六〇六
Jottings:
Massimo d’Azeglio described a ridiculous fad in the historical painting of his time(马西莫·达泽格里奥在他的时间的历史绘画中描述了荒谬的表现): “Anche in arte vi fu allora un gran movimento verso il culto del vero(即使在艺术中也有一个伟大的运动来崇拜真实)…. Si cercò col vero dinanzi la forma antica nella sua monotona affettazione; si volle vedere il nudo da per tutto, fino sotto le vesti; si dipinsero figure che sembrava le avessero indosso bagnate. La mania arrivò al punto che per uno scultore classico l’umbilico fu visibile sotto la corazza del medio evo, ed un disegnatore dovendo rappresentare Napoleone in piedi, segnava la rotula sotto lo stivale a tromba(真实的情感中的古老形态;它希望看到裸体从衣服下面的一切;涂上了数字,似乎穿着它们。狂热的意思是,对于经典雕塑者来说,脐部在中世纪的盔甲下可见,并且设计师必须代表拿破仑站着,标志着小号靴下的膝盖骨)!” (I Miei Ricordi, “Biblioteca classica Hoepliana”, pp. 130-1).
One might call it an attempt to make the overcoat do also the duty of underclothes — the veritable idea of feminine dress(有人可能会说,这是一种尝试,使大衣同时兼作内衣的功能—这才是真正意义上的女性服饰)!
Cf. the wickedly expressive passage in Martial, XI. cxix; “De cathedra quotiens surgis (iam saepe notavi), / pedicant miserae, Lesbia, te tunicae… / sic constringuntur magni Symplegade culi / et nimias intrant Cyaneasque natis” (“Whenever you get up from your chair — I have often noticed it ere now — your unhappy garments, Lesbia, treat you indecently.... they are so gripped by the straits of your mighty rump, and enter a pass difficult and Cyanean(每当你从椅子上站起来—我以前经常注意到—你那不开心的衣服,莱斯比亚,都会对你下流…他们被你强大的臀部紧紧抓住,进入一个青色的难以通过的关口).” (Walter Ker))(Epigrams, “The Loeb Classical Library”, II, p. 306) — the use of the word pedicare here is a wonderful example of pathetic fallacy & quite in the convention of Homer’s “the ruthless stone(无情的石头)”, “the arrow eager to fly(渴望飞翔的箭矢)”, “the spears longing to take their fill of flesh(渴望抓住他们肉体的矛)”, etc. (cf. Aristotle,Rhetoric, III, xi, “The Loeb Classical Library”, p. 407).
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I am reminded in this connexion of Klopstock(克洛普施托克,德国诗人)’s “schöne Bild von Gedanken und Sprache(思想和语言的美丽图景)”: “Wie dem Mädchen , das aus dem Bade steigt, das Gewand anliegt(就像那个穿着长袍从浴缸里出来的女孩)” (quoted in E. Engel, Deutsche Stilkunst, 24teAufl., S. 94), as well as of William James’s simile for Bergson’s style(以及威廉·詹姆斯对伯格森风格的比喻): “A ‘straightforward style’ — a flexibility of verbal resource that follows the thought without a crease or wrinkle, as elastic silk underclothing follows the movements of one’s body(一种‘直截了当的风格’——语言资源的灵活性,随心所欲,毫无痕迹,就像弹性丝绸内衣跟随身体的运动一样)”(A Pluralistic Universe, p. 227; A. Albalat, however, attacked Bergson’s style as jargonistic & dismissed Matière et Mémoire as written “dans une langue inintelligible”; he also quoted Faquet’s opinion on Bergson’s books: “Je n’en ai jamais compris une seule page”(然而,阿尔巴拉特抨击伯格森的风格是行话式的&用“难以理解的语言”书写不恰当的主题和记忆;他还引用了他对伯格森书籍的看法:“我一页都看不懂”)— Comment, Il ne Faut pas Écrire, p. 181).
Julien Benda seems to have borrowed from James: “Le style d’idées doit se mouler exactement sur la pensée(思想风格必须完全建立在思想上)... celle-ci lui demande de ne lui valoir qu’un vêtement transparent” (Du Style d’Idées, p. 9).
Benda often seem bent upon creating the impression of being one of those geniuses whom Kant called “die blossen Naturalisten des Kopfs (élèves de la nature, Autodidacti)”; people who “sie zwar manches, was sie wissen, von anderen hätten lernen können, für sich selbst ausgedacht haben(他们本可以为自己想出一些他们知道的、从别人那里学到的东西)” (Anthropologie, §59 — Werke, hrsg. E. Cassirer, Bd. VIII, S. 116, but his book-learning is greater than his air of doggedly hard thinking may lead people to believe(但他的书本知识比他那个顽强刻苦思念的神气更能让人相信), & he often prends son, bien où il le trouve; another instance of his “foreign debt” owed to the Americans is: Hawthorne: “Letter to an Editor”: “The greatest possible merit of style is, of course, to make the words absolutely disappear into the thought(当然,这种风格的最大优点可能是使文字完全消失在思想中).”“C’est à peu près comme si l’on disait qu’une pensée sur le bleu doit s’efforcer d’être bleu(就像有人说,一个关于蓝色的想法是其必须先努力成为蓝色)”(op. cit., p. 29) —cf. R.B. Perry, Present Philosophical Tendencies, p. 234: “The word ‘blue’ may mean blue, although the word is not blue(尽管“蓝色”不是蓝色,但“蓝色”却意味着蓝色。”).”
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Joubert mentioned Kant several times in Pensées (Éd. “Libraire Académique”, Tit. XXIV. iii. 17). I don’t suppose he knew his writings well. The aphorism, “Que de savants forgent les sciences, cyclopes laborieux, ardents, infatigables, mais qui n’ont qu’un oeil(让科学家们锻造科学,勤劳、热情、不知疲倦但只有一只眼睛的独眼巨人)” (Tit. XVIII. 93),is, however, strongly reminiscent of Kant’s Anthropologie(然而,它强烈地让人想起康德的人类学), §59. Kant was talking about types of genius; having mentioned(康德在谈论天才的类型时,提到) “derarchitektonische, der den Zusammenhang aller Wissenschaften, und wie sie einander unterstützen, methodisch einsieht(认知),” he spoke of another type: “Es giebt aber auch gigantische Gelehrsamkeit, die doch oft zyklopisch ist, der nämlich ein Auge fehlt: nämlich das der wahren Philosophie, um diese Menge des historischen Wissens, die Fracht von hundert Kameelen, durch die Vernunft zweckmässig zu benutzen(解构)” (Werke, hrsg. E. Cassirer, Bd. VIII, S. 116).
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Grillparzer’s epigram on “Moderne Logik”(格里爾帕策关于“现代逻辑”的警句): “Das sind wunderliche Denkgesetze / Und leer an wahrer Beweiseskraft, / Wo Logik gibt die Folgesätze / Und den Obersatz die Leidenschaft(这些都仅仅是思维法则,并没有真正的证据力量,但是逻辑却给出了命题结果,以及最重要的命题激情)(彦按,即言事物发展的客观规律,不以个人的意志为转)” (Gesam. Werk., hrsg. E. Rollett und A. Sauer, Bd. II, S. 62-3). This should take its place beside F.H. Bradley’s famous boutade: “Metaphysics is the finding of bad reasons for what we believe upon instinct; but to find these reasons is itself an instinct(形而上学(指对世界本质的研究,即研究一切存在者,一切现象(尤其指抽象概念)的原因及本源)是我们对本能相信的错误理由的发现; 但要找到这些原因本身就是本能的)” (Appearance & Reality, p. xiv).
Both were written in pre-Freudian days when “rationalization” was not heard of. Cf. Collected Papers of C.S. Peirce, VI, pp. 4-5: “There is an ethics indissolubly bound up with it(the logic used by science)-an ethics of fairness & impartiality-& a writer, who teaches, by his example, to find arguments for a conclusion which he wishes to believe, saps the very foundations of science by trifling with its morals.” Incidentally this passage is just another proof of the difference, which amounts to almost opposition, between Peirce’s pragmaticism & William James’s pragmatism(Peirce: “Pragmaticism was originally enounced in the form of a maxim, as follows: Consider what effects, that mightconceivably have practical bearings, you conceive the objects of your conception to have. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object(实用主义最初是以一个格言的形式被提出的:以下是什么样的效果,即可以想象地具有实际的方位,你构想了你的概念的对象。那么,你对这些效果的概念就是你对对象的整体概念).”).
Samuel Butler(塞缪尔·巴特勒), Ernest Pontifex, or The Way of All Flesh(《众生之路》), ch. 66: “His(Euclid’s)superstructure is demonstration, his ground is faith(他的(欧几里得)上层建筑是示范,他的基础是信仰)” (Methuen, p. 247). Cf. Pareto, General Sociology, §1749 (Eng. tr., II, p. 1209, marginalia).
彦按,棋士吴清源事亦从此例。
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Walter Bagehot(沃尔特·白芝浩,英国经济学家、政治社会和法学家): “Butler’s literary manner is awkward & hesitating. He seems to have an obscure feeling of what the truth is; but his manipulation of words & images is not apt enough to bring it out. Like the miser in the story, he has a schilling(先令,奥地利货币单位) about him somewhere, if people will only give him time & solitude to make research for it(巴特勒的文学风格是笨拙的和犹豫的。他似乎对真相有一种模糊的感觉;但是,他对文字和图像的操纵又不足以把它表现出来。就像故事中的守财奴一样,如果人们给他时间和独处来研究的话,他在某个地方也许能有一个先令)” (Literary Studies, ed. R.H. Hutton, III, p. 127). This must be an allusion to David Copperfield, ch. 21: “‘I have got a trifle of money somewhere about me, my dear,’ said Mr Barkis, ‘but I’m a little tired. If you & Mr David will leave me for a short nap, I’ll try & find it when I wake.”(“亲,我身上有点钱,”巴克斯先生说,“但我有点累了。”如果你和戴维先生离开让我小睡一会儿,我会在醒来时设法找到它。”)
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E.J. Trelawney: “Atheism is no longer a term of reproach but an indication of intelligence(无神论不再是一种指责,而是智慧的象征)” (Letters of E.J. Trelawney, ed. by H. Buxton Forman, p. 248). Cf. James Martineau: “It is no longer an insult to a clergyman’s honour, but rather a compliment to his intelligence, to suspect him of saying one thing & believing another” (quoted in Carlyle D. Burns, Horizons of Experience, p. 291). In other words, for a man living in a block universe of discourse or a climate of monolithic opinion where, in Bossuet’s words,l’hérétique est celui qui a une opinion(异教徒是有不同意见的人), the “moral obligation of being intelligent” entails also the immoral obligation of being hypocritical. To avoid fire & faggots, a lover of truth has to nurse a lie in his soul(“智慧的道德义务”也意味着虚伪的不道德义务。为了避免火灾和同性恋,热爱真理的人必须在自己的灵魂中孕育谎言。).
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〇 “Ostrich burying its head(鸵鸟埋头)”; cf.《欒城集》(苏辙)卷一《次韻子瞻聞不赴商幕》第一首:“閉門已學龜頭縮,避謗仍兼雉尾藏”,自注:“雉藏不能盡尾,鄉人以為諺。”Cf. 楊棨《蜨庵詩集‧壬寅六月紀事‧之四》:“未憑駝足走,先學雉頭藏。”
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The Diary of Fanny Burney, Nov. 28th(《范妮·伯尼日记》,11月28日), 1784 records a visit to Dr Johnson who told her about the last illness of his wife: “When she was carried to the lodgings that had been prepared for her, she complained that the staircase was in very bad condition — for the plaster was beaten off in many places. ‘Oh,’ said the man of the house, ‘that’s nothing but the knocks against it of the coffins of the poor souls that have died in the lodgings!’(1784年,约翰逊医生向她讲述了他妻子的最后一次疾病:“当她被抬到为她准备的住处时,她抱怨楼梯状况非常糟糕——因为她觉得石膏在很多地方都被敲掉了。“哦,”屋子里的人说,“那不过是在屋里死去的可怜人的棺材敲打声而已!”)” (“Everyman’s Library”, p. 92).Cf. Antoine Albalat, Souvenirs de la vie littéraire, nouvelle éd., p. 8 recording Daudet’s remark: “L’idée de la mort a empoisonné mon existence. Chaque fois que je change d’appartement, ma première réflexion est de me dire: Comment fera-t-on pour sortir ton cercueil?(死亡的念头毒害了我的生活。每次我搬出公寓,我的第一反应就是告诉自己:怎么才能把你的棺材拿出来)”; “Q.”, Hocken & Huncken, ch. 5, in which Mr Philip warned Captain Hocken: “I don’t know no unhandier houses for gettin’ out a corpse. There’s a turn at the foot o’ the stairs; most awkward(我不知道有什么更不安全的房子可以用来取出尸体。楼梯脚下有一个转弯,非常尴尬。).”
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The Diary of Fanny Burney, Dec. 19th, 1875: “‘Was there ever,’ cried he(the King), ‘such stuff asgreat part of Shakespeare? only one must not say so! But what think you? — What? — Is there not sad stuff? — what —what?’” (p. 111).
This is apparently a kind of a signature view of British aristocracy on Shakespeare; e.g. Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. 28, Mr Pip: “The Viscount said: ‘Shakespeare is an infernal humbug, Pip! What’ the good of Shakespeare, Pip? I never read him. What the devil is it all about, Pip? There’s a lot of feet in Shakspeare’s verse, but there ain’t any legs worth mentioning in Shakspeare’s plays, are there, Pip?’”
Cf. Jacques Barzun, Teacher in America, p. 150: “When, some twenty years ago, the old comic magazine Life guaranteed anonymity if a score of American celebrities would write in their honest opinion of Shakespeare, the replies they received showed that the name ‘Shakepeare’ stood for a consecrated bore(大约20年前,当老漫画杂志《生活》保证如果有二十位美国名人以他们对莎士比亚的诚实看法写作,就不会透露姓名时,他们收到的回复显示,‘莎士比亚’这个名字代表着一种神圣的无聊。).”
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The Diary of Fanny Burney, September, 1787: “He(Harry Bunbury)adores Werter, & would scarce believe I had not read it — still less that I had begun it & left it off, from distaste at its evident tendency. I saw myself sink instantly in his estimation(他(哈利)很喜欢维特(按即《少年维特的烦恼》),几乎不会相信我没有读过它—更不用说我开始读它,却因为厌恶它明显的倾向而把它忘了。但我发现自己立刻陷入了他的评价)” (p. 181).
William Rose overlooked this passage in his account of early English references to Werther (see Men, Myths, & Movements in German Literature, pp. 148 ff.). Nor had he lit upon the following passage in Maria Edgeworth’s Castle Rackrent (1801): “What is it you’re reading there? my dear?’ asked Sir Condy… ‘The Sorrows of Werter,’ replies my lady(“你在读什么?亲爱的?”康迪爵士问道……“《少年维特的烦恼》,”夫人回答道。)” (“Everyman’s Library” ed., p. 43).
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Rosalie Glynn Grylls, William Godwin & His World, p. 64: “The dictum of Max Beerbohm(马克斯·比尔博姆) in Zuleika Dobson(《朱莱卡.多卜生》), that beauty & the lust for learning have yet to be allied, was not applicable to the women intellectuals of the French Revolution period(美丽与求知欲尚未结合起来,这并不适用于法国大革命时期的女性知识分子).”
I don’t recall this dictum in Max’s novel, but there is one to the same effect in Antoine Furetière’s Le Roman Bourgeois, “Édition Porteret”, p. 124: “Aussi n’est-il pas possible que les filles se puissent piquer en mesme temps de science et de beauté; car la lecture et les veilles leur rendent les yeux battus,et elles ne peuvent conserver leur teint frais ou leur enbon-point, si elles ne vivent dans la delicatesse et dans l’oysiveté.”
Cf. Anatole France’s comment on “une fillet très maigre, mais bacheliers-ès-lettres(一个有学士学位却瘦骨嶙峋的女孩)”: “Un peu moins de titres et un peu plus de tétons(头衔愈少,乳房愈丰满。)” (J.-J. Brousson, Anatole France en Pantoufles, p.(此處頁數留空未註。)).
See 第百五十則 a propos of Baudelaire, Journal Intime, p. 123 & 第二百三十九則 a propos of Heine’s Briefe über Deutschland.
彦按,一五〇则,Charles Baudelaire(波德莱尔), Journaux Intimes(《私人日记》), éd par Ad. van Bever. 參觀第四十四則、百十七則。P. 123: “La bêtise est souvent l’ornement de la beauté... La bêtise est toujours la conservation de la beauté; elle éloigne les rides; c’est un cosmétique divin qui préserve nos idoles des morsures que la pensée garde pour nous(愚蠢往往是美丽的装饰品……愚蠢总是保持美丽;它能消除皱纹;它是一种神圣的化妆品,可以保护我们的外表不受思想的伤害。).”按 Erasmus(伊拉斯莫斯,荷兰学者) 早云:“Folly is the best preservative of youth, and the most effectual antidote against age(愚蠢是青春最好的防腐剂,也是对抗衰老最有效的解药。).” (In Praise of Folly, George Allen & Unwin’s “Pocket Crowns”, no. 14, p. 22).
又,四四则,Propertius(普罗佩提乌斯,古罗马诗人) (The Loeb Classical Library, E. T. by H.E. Butler). 才女之才,特色相之一種,所以昂待沽之價者。故揚州瘦馬必學琴能彈“顏回”或“梅花”一段,學畫能寫蘭竹數枝,學字能書 “吏部尚書大學士”、“第一甲第一名”數字(見錢枋輯本《野獲編》卷二十三)。(萬紅友《風流棒傳奇》嘲賴參將女賴能文云:“天下才女,十個有九個假的,就是寫得出幾句,不過填脂襯粉,便思禍棗災梨。”)晁景迂《嵩山集》卷九《胡季和送江梅山茶來》云:“山茶有色笑江梅,無色江梅謝不才。莫言無色無才思,幾許才從色上來。”誠哉斯言!蓋美色便易見才,薄才可以增色,相為映發。至於有才無貌,則 Baudelaire 云 “Aimer les femmes intelligentes est un plaisir de pédéraste(喜欢聪明的女人是一种同性恋的乐趣).”(Journaux Intimes, ed. Ad. van Bever, p. 10)語雖過激,亦即此理。獨 Propertius 於 Cynthia,反復稱其為女學士。Bk. I, vii, 11: “me laudent doctae solum placuisse puellae”; II, xi, 6: “cinis hic docta puella fuit”; xiii, 11: “Me invet in gremio doctae legisse puellae.” 觀 Propertius 詩,前後所載 Cynthia 雖博學,而淫蕩很辣,有王鳳姐風,非 Juvenal(尤维纳利斯,罗马哲学家) 所深惡痛絕之掉書袋女學究也(Sat. VI, 434 et seq.)。Martial, XI, xix 答 Galla 云:“我不敢娶卿,以卿乃女學士,而吾牀笫間‘不阡不陌,非途非路(喻指不拘一格,不局限在某种标准之中。)’(《南齊書》卷四十一張融自論其文謂)(Cf. 七三〇則),破律壞度耳。”(Diserta es. / Saepe soloecismum mentula nostra facit .)語頗刻毒。參觀 J.L. Guez de Balzac(巴尔扎克) 致 Chapelain(夏普兰) 書:“j'ai dit que je souffrirais plus volontiers une femme qui a de la barbe, qu’une femme qui fait la savant(我是说,相较一个有学问的女人我更愿意忍受一个有胡子的女人).”(見 J. E. Fidao-Justiniani, L’Esprit Classique et la Préciosité, p. 48)
百十七则无相关材料。
又,二三九则,Heinrich Heines(海涅,德国诗人、小说家) Sämtliche Werke (Berlin: Verlag Von A. Weichert), Bd. III 筆鋒輕銳,惜不免利口喋喋。倘能抑之矯其浮,裁之削其繁,便格高而力擪矣。C.G. Leland 譯 Germany 屢斥其“intolerable & needless repetition(不可容忍和不必要的重复)” (I, p. 159; p. 225; II, p. 17),有以哉!又見第四十九則、一百九十三則、十九則。
1ter Brief, Briefe über Deutschland, S. 126: “Sie(Mme de Staël)hat Genie, aber leider hat hat dieses Genie ein Geschlecht, und zwar ein weibliches(她(德斯塔尔夫人)是天才,但不幸的是,这位天才有性别,女性).” 按 Heine, Geständnisse(《自白》): “Da Frau von Staël ein Autor von Genie ist und einst die Meinung aussprach, dass das Genie kein Geschlecht habe(因为冯·斯塔尔夫人是《天才》一书的作者,她曾表示天才没有性别)” usw. (Bd. IX, S. 149)
十七世紀法國 F. Poulain de la Barre(普兰·德·拉巴尔) 撰論男女平等,以為特軀幹有異,若夫昭昭靈靈,此心此理,無乎不齊(De l’égalité des deux sexes(《两性平等》)(1673), éd. 1690, p. 76: “L’Esprit n’a point de sexe(灵魂没有性别)” 見 Paul Kluckhohn, Die Auffassung der Liebe in der Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts und in der deutschen Romantik, 2te Aufl., S. 31 引)。Mme de Staël (德斯塔尔夫人)語蓋出於此。
參觀李卓吾( 贽 )《焚書》卷二〈答以女人學道為見短書〉云:“故謂人有男女則可,謂見有男女豈可乎?謂見有長短則可,謂男子之見盡長,女人之見盡短,又豈可乎?”呂温〈上官昭容書樓歌〉:“漢家婕妤唐昭容,工詩能賦千載同。自言才藝是天真,不服丈夫勝婦人。”Captain Shandon: “There is no such thing as female genius(没有所谓的女性天才).” (見L.P. Smith, Reperusals & Recollections, p. 192 引); Goncourt(龚古尔): “There are no women of genius; the women of genius are men(彦按,此即女子高才者称先生之所谓乎?).” (見 Havelock Ellis, Man & Woman, Am. ed. 1929, p. 454 引); Baudelaire, Conseils aux Jeunes Littérateurs(对年轻学者的建议), IX: “Je suis obligé de ranger dans la classe des femmes dangereuses aux gens de lettres, la femme honnête, le bas-bleu et l’actrice; — La femme honnête parce qu’elle appartient nécessairement à deux hommes...; le bas-bleu parce que c’est un homme manqué; — l’actrice parce qu’elle est frottée de littérature” etc.
又Journaux Intimes, “Fusées” VI: “Aimer les femmes intelligentes est un plaisir de pédéraste(爱聪明的女人是同性恋者的乐趣).” (Oeuv. comp., éd. Bibl. de la Pléiade, pp. 947-8, 1192); Eric Gill, Autobiography(《自传》), p. 122: “We know what Renoir said, naming the tool with which he painted his pictures(“Je peins avec mon sexe”)(按,雷諾瓦“以陽具作畫”一語,各家所引小異,“mon sexe”或作“ma queue”,或作“mon pénis”。). Let his confession suffice for me. Lettering, masonry — these are not trades for eunuchs.” 均相發明。
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Grillparzer(格里尔帕策,奥地利剧作家): “Poesie und Prosa sind voneinander unterschieden wie Essen und Trinken(诗歌和散文就像食物和饮料一样截然不同). Man muss vom Wein nicht fordern, dass er auch den Hunger stillen soll, und wer, um das zu erreichen, ekelhaft Brot in seinen Wein brockt, mag das Schweinefutter selbst ausfressen(一个人不必要用酒来满足饥饿感,谁会为了这个目的,把面包屑掺到酒里吃猪食呢)” (Gesam. Werk., hrsg. von E. Rollett und A. Sauer, II, S. 142-3).
Again: “Die Prosa ist des Menschen Speise, die Poesie sein Trank, der nicht nährt, sondern erquickt. Man kann aber auch, wie die neuesten Deutschen, Bier trinken, in dem Nahrungsstoffe zur Gärung gebracht sind, wovon man fett wird und noch dazu einen schweren Dusel in den Kopf bekommt(散文是人的食物,诗歌是人的饮料,它不滋养人,却使人精神振奋。但你也可以喝啤酒,就像时髦的德国人一样,在啤酒中加入发酵的营养物质,使人发胖,也使人头昏眼花)” (Ibid., S. 150).
Cf.《圍爐詩話》(吳喬)卷一:“意喻之米,文則炊而為飯,詩則釀而為酒。飯不變米形,酒則盡變。噉飯則飽,飲酒則醉,醉則憂者以樂,喜者以悲,如《凱風》、《小弁》之意,斷不可以文章平直之道出之” — a simile much praised by(一个深受赞誉的明喻) 趙秋谷(执信) in his《談龍錄》, 李重華《貞一齋詩說》& 紀曉嵐 in 《點論李義山詩集》卷下(《過崔兗海(戎)故宅》評語)&《點論蘇文忠(轼)詩集》卷五(《和子由記園中草木》第三首評語).
Cf. also Valéry: “La pensée doit être cachée dans les vers comme la vertu nutritive dans un fruit. Un fruit est nourriture, mais il ne paraît que délice. On ne perçoit que du plaisir, mais on reçoit une substance(思想隐藏在诗句中,就像水果中的营养一样。水果亦是食物,看起来很美味。你在感觉到快乐的同时也得到了其中的营养)” (La Littérature, 1930, pp. 17-8);
T.S. Eliot(艾略特,英国诗人、作家): “The chief use of the meaning of a poem is to keep the mind diverted & quiet, while the poem does its work upon him(the reader): much as the imaginary burglar is always provided with a nice piece of meat for the house-dog(一首诗的意义和主要用途是使人的思想得到转移和安静,而这首诗对他(读者)起到了作用:就像想象中的小偷总是会提供给看家狗一块美味的肉一样)” (The Use of Poetry & the Use of Criticism, p. 151);
J.B. Yeats(彦按,疑为W.B.Yeats,William Butler Yeats,威廉·巴特勒·叶芝,爱尔兰诗人、剧作家和散文家): “with poets ideas are consciously or unconsciously part of their technique & of the machinery of poetry... Let poets, by all means, touch on ideas, but let it be only a ‘touching’ & a tentative groping with the sensitive poetical fingers... Religious poetry is poor & always will be so — because it asserts a definite belief where such a thing is impossible(对于诗人来说,思想自觉或不自觉地成为他们技巧的一部分&构成诗歌的组件……让诗人想尽一切办法去触及思想,但让它只是一种‘触动’&用敏感的诗意手指进行试探性的摸索……宗教诗是贫乏的,而且永远都是如此——因为它主张一种明确的信仰,即这样的一种思想在那里(宗教诗)是一种“不可能”)” (Letters to His Son & Others, pp. 220-1);
George Sampson: “Poetry uses matter to get itself expressed. Thus a mnemonic is not poetry; it is matter put into metrical form for the convenience of the memory. The ballad, at first sight, may seem to exist for the sake of the story. The truth is that the story exists for the sake of the ballad, & is memorable as a story because it has been transmuted into form(乍一看,歌谣似乎是为了故事而存在。事实是,故事是为了歌谣而存在的,作为一个故事,它是值得纪念的,因为它已经被转化为另外一种形式的存在). Told in prose as short & simple as the verse, most ballad-stories would be immemorable anecdotes” (Seven Essays, p. 33).
In other words, teaching is the bant but not the bat of poetry. Grillparzer, Valéry & Sampson have been simply applying to poetry the Schillerian criterion for all fine arts: “Das eigentliche Kunst-geheimnis des Meisters, dass er den Stoff durch die Form vertilgt” (Briefe über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen, XXII,Schillers Werke in drei Bänden, “Veb”, II, S. 576).
Gottfried Keller(戈特弗里德·凯勒), Brief an B. Auerbach, 25 Feb. 1860 (das Didaktische im Poetischen aufzelöst aufzulösen ist(寓说教于诗意)) “wie Zucker oder Salz im Wasser(犹水中盐饴)” (H. Meyers, Der Sonderling in der deutschen Dichtung, Carl Hanser, S. 197).《傅大士心王銘》(《五燈會元》卷二):“水中鹽味,色裏膠青,決定是有,不見其形。”《遺山文集》36《杜詩學引》:“前人論子美用事有著鹽水中之喻。”《西清詩話》(蔡绦):“作詩用事要如禪家語:‘水中著鹽,飲水乃知鹽味。’”王驥德《曲律論‧用事第二十一》:“又有一等事,用在句中,令人不覺,如禪家所謂撮鹽水中,飲水乃知鹽味,方是妙手。”
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H. Taine(泰纳,法国学者) on les honnêtes jeunes filles: “Quand vous voyez à votre future des joues roses et des yeux candides, ne concluez pas qu’elle est un ange, mais qu’on la couche à neuf heures et qu’elle a mangé beaucoup de côtelettes” (Vie et opinions de M. Frédéric-Thomas Graindorge, ch. 5).
Cf. Georg Büchner: “Es ist keine Kunst, ein ehrlicher Mann zu sein, wenn man täglich Suppe, Gemüse und Fleisch zu essen hat” (Sämtliche Werke und Briefe, hrsg. Bergemann, S. 607); Charles Kingsley: “On two thousand a year a man can afford to be honest” (Yeast, ch. 6). Rebecca Sharp in Vanity Fair: “I think I could be a good woman if I had 5000 a year” (The Oxford Thackeray, XI, p. 532). B. Brecht: “Erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral(先谈温饱,再论道德)” (“Denn wovon lebt der Mensch?” in Gedichte, hrsg. Hauptmann & Slupianek, I, S. 281);Ital. proverb: “Prima la trippa e poi la virtù.” Horace: “Virtus post nummos” (Epistulae, I. i. 53). Le Neveu de Rameau: “La voix de la conscience et de l'honneur est bien faible, lorsque les boyaux crient(当肠胃尖叫时,良心和荣誉的声音会非常微弱).”
彦按,《史记·管晏列传》:“仓廪实而知礼节,衣食足而知荣辱。”
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W. Somerset Maugham(毛姆), A Writer’s Notebook(《一个作家的札记》), “The Collected Edition”, p. 282: “One of the misfortunes of human beings is that they continue to have sexual desires long after they are sexually desirable(人类的不幸之一是,他们在性欲满足很久之后仍会然会有).”Cf. Faust, I, 1546-7: “Ich bin zu alt, um nur zu spielen, / Zu jung, um ohne Wunsch zu sein” (彦按,即六〇九则所谓“張三有錢不會使,李四會使却無錢。”)(Faust, Ed. E. Trunz, S. 83). Homer’s Epigrams, 12: “...grey-haired old men whose powers are dulled, but whose hearts still desire(其发虽苍,其力虽弱,而其欲尤炽)” (Hesiod(赫西俄德,古希腊诗人), The Homeric Hymns(《荷马赞美诗》), & Homerica, “Loeb”, p. 473).
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In his Dictionary of Slang, p. 57, Partridge says that the word “bitch” is more offensive than the word “whore” & adduces by way of proof the catchphrase, “I may be a whore, but can’t be a bitch!” The reason, I suppose, is that a bitch, like a poet, is born while a whore, like a poet laureate, is made; the former denotes character, & the latter implies circumstances. Partridge should have quoted Joseph Andrews, Bk. I, ch. 17: “‘Get you out of my house, you whore.’ To which she added another name, which we do not care to stain our paper with. It was a monosyllable beginning with a b—, and indeed was the same as if she had pronounced the words, ‘she-dog’” (“The World’s Classics”, p. 81).
彦按,詈语之中考论高下,一笑。
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Machiavelli(马基亚维利,意大利政治思想家): “Gli uomini sono ciechi nelle cose in cui peccano quanto sono acerrimi persecutori dei vizi che non hanno(人们对自己所犯的罪行视而不见,一如他们对自己所没有的恶行进行残酷的迫害一样。)” (Lettere familiari, ed. E. Alvisi, p. 320 — given in Il Principe e altri scritti minori, “Biblioteca classica Hoepliana”, p. 509).
Cf. Hudibras(《胡迪布拉斯》,塞缪尔·巴特勒的作品), Pt. I, Canto I, ll. 215 f.: “Compound for sins they(the Antinomians)are inclined to, / By damning those they have no mind to(他们(反律法主义者)倾向于通过谴责那些他们不想去做的事来弥补他们的罪过).”
Sir Henry Taylor(亨利·泰勒) also wrote in his Autobiography(《自传》) (1885), vol. I, pp. 92-3: “Every man who aspires to a certain intellectual rank & precedency has his peculiar system of morals made for himself, like his easy chair — in which he arranges himself to his own perfect satisfaction, denouncing ex cathedrâ the easy chairs of all the rest of mankind. There is nothing that is infirm or out of joint in him but some dogma is put in like a cushion to bolster it up... It is not long since I heard a Populationist vehemently reproach a poor but very respectable married gentleman for the sin of having 9 children lawfully begotten. The Populationist, on the other hand, was a single man, & might very possibly be chargeable with sinning against another sort of philosophy(每一个渴望获得某种学术地位和先例的人都有自己独特的道德体系,就像他的安乐椅一样——他把自己放置其中直到完全满意,然后谴责前大教堂是其他所有人的安乐椅。因一些教条像垫子一样被放进去支撑它,在他身上没有任何虚弱或关节不适的地方……没过多久,我就听到一位人口学家强烈谴责一位贫穷但非常受人尊敬的已婚绅士,说他有9个孩子是不合法的。另一方面,人口学家是个单身汉,很可能会被指控违反另一种信条).”
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〇《紫簫記》第十折,櫻桃:“笑咱青春不多也二八,好和歹,這些時破瓜,強指頭搔揉,櫈頭凹軋。”
Cf. C. Binet-Sanglé, Le haras humain on the auto-erotism of some French girls(《论一些法国女孩的自我性爱》): “Angèle, chaque soir, sur un siège different, vous vous donnez à vous-même le plaisir que donne un amant... Julie (avec)son accoudoir d’un petit fauteuil” (cited in Ploss, Bartels & Bartels, Woman, tr, by E.J. Dingwall, II, p. 76); cf, Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, I, pp. 176-8 on the sewing machine & the bicycle(在缝纫机和自行车上).
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Albert Samain(萨曼,法国诗人), Carnets intimes: “Il y a deux sortes d’orgueil: l’un qui fait les vaniteux, l’autre qui fait les modestes. Le second est de beaucoup le plus profond(骄傲有两种:一种是虚荣的,一种是谦虚的,而第二种尤深)” (cited in La Petite Illustration, 12 Août 1939, p. 2 de la couverture).
Cf. Massimo d’Azeglio, I Miei Ricordi: “Quante cose anderebbero meglio al mondo se la vanità si mutasse in orgoglio? Questo basta a sè stesso. La vanità vuol l’applauso” (“Biblioteca classica Hoepliana”, p. 71).
Neither is so good as Swift(乔纳森·斯威夫特)’s observation(前述两者皆远逊斯翁): “Whoever desired the character of a proud Man, ought to conceal his Vanity(无论谁想要成为一个骄傲的人,都应该掩盖他的虚荣心)” (Satires & Personal Writings, ed. W.A. Eddy, p. 413).
Cf. Myriam Le Bargy: “La recherche des honneurs et des décorations est vanité; les mépriser relève de l’orgueil(追求荣誉和装饰是虚荣的;蔑视之则是骄傲的)”; André Siegfried: “La vaniteux met tous ses titres sur sa corte de visite ou sur son tombeau; l’orgueilleux n’y inscrit que son seul nom(虚荣的妇人把她所有的头衔都写在墓碑上;骄傲的人则只写自己的名字).”
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Which reminds of the cliché in the Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》) about a man’s “zabb swelling & lifting his garment in front of him” (The Thousand Nights & One Night, tr. P. Mathers, I, p. 511; cf. Catallus, XXXII,11, see 第五十二則).(此語補於《手稿集》1059 頁夾縫,所繫札記一節(“《禪真逸史》第二十一回:‘少年子弟見了,個個豎起旗竿來’”云云)已全刪去。第五十二則“Catallus, XXXII,11”亦已刪。)
六〇七
吴曾《能改齋漫錄》,多與他書所引《復齋漫錄》字句全同,蓋羼入。(《四庫總目》卷一百三十五《白孔六帖》云:“《復齋漫錄》稱孔傳字聖傳”,小注云:“按《復齋漫錄》今已佚,此條見《苕溪漁隱叢話》所引。”)而《四庫》館臣傅節子、孫子宣等皆未發其覆。不必遠徵,即以《苕溪漁隱叢話》一書參之,《漫錄》卷八《詠荷花》條即引《漁隱叢話》者,蓋成書在其後也。(《漁隱叢話前集‧自序》:紹興戊辰,蓋十八年也;《漫錄》末有吳曾子復《後序》:紹興二十七年;《漁隱叢話後集‧自序》:丁亥,則乾道三年矣。)
刘昌诗《蘆浦筆記》卷一、卷二、卷三中補正《能改齋漫錄》者最多,卷一謂:“《漫錄‧事始門》載唐明皇為三郎,凡五事”,為補一事。今本《漫錄》中無此條可補,凡《蘆浦》所引,必為《漫錄》原文。
王鸣盛《蛾術編》卷十四云:“余見吳曾親筆書《唐范隨相國告身跋》,自署‘崇仁’,則《馬氏經籍考》謂‘臨川’誤矣。”
卷九:“古人有言曰:‘止罵所以助罵,助罵所以止罵。’”(此語補於《手稿集》1064 頁眉,不知何所指。)
六〇八
劉摯《忠肅集》二十卷。莘老以氣節著聞,詩、文爽直,而少回旋磨琢,遂乏韻味。
卷十五《讀書》:“燈火夜可親,巾箱字甚憚。”《雜詩》:“播州遷劉郎,夜郎放太白。秀木風所仇,人情有欣戚。嚴霆無終朝,斯文豈遂厄。我願蘇與黄,壽命等金石。五”《庖婢病歧自臨鼎俎有詩》:“昔人意不佳,多緣噉脯麵。”按歧即斯立,莘老子,王定國(巩)女婿也。“昔人”二句,本王右軍《帖》所謂“僕自秋便不佳,頃還,少噉脯,又時噉麵,亦不以為佳”(《澄清堂帖》卷三)。
卷十六《自福嚴至後洞記柳書彌陀碑》:“子厚少年頗疏雋,字合飄逸狂不羈。胡為氣質反端厚,至今觀者多有疑。或云彼以竄逐久,氣志軟熟非前時”,“碑陰三百四十字,疏瘦勁麗何精奇。九十三人姓名具,陳纘寶歷元年題。云此柳書一碑者,元和三年刊厥詞。至是二月始建立,都其事者楊與倪。”按柳州書,世無傳,讀此可想像彷彿。“碑陰”數語,大似復初齋體。《虞城縣(今商丘市虞城县)早起道中寄公秉(叶)幕府諸友》:“屋角一夜羣枯號,曉來曠野風如刀。峨峨殘雪路摧馬,格格寒氣氷生袍”,“因思都府盛僚友,人物一一皆賢豪。想今酣寢夢方足,初離密幄驚寒朝。左承右侍各以職,氣語蘭臭顔如桃。奉持巾匜事盥櫛,傅唇澤面供香膏。不容髮綠一點變,亟以寶鑷爭除薅。炎爐却坐日當卯,進酒為壽傾蒲桃。捋鬚束带欲出戶,問訊分付猶忉忉”,“此時豈復念寒旅,嗟我勞佚何相遼。”《早行寄田七》(鞍马三更梦,江湖万里心。辨途听犬吠,占晓望横参。浩露濡衰鬓,微风动醉襟。输君正酣寝,鼾鼻沸雷音。)自注:“君善鼾。”按於昌黎《嘲鼾睡》詩外,又添故實,田七追配澹師矣。
卷十七《靈巖寺》:“山疑圖畫曾經見,地喜生平所未行。”
卷十八《涵輝閣》:“新謝小桃雙燕至,從南微雨好風俱。”
卷十九《春日書事》:“酒怯病懷無舊戶,睡便春晝長新魔。”
六〇九
范寅《越諺》三卷。
力劬而學陋,考訂源流多出稗販附會,大致不出《通俗編》(翟灏)、《恆言錄》(钱大昕)等書所引古語,以牽合之於俗諺。
譬如卷上《格致之諺四》有云:“泰山倒來,人朊(男陰也)搘(同“支”)勿住。”范氏說曰:“《晉書‧孫惠傳》有‘泰山厭卵’之句,此諺疑即從而套出。”豈非“紅蘿蔔上東蠟燭賬哩(胡萝卜上在蜡烛账上)”(卷上《借喻之諺五》)乎?
卷上《借喻之諺五》有云:“泥跌倒泥儽。”范氏說曰:“《傳燈錄》:‘泥裏倒,泥裏起。’”《傳燈錄》卷一波旬為四祖所困,求救梵王,王説偈令其回向曰:“若因地倒,還因地起。”初無“泥裏”云云之文也。
他若“若要小兒安,常帶三分飢與寒”(卷上《警世之諺二》),不知其始著籍於元李治《敬齋古今黈》)卷五。(《潛夫論》(王符)曰:“小兒多病傷於飽,然此言但知節食耳。俗諺云:‘小兒欲得安,無過飢與寒。’非謂飢之寒之,但撙節之而已。近世一醫師云:‘貧兒誤得安樂法’,則是富兒故求病也。”)張黃岳(习孔)《雲谷臥餘》卷四引此諺,欲改“寒”字為“汗”字,則其余智自雄,竄易杜詩之結習也。“鐵擣杵磨繡針,只要工夫深”(卷上《格致之諺四》),不知其始著錄於鄭所南(思肖)《一百二十圖詩》卷(見第四百九十一則)。“拿賊拿贓,捉姦捉雙”(卷上《警世之諺二》),不知其見于元曲《燕青博魚》、《伍員吹簫》、《酷寒亭》、《㑳梅香》及湯若士之《牡丹亭》(見第三十則)。“吃得砒霜藥老虎”(卷上《借喻之諺五》),不知其本之《抱朴子》之“食毒中蚤蝨”,《通俗編》卷三十八所謂“變古”也。更僕難數。
〇“窮義夫,富節婦。”范氏說云:“窮夫不續絃,富婦不再醮。”(卷上《格致之諺四》)
按吳昆田《漱六山房全集》卷九《札記》有云:“小秋言:‘龍元僖(字兰簃,广东顺德大良人,道光十五年(1835)进士,官至太常寺卿)以光卿乞假終養,上謂侍臣曰:“元僖治世之忠臣,亂世之孝子也。”’”周壽昌《思益堂日札》卷九《借用語可笑》條云:“家貧出忠臣,謂艱於資斧,不能歸也;國亂出孝子,謂託詞引退終養也。”
〇“做狗。”范氏說云:“諱言病。”(卷上《孩語孺歌之諺十七》)按北京人曰:“變狗。”
〇“殠(同“臭”)豬頭有齆(wèng)鼻頭(言无嗅觉)菩薩受用。”(卷上《格致之諺四》)按馮猶龍《黃山謎》中《夾竹桃》之《惟有葵花》一首,花底閒人評曰:“諺云:‘十個麻子九個俏,沒有麻子不風騷。’此方是爛鼻孔菩薩愛嗅臭豬頭耳。”
〇“屁股眼裏吹喇叭。”范氏說云:“戲言痢疾。”(卷上《孩語孺歌之諺十七》)按《詞林摘艷》(张禄)卷一劉庭信《寨兒令》云:“屁則聲樂器刁決。”Inferno, XXI. 137-8: “ed egli avea del cul fatto trombetta”(黃國彬譯但丁《神曲‧地獄篇‧第二十一章》:“於是,魔首把屁眼當喇叭吹響。”) ,謂湊氛也,恰相發明。
〇“蝨多勿癢,債多勿愁。”(卷上《格致之諺四》)按洪舜俞(咨夔)《平齋文集》卷七《歲暮山中記事》第二首云:“里巷負暄翁,隤然支離疏。饕虱緣縕袍,點綴頷下鬚。傍人勸翁捫,摇手一任渠。虱多轉不癢,何庸事驅除。”
〇“張三李四。”(卷上《數目之諺十》)范氏說云:“王安石《擬寒山詩》(其八)、《朱子語類》。”按當作《擬寒山拾得詩》第八首:“張三袴口窄,李四帽簷長”,第十四首:“莫嫌張三惡,莫愛李四好”(雁湖《注》本卷四)。尹和靖《自秦入蜀道中》云:“綠陰深處竹籬遮,也有紅花映白花。却憶故鄉卿相第,不及張三李四家。”(嘉靖本《和靖先生集》卷四)元曲楊文奎《兒女團圓》第四折:“丁一、卯二、張三、李四。”《三國志‧魏志‧袁張涼國田王邴管傳第十一》注:“張甲李乙,尚猶先之”,蓋張、李連稱,莫早於此。《青箱雜記》(吴处厚)載僧以詩卷授曹琰云:“猿啼旅思凄”,琰曰:“犬吠張三嫂”,亦即謂張三李四也。《戲瑕》卷三引唐諺“張公吃酒李公醉”、“張公帽兒李公戴”、“張三有錢不會使,李四會使却無錢。”
〇“丈姆見郎,割嬭放湯。”(卷上《事類之諺九》)按《何典》(张南庄)第四回有“割屄齋僧”之諺,更奇。
〇“石米壓弗殺人,斗米壓殺人。”范氏說云:“即不竭人忠,不盡人歡之意。”(卷上《格致之諺四》)按即 “The last drop makes the cup run over,” “The last straw (or feather) breaks the camel’s back”。(彦按,李嘉诚曾说:“永远不赚最后一个铜板。”亦是此理。)
〇“天高皇帝遠。”范氏說云:“無由上愬。”(卷上《借喻之諺五》)按此語出黃溥《閒中今古錄》,梁山舟(同書)《直語補證》已考定(《頻羅菴遺集》卷十四)。俄諺亦云:“God is high & the Tsar is too far away(沙皇和上帝一样遥不可及)”。
〇“肉掛殠,貓引瘦。”范氏說云:“喻印刓弗予。”(卷上《借喻之諺五》)按《蕩寇志》(俞万春)第七十三回高衙內云:“許多日子,只叫我去乾嫖,引得那雌兒睡夢裡都來纏我。只好把家裡的這幾個來熄火,卻又可厭。正是吃殺點心當不得飯!魚兒掛臭,貓兒叫瘦。”口角栩栩,“魚”字、“叫”字,亦遠勝“肉”字、“引”字。俞仲華(万春)固越人也。Michael Innes, Christmas at Candleshoe, Penguin, p. 92: “While the grass grew, the steed starved(草长马饥).”
六一〇
程俱《北山小集》四十卷。
致道詩、文極為葉少蘊(梦得)所推,此《集》即有少蘊《序》。詩亦出入半山(王安石)、東坡之間,而不如《建康集》(叶梦得)之雅貼,要皆寡真切語。文蕭散潔適,在詩之上。此《集》佚去《賀方回墓志銘》,黃蕘圖以至張菊生(张元济)輩均蒙然不知也。
卷一《雜興》:“軋軋(gá)田邊車,卷卷不得休。出之一寸痕,益以幾尺流。扶提暴中野,強作田家謳。車聲真哭聲,天遠將誰尤。九”《過方子通惟深》(白日苦易晚,我怀多隐忧。忧思剧春浸,浩漫不可收。出门欲有适,举步且复休。尘中等胶扰,念此将焉投。驾言城东北,阎闾即岩丘。是中有幽人,厉志凌霜秋。寸田荆棘尽,不假斤斧脩。门无杂车马,一饭乃见留。虚堂芝朮香,下有百尺虬。苍阴匝平地,老干森下樛。堂中罗酒浆,耿耿灯烛幽。四天黮无光,万籁肃以揫。炯然坐相向,更仆语益遒。我身动乖迕,梦寐乔松游。常恐在泥滓,永为天所囚。会当从之子,濯足万里流。)按卷二《秋夜寫懷》第三首(《秋夜写怀呈常所往来诸公兼寄吴兴江仲嘉八首》其三:“外监嗟已远,吾犹识其孙。森然见孤韵,辨作悬河翻。低头向萤窗,有类鹤在樊。雠书五千卷,字字穷根源。颇携未见书,过我樵无烟。”)亦屬子通,推為“高人”。卷五《聞仲嘉叔問繼以職事行縣道遊茶山及諸勝境作寄一首》自注:“方子通言:頃有好事人刻意仙術,聞施翁遺跡,故往訪之,臨歸但聞妙香不絶云。”卷三十三有《莆陽(今福建莆田)方子通墓志銘》。
彦按,《莆陽方子通墓誌銘》:“宣和四年(北宋徽宗年号,1122年)正月庚辰,興化方公卒吳下,享年八十有三,以三月乙亥葬于長洲武丘鄉汝墳湖西先塋之南。其壻奉議郎、親賢宅講書朱發請銘於史官尚書禮部員外郎程某,某以不佞辭,不獲,則叙而爲之銘。公諱惟深,字子通,世爲莆陽人。考諱龜年,終尚書屯田員外郎,葬吳,因留家不去。公生挺特,幼爲文,見稱鄉長者。長則端敏,涵養滋大。鄉貢爲第一,試禮部不第,即棄去。吳下有田一廛,公與其弟躬出入耕穫,凡衣食之具,一毫必自己力。間則讀書,非苟誦其言而已也。至於黃帝老莊之書,養生爲壽者之説,其户庭堂奥、根源派别無不知,其所操之要則,曰無爲而已。於西方别傳,得其大指。不數爲人劇談,平居視之,猶欺魄木鷄也。及其論議古今道理,窮覈至到,確然莫能移。然常以雅道自娛,一篇出,人傳誦以熟。舒王以知制誥卧鍾山,得其詩,以謂精詣警絶,元、白、皮、陸有不到處。方元豐、元祐間,公賢益聞,以韋布之士閉關陋巷,躬行不言,而孝友清介之風,隱然稱東南。時朱先生長文隱樂圃,二人皆以學術爲鄉先生,士之往來吳下者,至必禮於其廬。朱公晚起爲太學博士,卒三館。公後死三十年,然世終莫得而挽也。元符初,孫集賢傑以郎官使淮浙,風采震懾州郡。入境,遣從事問訊,且邀見,公辭焉。孫公至蘇,即日造公門。歸薦諸朝,雖知公之不可以吏也,以謂『善人,國之紀、人之望也,庶幾旌善人以風士類乎!』輒報聞罷。崇寧中,詔舉遺逸,蒲輪走四方,二浙特起無虛郡,吳以公應詔,人以爲處士之雄也。復報聞罷。時宰相皆公故人,豈意其不可以起也,弗强焉。崇寧某年,有司舉貢籍以年格應補軍州助教者,就賜勑牒、袍笏於其家,公得興化軍助教。命且至,或覸之曰:『是其志視軒裳珪組亡如也,何助教云。是必辭。』公曰:『君命也。』拜受唯謹。公長不踰中人,貌古骨强,目光如冰。居親側,洞洞屬屬;兄弟,誾誾如也;交際,色勃如也,足躩如也。其歲時祭享自滌除,水火之役身先之,蓋至老不變。閭里慶弔,每先衆人。其酬應曲折,雖小夫孺子,如見所畏者。至於王公貴人,去就疏數,或見或不見,皆有辭,非苟然者。或曰:『公信無求於世矣,何自苦爲是拘拘者邪?』嗚呼,是所以爲方子已矣!夫以亢爲髙,以隨爲通,以放爲達,以無忌憚爲果,其似而非。譬之鼃紫也,足以眩盲聾而不可以欺婁曠。且仁與禮,君子所不可斯須離者也,而謂處士可以去之乎?公初年四十,無子,其弟有子,以謂吾先人有後足矣,即屏居於外。平生深於詩,遇得意,欣然忘食。中年忽若有所不樂者,因絶筆不道。夫卓絶之行可能,而常因循於所易;死生之决有不顧,而不能忘懷於嗜習。余於此知公之剛果絶人矣。公預知死期,期至不亂,喪葬皆有治命云。集其詩文爲五卷。母趙氏,參知政事文安公安仁之女。繼母王氏,封長壽縣君,宣州觀察使得一之孫。妻建安吳氏。公之葬,合諸吳氏之壙。二女,長嫁郟傑而卒,季嫁樂圃先生之仲子發也。銘曰:猗歟方公,行峻而禮恭,徒人而志獨,學該而守約,吳越之瞻也。一介不以與人,非以爲儉;一介不以取諸人,非以爲廉也。蓋妄取害於義,妄與害於仁,造端於取與之微,而賢否之分不容髮。故君子於此若是其嚴也。古之人有眇六合以爲隘,捐一瓢以爲煩,是以遯世絶跡、窮苦其身而不悔。故獨善、濟物,不可得而兼也。雖位三旌、馬千駟,吾知其不以煩濁易安恬也。之人所以懷寶不試,寧老死而伏嵁巖也。”
子通事,《中吳紀聞》(龚明之)所載最多,他則《野客叢書》(王楙)後所附《野老紀聞》(王大成,楙父)及《瀛奎律髓》(方回)卷二十批語,此外惟致道詩、文可參見而已。严羽《滄浪詩話》云:“余嘗見《方子通墓誌》:‘唐詩人有八百家,子通所藏有五百家。’今則世不見有,惜哉!”致道此篇並無其語,豈別有一本耶?《永樂大典》卷三千五“人”字引子通《都下寄友人葉褧之》五古一首(朝车皆有从,暮辙各有投。茫茫声利区,贱客难独留。岂无平生交,音容杳南州。幽怀欲有诉,寤寐不可求。追我夙昔欢,负子今日游。勉矣尚有适,所困非所羞。),他書未見。
彦按,诗僧仲殊有《访方子通》:“多年不见玉川翁,今日相逢小榭东。依旧清凉无长物,只余松桧养秋风。”
卷二《同江彥文江仲嘉游三衢諸山》:“懸瀑或尋丈,勢洶洪河傾。泠泠赴深竇,或如環佩鳴。或於薈蘙中,琴筑時丁丁。”按凡用九“或”字,而句法變化,不同尋常擬議昌黎《南山》詩者。《戲呈虞君明》:“門施雀羅正可樂,車如鷄栖良不惡。”
卷六《偶書》:“我身如甘柘(甘蔗),既壓無復味。一為老所壓,乃與枯柘類。”自注:“經云:譬如甘柘,既被壓已滓無復味。壯年盛色,亦復如是,既被老壓,無三種味。一”“壯膏日已減,老炷安得久。亦如臨河樹,岸墊根復朽。”自注:“經云:壯膏既盡,衰老之炷,何得久停。”
按前喻出《大般湼槃經(北凉昙无谶译)‧聖行品第十九》。寒山詩云:“玉堂挂珠簾,中有嬋娟子。更過三十年,還成甘蔗滓”,即用此語。較之希臘詩家蒲桃乾之喻(Lucian, The Downward Journey: “HERMES: ‘Here are 300 babies.’ CHARON: ‘It’s green-grape dead you have brought us.’ H.: ‘Here you are again, 398, all tender and ripe and harvested in season.’ C.: ‘Good Lord, yes! They are all raisins now!’”(赫尔墨斯:“这里有300颗(葡萄)。”卡隆:“你给我们带来的是蔫掉的绿葡萄。”赫:“你又来了,398颗,都是在成熟的季节收割的。”卡:“天哪,是的!可它们现在都是葡萄干了!) — Lucian, tr.A.M. Harmon, “The Loeb Classical Library”, I, p. 11; The Greek Anthology, V, 304: “When you were a green grape you refused me, when you were ripe you bade me be off, at least grudge me not a little of your raisin(当你是一颗绿葡萄的时候,你拒绝了我;当你再成熟一点的时候,你让我走开;当你成为一颗葡萄干的时候你又对我恨之入骨).” — tr. W.R. Paton, “The Loeb Classical Library”, I, p. 293),更為親切。《品花寶鑑》(不题撰人,由序知作者为陈森)第四十三回:“蘇蕙芳歎云:‘荔支鮮的時候何等佳妙,及乾了,便覺酸得可厭。何以形貌變而氣味也會變呢?大約人過了幾年,也就是清而變濁,細而變粗,甘而變酸了。’蕭次賢笑道:‘荔支鮮的時候,配得上楊玉妃。如今乾了,也還配得上屈道翁,總還是在棗栗之上’”云云,可參觀。
後喻則吾國亦有之:嚴可均《全後漢文》卷十四桓子《新論‧中》云:“與劉伯師夜(同然,即燃)脂火坐語,燈中脂索,而炷燋禿將滅,則以示曉伯師,言人衰老亦如彼禿炷矣。”又按致道頗熟內典,非文人口頭禪之筆,觀卷十四《維摩詰所說經通論八篇》及卷十八諸寺院《碑》、《記》可見。卷十《比閱藏經偶成短偈仍寄同志者》云:“無錢空數他人寳,遮眼那令兕革穿”,自注:“《華嚴經》云:‘譬如貧窮人,日夜數他寳,自無半分錢。’”“遮眼”句無注,蓋出《傳燈錄》卷十四:“藥山唯儼禪師看經,僧問:‘和尚尋常不許人看經,為什麼却自看?‘師曰:‘我只圖遮眼。’曰:‘某甲學和尚還得也無?’師曰:‘若是汝,牛皮也須看透。’”
卷七《初到書局以萬七千錢得一老馬盲右目戯作古句自嘲》:“蹄間三尋汗流赭,九逵雷雹爭飛灑。我窮那得騁追風,正擬虺尵行果下。平生畏途飽經歷,夜半臨深無馭者。故應造物巧相戲,却比盲人騎瞎馬。李南知音當促步,廣漢騰嘲不相假。執鞭良稱塞翁兒,並轡聊從杜陵夏。龐然病顙豈其類,老矣問途那可舍。徑煩一夫事刷秣,似桂新芻不盈把。向來伯厚亦安在,結駟鷄栖同土苴。他年東去把撩風,縱爾逍遙汴東野。”
卷九《罷吏客郡城已數月滯留忽已歲暮浩然興歎》:“揶揄衹送人為郡,噎媢初非我負丞。“《九日寫懷》:“節物驚心兩鬢華,東籬空繞未開花。百年將半仕三已,五畝就荒天一涯。豈有白衣來剝啄,亦從烏帽自欹斜。真成獨坐空搔首,門柳蕭蕭噪暮鴉。”自注:“高適《九日》詩:‘縱使登高衹斷膓,不如獨坐空搔首。’”按《高常侍集》中亦有此詩,題作《重陽》,而無自注。玩其詞氣,斷為致道之作而誤入《常侍集》者。《錦繡萬花谷》卷四《重陽》門引此詩後四句,下注出於致道,亦資傍證。《後村千家詩》誤以此屬常侍,遂傳訛。明活字本《高常侍集》(《四部叢刊》)卷八收之(題作《重陽》),《全唐詩》亦然。“縱使”二句見常侍《九日酬顏少府》詩。弇州《藝苑巵言》卷四譏“百年”一聯是“長慶以後手段”,殊為具眼。
卷十《葺蝸廬吳下用葉翰林見寄詩韻》:“四海無廬置此翁,故營松竹儘囊空。明知計出柏馬下,正擬身全木雁(典出《庄子·山木》)中。東郭易成生草舍,南村先怯卷茅風。向來豪氣今如此,敢與元龍較長雄。”自注:“張志和結廬東郭,茨以生草。余結廬皆竹椽松柱。”按昌黎《招楊之罘》:“之罘別我去,計出柏馬下。”(柏與馬在野則不長大,無用處也。)
卷十六《賀方回畫笥有龔高畫二其一戴勝殆非筆墨所成其一鼫鼠尤妙形態曲盡有貪而畏人之意各題數語其上》:“有惕其中,而志逐逐。何以占之?機見於目。
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蜗角虚槐一岁除,西风何事问心庐。过手兴亡翻覆事,不过邳桥半卷书。