目录
1.过程推导 - 了解BP原理
2.数值计算 - 手动计算,掌握细节
3.代码实现 - numpy手推 + pytorch自动
3.1对比【numpy】和【pytorch】程序,总结并陈述。
3.2激活函数Sigmoid用PyTorch自带函数torch.sigmoid(),观察、总结并陈述。
3.3激活函数Sigmoid改变为Relu,观察、总结并陈述。
3.4损失函数MSE用PyTorch自带函数 t.nn.MSELoss()替代,观察、总结并陈述。
3.5损失函数MSE改变为交叉熵,观察、总结并陈述。
3.6改变步长,训练次数,观察、总结并陈述
3.7权值w1-w8初始值换为随机数,对比“指定权值”的结果,观察、总结并陈述
3.8权值w1-w8初始值换为0,观察、总结并陈述
3.9心得体会
输入值:x1, x2 = 0.5,0.3
输出值:y1, y2 =0.23, -0.07
激活函数:sigmoid
损失函数:MSE
初始权值:0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 -0.5 -0.3 0.8
目标:通过反向传播优化权值
numpy代码
import numpy as np
def sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return a
def forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)
in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)
print("正向计算:o1 ,o2")
print(round(out_o1, 5), round(out_o2, 5))
error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2) ** 2
print("损失函数:均方误差")
print(round(error, 5))
return out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2
def back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2):
# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2
# print(round(d_o1, 2), round(d_o2, 2))
d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w7, 2))
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w8, 2))
d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
# print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w3, 2))
d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2
# print(round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w4, 2))
print("反向传播:误差传给每个权值")
print(round(d_w1, 5), round(d_w2, 5), round(d_w3, 5), round(d_w4, 5), round(d_w5, 5), round(d_w6, 5),
round(d_w7, 5), round(d_w8, 5))
return d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8
def update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
# 步长
step = 5
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8
return w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8
if __name__ == "__main__":
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = 0.2, -0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.1, -0.5, -0.3, 0.8
x1, x2 = 0.5, 0.3
y1, y2 = 0.23, -0.07
print("=====输入值:x1, x2;真实输出值:y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)
print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
for i in range(1000):
print("=====第" + str(i) + "轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
print("更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
pytorch代码
import torch
x1, x2 = torch.Tensor([0.5]), torch.Tensor([0.3])
y1, y2 = torch.Tensor([0.23]), torch.Tensor([-0.07])
print("=====输入值:x1, x2;真实输出值:y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = torch.Tensor([0.2]), torch.Tensor([-0.4]), torch.Tensor([0.5]), torch.Tensor(
[0.6]), torch.Tensor([0.1]), torch.Tensor([-0.5]), torch.Tensor([-0.3]), torch.Tensor([0.8]) # 权重初始值
w1.requires_grad = True
w2.requires_grad = True
w3.requires_grad = True
w4.requires_grad = True
w5.requires_grad = True
w6.requires_grad = True
w7.requires_grad = True
w8.requires_grad = True
def sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + torch.exp(-z))
return a
def forward_propagate(x1, x2):
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1) # out_h1 = torch.sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2) # out_h2 = torch.sigmoid(in_h2)
in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1) # out_o1 = torch.sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2) # out_o2 = torch.sigmoid(in_o2)
print("正向计算:o1 ,o2")
print(out_o1.data, out_o2.data)
return out_o1, out_o2
def loss_fuction(x1, x2, y1, y2): # 损失函数
y1_pred, y2_pred = forward_propagate(x1, x2) # 前向传播
loss = (1 / 2) * (y1_pred - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (y2_pred - y2) ** 2 # 考虑 : t.nn.MSELoss()
print("损失函数(均方误差):", loss.item())
return loss
def update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
# 步长
step = 1
w1.data = w1.data - step * w1.grad.data
w2.data = w2.data - step * w2.grad.data
w3.data = w3.data - step * w3.grad.data
w4.data = w4.data - step * w4.grad.data
w5.data = w5.data - step * w5.grad.data
w6.data = w6.data - step * w6.grad.data
w7.data = w7.data - step * w7.grad.data
w8.data = w8.data - step * w8.grad.data
w1.grad.data.zero_() # 注意:将w中所有梯度清零
w2.grad.data.zero_()
w3.grad.data.zero_()
w4.grad.data.zero_()
w5.grad.data.zero_()
w6.grad.data.zero_()
w7.grad.data.zero_()
w8.grad.data.zero_()
return w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(w1.data, w2.data, w3.data, w4.data, w5.data, w6.data, w7.data, w8.data)
for i in range(1):
print("=====第" + str(i) + "轮=====")
L = loss_fuction(x1, x2, y1, y2) # 前向传播,求 Loss,构建计算图
L.backward() # 自动求梯度,不需要人工编程实现。反向传播,求出计算图中所有梯度存入w中
print("\tgrad W: ", round(w1.grad.item(), 2), round(w2.grad.item(), 2), round(w3.grad.item(), 2),
round(w4.grad.item(), 2), round(w5.grad.item(), 2), round(w6.grad.item(), 2), round(w7.grad.item(), 2),
round(w8.grad.item(), 2))
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
print("更新后的权值")
print(w1.data, w2.data, w3.data, w4.data, w5.data, w6.data, w7.data, w8.data)
运行结果:
两者结果基本相同,但pytorch中有自动求梯度的函数,不用再编程实现,相比numpy更加方便
在训练轮数较少时,PyTorch自带函数torch.sigmoid()的均方误差较大,但最后结果两者没有差别
将
def sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return a
换为
def relu(z):
return np.maximum(0, z)
运行结果:
激活函数变为Relu时,均方误差下降速度更快
def loss_fuction(x1, x2, y1, y2): # 损失函数
y1_pred, y2_pred = forward_propagate(x1, x2) # 前向传播
# loss = (1 / 2) * (y1_pred - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (y2_pred - y2) ** 2 # 考虑 : t.nn.MSELoss()
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss() # 创建损失函数
y_pred = torch.cat((y1_pred, y2_pred), dim=0) # 将y1_pred, y2_pred合并成一个向量
y = torch.cat((y1, y2), dim=0)
loss = loss_func(y_pred, y) # 计算损失
print("损失函数(均方误差):", loss.item())
return loss
运行结果:
可以看出替代前后两者结果基本相同
def loss_fuction(x1, x2, y1, y2):
y1_pred, y2_pred = forward_propagate(x1, x2)
loss_func = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 创建交叉熵损失函数
y_pred = torch.stack([y1_pred, y2_pred], dim=1)
y = torch.stack([y1, y2], dim=1)
loss = loss_func(y_pred, y) # 计算
print("损失函数(交叉熵损失):", loss.item())
return loss
运行结果:
在150左右时损失函数已经变成负数,从而说明交叉熵损失函数并不适合此神经网络
步长为1时
步长为0.5时
步长为5时
由此可见,步长越大,收敛速度越快;训练轮数越多,结果越准确
可以看出权值换为随机数后均方误差下降速度变快
通过此次作业的学习,我对反向传播原理及其代码实现有了更加深刻的印象,原理方面不太理解的地方也通过慕课上的学习而掌握。代码实现中,损失函数的改变、步长大小、训练轮数等因素都会影响效率与最后的结果,使用合适的才能有最好的效果。
参考:【2021-2022 春学期】人工智能-作业2:例题程序复现
【2021-2022 春学期】人工智能-作业3:例题程序复现 PyTorch版
【人工智能导论:模型与算法】MOOC 8.3 误差后向传播(BP) 例题 编程验证numpy版
【人工智能导论:模型与算法】MOOC 8.3 误差后向传播(BP) 例题 编程验证 Pytorch版本
【人工智能导论:模型与算法】误差后向传播(BP) 例题 编程验证【勘误版】