FORMAT(123.125,2) | FORMAT(123.125,0) | FORMAT(123.125,-2) |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| 123.13 | 123 | 123 |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
*/
#CONV(value,from,to) 将value的值进行不同进制之间的转换
SELECT CONV(16, 10, 2), CONV(8888,10,16), CONV(NULL, 10, 2)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| CONV(16, 10, 2) | CONV(8888,10,16) | CONV(NULL, 10, 2) |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 10000 | 22B8 | NULL |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
*/
#INET_ATON(ipvalue) 将以点分隔的IP地址转化为一个数字
#INET_NTOA(value) 将数字形式的IP地址转化为以点分隔的IP地址
#以“192.168.1.100”为例,计算方式为192乘以256的3次方,加上168乘以256的2次方,加上1乘以256,再加上100。
SELECT INET_ATON('192.168.1.100'),INET_NTOA(3232235876)
FROM DUAL;
/*
+----------------------------+-----------------------+
| INET_ATON('192.168.1.100') | INET_NTOA(3232235876) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------+
| 3232235876 | 192.168.1.100 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------+
*/
#BENCHMARK(n,expr)将表达式expr重复执行n次。用于测试MySQL处理expr表达式所耗费
#的时间
#BENCHMARK()用于测试表达式的执行效率
SELECT BENCHMARK(100000,MD5('mysql'))
FROM DUAL;
/*
+--------------------------------+
| BENCHMARK(100000,MD5('mysql')) |
+--------------------------------+
| 0 |
+--------------------------------+
*/
# CONVERT():可以实现字符集的转换
#CONVERT(value USING,char_code)将value所使用的字符编码修改为char_code
SELECT CHARSET('atguigu'),CHARSET(CONVERT('atguigu' USING 'gbk'))
FROM DUAL;
/*
+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| CHARSET('atguigu') | CHARSET(CONVERT('atguigu' USING 'gbk')) |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| gbk | gbk |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
*/
#第07章_单行函数的课后练习
# 1.显示系统时间(注:日期+时间)
#只需要掌握一个函数就可以了
SELECT NOW(),SYSDATE(),CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(),LOCALTIME(),LOCALTIMESTAMP()
FROM DUAL;
/*
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| NOW() | SYSDATE() | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() | LOCALTIME() | LOCALTIMESTAMP() |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2022-02-13 04:23:04 | 2022-02-13 04:23:04 | 2022-02-13 04:23:04 | 2022-02-13 04:23:04 | 2022-02-13 04:23:04 |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
*/
# 2.查询员工号,姓名,工资,以及工资提高百分之20%后的结果(new salary)
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,salary * 1.2 "new salary"
FROM employees;
/*
+-------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| employee_id | last_name | salary | new salary |
+-------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| 100 | King | 24000.00 | 28800.00 |
| 101 | Kochhar | 17000.00 | 20400.00 |
| 102 | De Haan | 17000.00 | 20400.00 |
| 103 | Hunold | 9000.00 | 10800.00 |
| 104 | Ernst | 6000.00 | 7200.00 |
*/
# 3.将员工的姓名按首字母排序,并写出姓名的长度(length)
SELECT last_name,LENGTH(last_name) "name_length"
FROM employees
#order by last_name asc;
ORDER BY name_length ASC;
/*
+-------------+-------------+
| last_name | name_length |
+-------------+-------------+
| Gee | 3 |
| Seo | 3 |
| Lee | 3 |
| Fox | 3 |
| Fay | 3 |
| King | 4 |
| Chen | 4 |
*/
# 4.查询员工id,last_name,salary,并作为一个列输出,别名为OUT_PUT
SELECT CONCAT(employee_id,',',last_name,',',salary) "OUT_PUT"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------------------+
| OUT_PUT |
+-------------------------+
| 100,King,24000.00 |
| 101,Kochhar,17000.00 |
| 102,De Haan,17000.00 |
| 103,Hunold,9000.00 |
| 104,Ernst,6000.00 |
| 105,Austin,4800.00 |
*/
# 5.查询公司各员工工作的年数、工作的天数,并按工作年数的降序排序
SELECT employee_id,DATEDIFF(CURDATE(),hire_date)/365 "worked_years",DATEDIFF(CURDATE(),hire_date) "worked_days",
TO_DAYS(CURDATE()) - TO_DAYS(hire_date) "worked_days1"
FROM employees
ORDER BY worked_years DESC;
/*部分输出:
+-------------+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| employee_id | worked_years | worked_days | worked_days1 |
+-------------+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| 100 | 34.6849 | 12660 | 12660 |
| 200 | 34.4329 | 12568 | 12568 |
| 101 | 32.4192 | 11833 | 11833 |
| 103 | 32.1342 | 11729 | 11729 |
| 104 | 30.7562 | 11226 | 11226 |
| 102 | 29.1041 | 10623 | 10623 |
| 203 | 27.7068 | 10113 | 10113 |
*/
# 6.查询员工姓名,hire_date , department_id,满足以下条件:
#雇用时间在1997年之后,department_id 为80 或 90 或110, commission_pct不为空
SELECT last_name,hire_date,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (80,90,110)
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL
#and hire_date >= '1997-01-01'; #存在着隐式转换
#and date_format(hire_date,'%Y-%m-%d') >= '1997-01-01'; # 显式转换操作,格式化:日期---> 字符串
#and date_format(hire_date,'%Y') >= '1997'; # 显式转换操作,格式化
AND hire_date >= STR_TO_DATE('1997-01-01','%Y-%m-%d');# 显式转换操作,解析:字符串 ----> 日期
/*部分输出:
+------------+------------+---------------+
| last_name | hire_date | department_id |
+------------+------------+---------------+
| Partners | 1997-01-05 | 80 |
| Errazuriz | 1997-03-10 | 80 |
| Cambrault | 1999-10-15 | 80 |
| Zlotkey | 2000-01-29 | 80 |
| Tucker | 1997-01-30 | 80 |
| Bernstein | 1997-03-24 | 80 |
| Hall | 1997-08-20 | 80 |
| Olsen | 1998-03-30 | 80 |
*/
# 7.查询公司中入职超过10000天的员工姓名、入职时间
SELECT last_name,hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE DATEDIFF(CURDATE(),hire_date) >= 10000;
/*输出:
+-----------+------------+
| last_name | hire_date |
+-----------+------------+
| King | 1987-06-17 |
| Kochhar | 1989-09-21 |
| De Haan | 1993-01-13 |
| Hunold | 1990-01-03 |
| Ernst | 1991-05-21 |
| Greenberg | 1994-08-17 |
| Faviet | 1994-08-16 |
| Whalen | 1987-09-17 |
| Mavris | 1994-06-07 |
| Baer | 1994-06-07 |
| Higgins | 1994-06-07 |
| Gietz | 1994-06-07 |
+-----------+------------+
*/
# 8.做一个查询,产生下面的结果
# earns monthly but wants
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,' earns ',TRUNCATE(salary,0), ' monthly but wants ',TRUNCATE(salary * 3,0)) "Dream Salary"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Dream Salary |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| King earns 24000 monthly but wants 72000 |
| Kochhar earns 17000 monthly but wants 51000 |
| De Haan earns 17000 monthly but wants 51000 |
| Hunold earns 9000 monthly but wants 27000 |
| Ernst earns 6000 monthly but wants 18000 |
| Austin earns 4800 monthly but wants 14400 |
| Pataballa earns 4800 monthly but wants 14400 |
*/
# 9.使用case-when,按照下面的条件:
/*job grade
AD_PRES A
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG C
SA_REP D
ST_CLERK E
产生下面的结果:
*/
SELECT last_name "Last_name",job_id "Job_id",CASE job_id WHEN 'AD_PRES' THEN 'A'
WHEN 'ST_MAN' THEN 'B'
WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
END "Grade"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------+------------+-------+
| Last_name | Job_id | Grade |
+-------------+------------+-------+
| King | AD_PRES | A |
| Kochhar | AD_VP | NULL |
| De Haan | AD_VP | NULL |
| Hunold | IT_PROG | C |
| Ernst | IT_PROG | C |
*/
SELECT last_name "Last_name",job_id "Job_id",CASE job_id WHEN 'AD_PRES' THEN 'A'
WHEN 'ST_MAN' THEN 'B'
WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
ELSE "undefined" END "Grade"
FROM employees;
/*部分输出
+-------------+------------+-----------+
| Last_name | Job_id | Grade |
+-------------+------------+-----------+
| King | AD_PRES | A |
| Kochhar | AD_VP | undefined |
| De Haan | AD_VP | undefined |
| Hunold | IT_PROG | C |
| Ernst | IT_PROG | C |
| Austin | IT_PROG | C |
| Pataballa | IT_PROG | C |
*/
说明:本内容整理自尚硅谷B站MySQL视频>>尚硅谷B站MySQL视频