课程小结
考试有容错率,但是不能rely on;
注意中文的书面表达,交稿前不能怕麻烦,反复读几遍,直到译文真的通顺
今日要点小结:
1. 注意汉语用词的感情色彩,褒贬不能混用;
2. 汉语中的“了”和“着”通常对应不同的时态,翻译时注意根据文章意思选用;
3. 再次复习,文章中大众不熟悉的人名地名需要在翻译后加括号备注,标明原文,以便读者回译;
4. 中文的表达要完善,要把每个翻译都当做客户的招股说明书,即使在脑子里自己转转的也是,认真对待,错了就损失百亿的那种;
5. 要仔细推敲英文原文的意思,明白每一次修饰词对应的中心词是什么,不能想当然串到一起;
6. 翻译数字要注意习惯用法,例如:“400万”或者“四百万”,但是不能说“4百万”;
7. 汉语中超过两个以上的定语,也要注意排序,主要规则(来自于百度知道):
多层定语之间一般按照与中心语关系的密切程度排列顺序,关系越密切的定语越靠近中心语。多层定语从远到近的顺序一般是:
表领属关系(谁的)
表示时间、处所(什么时候、什么地方)
表指代或数量 (多少)
表动词性词语、主谓短语 (怎样的)
表形容词性短语 (什么样的)
表性质、类别或范围 (什么)
(中心语)
网上查到一个口诀,可供参考:
“美小圆旧黄,中国木书房”
“美”代表“描述或性质类”形容词;“小”代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类” 形容词;“圆”代表“形状类” 形容词;“旧”代表“新旧、年龄类” 形容词;“黄”代表“颜色类” 形容词;“中国”代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类” 形容词;“木”代表“物质、材料、质地类” 形容词;“书”代表“用途、类别、功能、作用类” 形容词;“房”代表“中心名词”。
8. 翻译要讲究“行云流水”,顺畅自然,忠于原文,但是不能简单的翻译每个单词,太干巴像枯树枝,没有生命;
9. 涉及到日常熟悉的内容,尤其是本职专业时,要注意自己习惯的日常汉语用词,避免过度简化或者非官方的习惯用法,容易让读者误解;
10. 绝对化的必须要谨慎使用,例如“都”、“一定”
附:桥叔整理的《非文学翻译理论与实践》部分内容:
新旧信息和信息流动
翻译、写作时信息出现的先后顺序要符合人的认知规律,即把旧信息(已知信息)放在前面,把新信息(未知信息)放在后面。这样可以加强句子之间的联系,帮助读者抓住论证的线索。
举例说明
The Court of Auditors' report criticizes agricultural spending and proposes some new measures to prevent fraud. Their proposals include setting up a special task force with powers to search farms. Such powers are not normally granted to Commission officials, but fraud prevention is now one of the EU's main priorities.
在上例中,the Court of Auditors' report是已知信息或者作者假定读者已知的信息,它是下面论述的出发点,所以放在句子开头;their proposals 属于已知信息,放在句首,因为上一句中提到proposes some measures; such powers是已知信息,放在句首,因为上一句提到with powers to search farms.
举例说明
Now that China has joined the World Trade Organization, attention in the west has shifted to the prospects of China's compliance with the substantive commitments it has made.
There are some grounds for optimism that are frequently overlooked.
Most important, China has already gone a long way, towards dismantling the pervasive protectionism that characterized its trading system two decades ago. As shown in diagram 1, by the time China entered the WTO last year the average nominal tariff had already fallen by three quarters, from 56 percent in the early 1980s to an average of only 15 per cent in 2001. That is roughly the average tariff level in Brazil and Mexico and about half the level of India. Equally important, China provides exemptions from import duties on parts and components used in export processing and on the machinery and equipment imported for installation in joint-venture and wholly foreign-owned factories. Because of these exemptions in recent years, about 60 percent of all goods imported into China have been entirely tariff free. Thus for much of the 1990s, tariff revenues collected were less thatn 5 percent of the value of imports. China, in effect, is already on a glide path that should allow it to meet relatively easily its commitment to reduce its average nominal tariff rate to only 9 percent by 2005.
译文
中国既已成为世贸组织成员,西方国家的注意力也随之转移。现在西方国家关注的焦点,是中国能否履行其实质性入世承诺。
关于中国履行入世承诺的前景,存在一些令人乐观的理由,但经常被人们忽视。
二十多年以前,在中国的外贸体制中,贸易保护主义措施无处不在;而今天,中国在消除贸易保护主义措施方面,已经取得了长足的进展。如表1所示,中国去年入世之前,平均名义关税税率已经下降了四分之三,从80年代初的56%降至2001年平均只有15%的水平。这一关税水平大致相当于巴西和墨西哥现有平均关税水平,相当于印度关税水平的一半。这是令人乐观的重要理由。同时,中国对于出口加工型企业的零部件进口,以及合资企业和外商独资企业的机器设备进口,免征关税。由于最近几年的免税措施,进口到中国的全部货物当中,大约有60%根本没有缴纳关税,因此,在90年代的多数年份,关税收入在进口总额中所占比重不到5%。中国承诺在2005年之前,将平均名义关税税率降至只有9%的水平,我想,中国实现这一目标,应当是没有困难的,因为如上所述,中国实际上已经以较快的步伐降低了关税。这也是令人乐观的重要理由之一。
重点分析斜体部分三个句子
1. As shown in diagram 1, by the time China entered the WTO last year the average nominal tariff had already fallen by three quarters, from 56 percent in the early 1980s to an average of only 15 per cent in 2001.
2. Because of these exemptions in recent years, about 60 percent of all goods imported into China have been entirely tariff free.
3. Thus for much of the 1990s, tariff revenues collected were less thatn 5 percent of the value of imports.
如果把这三个句子信息结构进行调整,分别变为:
1. The average nominal tariff had already fallen by three-quarters by the time China entered the WTO last year, from 56 percent in the early 1980s to an average of only 15 per cent in 2001, as shown in diagram 1.
2. About 60 percent of all goods imported into China have been entirely tariff free because of these exemptions in recent years.
3. Thus tariff revenues collected were less than 5 percent of the value of imports for much of the 1990s.
分别对照阅读调整后的三个句子,发现调整后的句子似乎更符合我们对英语语法的认识:句子的主干部分放在前面,修饰成分放在后面。对于孤立的句子,这样表述英语语法的规律也许合适。可是,一个句子一旦成为篇章的组成部分,它的信息排列顺序就受到认识规律的限制:旧信息在前,新信息在后;次要信息在前,重要信息在后。
结合上下文分析一下三个句子
第一句划线部分As shown in diagram 1, by the time China entered the WTO last year, 不是作者要强调的,所以放在句首;作者要告诉读者的是下面的数字,所以放在句末。紧接着一句“That is roughly the average tariff level in Brazil and Mexico and about half the level of Inida”当中的that承上启下,概括上一句的新信息,作为本句的旧信息,放在句首。
第二句划线部分because of these exemptions in recent years当中,these exemptions也是对上一句内容的概括,所以放在句首。
第三句划线部分for much of the 1990s也是在上文所提到的,所以放在首句。
笔记细节见图:
感谢桥叔的耐心讲解,珍惜所有的努力和机会~
——2020.01.09