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本地、轻量级 K8S 环境,一键启动, 学习 云原生+ 微服务 , 非常方便
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徒手搭建过k8s的同学都晓得其中的煎熬,复杂的认证,配置环节相当折磨人,出错率相当高,
而minikube就是为解决这个问题而衍生出来的工具,它基于go语言开发,
minikube可以在单机环境下快速搭建可用的k8s集群,非常适合测试和本地开发,现有的大部分在线k8s实验环境也是基于minikube
可以在minikube上体验kubernetes的相关功能。
minikube基于go语言开发, 是一个易于在本地运行 Kubernetes 的工具,可在你的笔记本电脑上的虚拟机内轻松创建单机版 Kubernetes 集群。
便于尝试 Kubernetes 或使用 Kubernetes 日常开发。
可以在单机环境下快速搭建可用的k8s集群,非常适合测试和本地开发。
所以,可以在本地实验环境来安装minikube,来入门学习kubernetes相关的知识;
minikube 是本地 Kubernetes,
优点是:快速启动,消耗机器资源较少,非常适合新手体验与开发。
通常情况下,一套完整的Kubernetes集群至少需要包括master节点和node节点,
下图是常规k8s的集群架构,master节点一般是独立的,用于协调调试其它节点之用,而容器实际运行都是在node节点上,kubectl位于 master节点。
下图是 Minikube的架构,可以看出,master 节点与其它节点合为一体,而整体则通过宿主机上的 kubectl 进行管理,这样可以更加节省资源。
其支持大部分kubernetes的功能,列表如下
Minikube 支持 Windows、macOS、Linux 三种 OS,会根据平台不同,下载对应的虚拟机镜像,并在镜像内安装 k8s。
推荐在linux主机上安装,我本地用的是 centos。
安装minikube的主机必要配置:
Container 容器我本地安装是docker;
安装过程,请参见下面的文档:
Docker 入门到精通 (图解+秒懂+史上最全) - 疯狂创客圈 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
注:由于国内访问docker镜像库很是缓慢,所以建议配置阿里云的代理,通过修改daemon配置文件/etc/docker/daemon.json来使用加速器:
$ cd /etc/docker
# 在daemon.json文件末尾追加如下配置:
$ sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
"registry-mirrors": [
"https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com",
"http://f1361db2.m.daocloud.io",
"https://hub-mirror.c.163.com",
"https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn",
"https://reg-mirror.qiniu.com",
"https://dockerhub.azk8s.cn",
"https://registry.docker-cn.com"
]
}
EOF
# 重启docker
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
For improved Docker performance, Upgrade Docker to a newer version (Minimum recommended version is 18.09.0)
! docker is currently using the devicemapper storage driver, consider switching to overlay2 for better performance
* Using image repository registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
* Starting control plane node minikube in cluster minikube
* Pulling base image ...
* Creating docker container (CPUs=2, Memory=2200MB) ...
* Preparing Kubernetes v1.23.1 on Docker 20.10.8 ...
docker 版本:
[root@cdh1 ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version: 20.10.23
API version: 1.41
Go version: go1.18.10
Git commit: 7155243
Built: Thu Jan 19 17:36:21 2023
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Context: default
Experimental: true
Server: Docker Engine - Community
Engine:
Version: 20.10.23
API version: 1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version: go1.18.10
Git commit: 6051f14
Built: Thu Jan 19 17:34:26 2023
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false
containerd:
Version: 1.6.15
GitCommit: 5b842e528e99d4d4c1686467debf2bd4b88ecd86
runc:
Version: 1.1.4
GitCommit: v1.1.4-0-g5fd4c4d
docker-init:
Version: 0.19.0
GitCommit: de40ad0
# 临时关闭swap
swapoff -a
# 临时关闭selinux,如永久关闭请配置为permissive
setenforce 0
# 关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
永久关闭swap可注释掉/etc/fstab中的swap行,然后重启。
永久关闭selinux可编辑/etc/sysconfig/selinux,配置为SELINUX=permissive,然后重启。
此处为常规操作不详述。
与安装k8s类似,需要添加主机名解析
echo "127.0.0.1 test1" >> /etc/hosts
其中test1为虚拟机主机名。
如果不添加该解析,启动minikube时会有如下报错:
[WARNING Hostname]: hostname "test1" could not be reached[WARNING Hostname]: hostname "test1": lookup test1 on 172.18.3.4:53: no such host
注册阿里云账号, 开通容器镜像服务
docker login --username=修改成你自己的账号 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
docker tag [ImageId] registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/kaigejava/my_kaigejava:[镜像版本号]
docker push registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/kaigejava/my_kaigejava:[镜像版本号]
新建一个minikube用户
useradd minikube
新建一个用户组
groupadd docker
将minikube添加到docker组
usermod -aG docker minikube
将当前用户添加到该docker组(root)
usermod -aG docker $USER
更新用户组
newgrp docker
重启docker
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
1、添加用户,首先用adduser命令添加一个普通用户,命令如下:
添加一个名为minikube的用户
adduser minikube 添加用户
passwd minikube//修改密码
2、赋予root权限 (三种方法,推荐第三)
方法一: 修改 /etc/sudoers 文件,找到下面一行,把前面的注释(#)去掉
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
然后修改用户,使其属于root组(wheel),命令如下:
#usermod -g root minikube
修改完毕,现在可以用minikube帐号登录,然后用命令 su – ,即可获得root权限进行操作。
方法二: 修改 /etc/sudoers 文件,找到下面一行,在root下面添加一行,如下所示:
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
minikube ALL=(ALL) ALL
修改完毕,现在可以用minikube帐号登录,然后用命令 su – ,即可获得root权限进行操作。
su minikube
su -
方法三: 修改 /etc/passwd 文件,直接修改用户id为0,就是root的用户id
cat /etc/passwd
7 个字段的详细信息如下:
(1)用户名 (user1): 已创建用户的用户名,字符长度 1 个到 12 个字符。如果是“*”的话,那么就表示该账号被查封了,系统不允许持有该账号的用户登录。
(2)密码(x):代表加密密码,保存在 /etc/shadow 文件中。
(3)用户 ID(1001):代表用户的 ID 号,每个用户都要有一个唯一的 ID 。UID 号为 0 的是为 root 用户保留的,UID 号 1 到99 是为系统用户保留的,UID 号 100-999 是为系统账户和群组保留的。
(4)群组 ID (100):代表user1用户所属群组的 ID 号,每个群组都要有一个唯一的 GID ,群组信息保存在 /etc/group文件中。
(5)用户信息(用户1):代表描述字段,可以用来描述用户的信息。
(6)家目录(/usr/testUser):代表用户的主目录。
(7)Shell(/bin/bash):代表用户使用的 shell 类型。
找到如下行,把用户ID修改为 0 ,如下所示:
minikube:x:1001:1001::/hminikubekube:/bin/bash
修改后如下
minikube:x:0:1001::/home/minikube:/bin/bash
保存,用minikube账户登录后,直接获取的就是root帐号的权限。
minikube的官网:minikube start | minikube (k8s.io)
官网上的安装minikube网速实在太慢了,推荐使用阿里云的镜像来进行安装minikube,
#阿里云镜像
curl -Lo minikube https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/minikube/releases/v1.23.1/minikube-linux-amd64 && chmod +x minikube && sudo mv minikube /usr/local/bin/
#官方二进制包下载
curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-linux-amd64
sudo install minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
65M
linux 下载太慢,我用浏览器下载后, 放在虚拟机共享目录
然后 复制到 /usr/local/bin
[root@cdh1 ~]# su kube
[root@cdh1 root]# cp /vagrant/minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/
[root@cdh1 root]# cp /vagrant/minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin
[root@cdh1 root]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/minikube-linux-amd64
[root@cdh1 root]# mv /usr/local/bin/minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
minikube start
执行minikube start
出现 The “docker” driver should not be used with root privileges 的报错.
如果是本地测试环境,根本就不需要考虑那么多,直接执行以下命令,强制使用docker:
minikube start --force --driver=docker
# 或者使用阿里云镜像启动
minikube start --force --driver=docker --image-mirror-country cn --iso-url=https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/minikube/iso/minikube-v1.5.0.iso --registry-mirror=https://xxxxxx.mirror.aliyuncs.com
minikube start --force --driver=docker --image-mirror-country='cn' --iso-url=https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/minikube/iso/minikube-v1.5.0.iso --registry-mirror=https://xxxxxx.mirror.aliyuncs.com
还是有问题, docker image 下载不了
minikube start --image-repository=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --registry-mirror=https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
sudo minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers'
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=none
su minikube
minikube delete
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --force --driver=docker
启动命令:minikube start "参数"
默认启动使用的是 VirtualBox 驱动,使用 --vm-driver 参数可以指定其它驱动
# https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/
- --vm-driver=none 表示用容器;
- --vm-driver=virtualbox 表示用虚拟机;
注意: To use kubectl or minikube commands as your own user, you may need to relocate them. For example, to overwrite your own settings, run:
sudo mv /root/.kube /root/.minikube $HOME
sudo chown -R $USER $HOME/.kube $HOME/.minikube
参考: https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/kvm2/
minikube start --image-mirror-country cn --image-repository=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --registry-mirror=https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com --driver=kvm2
# 创建基于Hyper-V的Kubernetes测试环境
minikube.exe start --image-mirror-country cn \
--iso-url=https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/minikube/iso/minikube-v1.5.0.iso \
--registry-mirror=https://xxxxxx.mirror.aliyuncs.com \
--vm-driver="hyperv" \
--hyperv-virtual-switch="MinikubeSwitch" \
--memory=4096
sudo minikube start --image-mirror-country cn --vm-driver=none
sudo minikube start --vm-driver=none --docker-env http_proxy=http://$host_IP:8118 --docker-env https_proxy=https:// $host_IP:8118
其中$host_IP指的是host的IP,可以通过ifconfig查看;比如在我这台机器是10.0.2.15,用virtualbox部署,则用下列命令启动minikube
sudo minikube start --vm-driver=none --docker-env http_proxy=http://10.0.2.15:8118 --docker-env https_proxy=https://10.0.2.15:8118
sudo minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers'
sudo minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup
minikube logs
需要进入minikube进程内部,修改远程镜像仓库
minikube ssh
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{"registry-mirrors": ["http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
start
过程中拉取镜像慢的问题之前下载失败后的minikube,想要重新下载记得先删除
minikube delete --all
拉取镜像慢可以拉取国内仓库,minikube start的时候会帮我们下载新版的kubernetes,但是我这里不太支持最新版的,所以需要指定kubernetes版本
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-mirror-country='cn' --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers'
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://ovfftd6p.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup-driver=systemd
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror=https://kfwkfulq.mirror.aliyuncs.com --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup-driver=systemd
--registry-mirror=https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup-driver=systemd
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup-driver=systemd --base-image="registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27"
minikube logs
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
镜像地址调整为 registry.aliyuncs.com
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
单独下载
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
打tag
docker tag registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
删除老的tag
[root@cdh1 ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase v0.0.27 9fa1cc16ad6d 16 months ago 1.08GB
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase v0.0.27 9fa1cc16ad6d 16 months ago 1.08GB
[root@cdh1 ~]# docker rmi registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
Untagged: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27
Untagged: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase@sha256:89b4738ee74ba28684676e176752277f0db46f57d27f0e08c3feec89311e22de
因为 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27 自动下载、sha校验失败,而无法启动集群!
手动下载后,打tag后
还有验证环节,需要指定镜像,忽略SHA校验
参数 | 值 |
---|---|
–base-image | 指定镜像,忽略SHA校验 |
使用以下命令启动minikube:
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --extra-config=kubelet.cgroup-driver=systemd --base-image="registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27"
minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 --image-repository='registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers' --registry-mirror='https://bjtzu1jb.mirror.aliyuncs.com' --image-mirror-country='cn' --force --driver=docker --base-image="registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kicbase:v0.0.27"
X Unable to load cached images: loading cached images: Docker load /var/lib/minikube/images/coredns_v1.8.4: loadimage docker.: /bin/bash -c "sudo cat /var/lib/minikube/images/coredns_v1.8.4 | docker load": Process exited with status 1
直接下载
docker pull coredns/coredns:1.8.4
改tag
docker tag coredns/coredns:1.8.4 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns:v1.8.4
删除旧tag
docker rmi coredns/coredns:1.8.4
docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.8.4 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns:v1.8.4
docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns:v1.8.4 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.8.4
再次启动
#从国内镜像拉取
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.5.1-0
docker pull coredns/coredns:1.8.6
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.5
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.23.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.5
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.5.0-0
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns:v1.8.4
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.3.1
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.7
docker pull k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
docker pull kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.3.1
docker pull kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.7
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.8.6
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.8.6
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.5.1-0
docker pull etcd/etcd:3.5.1-0
改tag
docker tag coredns/coredns:1.8.4 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns:v1.8.4
国内根本访问不了k8s的镜像库:k8s.gsc.io
。
比如下载k8s.gcr.io/coredns
:1.6.5镜像,在国内默认是下载失败的!
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker pull k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
Error response from daemon: Get https://k8s.gcr.io/v2/: net/http: request canceled while waiting for connection (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
部署K8S最大的难题是镜像下载,在国内无环境情况下很难从k8s.gcr.io等镜像源里下载镜像。
这种情况下正确做法是:
# 阿里云代理仓库地址为:registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
# 比如下载
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
# 可以代理为:
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
下面以阿里云代理仓库为例进行说明:
# 比如下载k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5镜像,在国内默认是下载失败的!
[root@k8s-vm01 coredns]# pwd
/opt/k8s/work/kubernetes/cluster/addons/dns/coredns
[root@k8s-vm01 coredns]# fgrep "image" ./*
./coredns.yaml: image: k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
./coredns.yaml: imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker pull k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
Error response from daemon: Get https://k8s.gcr.io/v2/: net/http: request canceled while waiting for connection (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
# 这时候去指定国内的阿里云镜像代理仓库进行下载
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
1.6.5: Pulling from google_containers/coredns
c6568d217a00: Pull complete
fc6a9081f665: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:608ac7ccba5ce41c6941fca13bc67059c1eef927fd968b554b790e21cc92543c
Status: Downloaded newer image for registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
# 然后打tag,并删除之前从代理仓库下载的镜像
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker tag registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5 k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
k8s.gcr.io/coredns 1.6.5 70f311871ae1 5 months ago 41.6MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns 1.6.5 70f311871ae1 5 months ago 41.6MB
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker rmi registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
Untagged: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
Untagged: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns@sha256:608ac7ccba5ce41c6941fca13bc67059c1eef927fd968b554b790e21cc92543c
[root@k8s-vm03 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
k8s.gcr.io/coredns 1.6.5 70f311871ae1 5 months ago 41.6MB
# 最终发现我们想要的k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5镜像被成功下载下来了!
# 最后要记得:
# 确定imagePullPolicy镜像下载策略是IfNotPresent,即本地有镜像则使用本地镜像,不拉取!
# 或者将下载好的镜像放到harbor私有仓库里,然后将image下载地址指向harbor仓库地址。
以上总结三个步骤:
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
docker tag registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5 k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.5
docker rmi registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.5
我们知道,在Intel处理器上,Vitural box使用Intel的vmx(virtul machine eXtensions)来提高虚拟机性能, 即硬件辅助虚拟化技术,
现在如果我们需要需要多台具备"vmx"支持的主机, 但是又没有太多物理服务器可使用,
如果我们的虚拟机能够和物理机一样支持"vmx",那么问题就解决了,
而正常情况下,一台虚拟机无法使自己成为一个hypervisors并在其上再次安装虚拟机,因为这些虚拟机并不支持"vmx", 此时,可以使用 嵌套式虚拟nested
嵌套式虚拟nested是一个可通过内核参数来启用的功能。
它能够使一台虚拟机具有物理机CPU特性,支持vmx或者svm(AMD)硬件虚拟化,
嵌套 虚拟化特性在VirtualBox虚拟机中默认是不启用的(设置-系统-处理器):
打开Windows Powershell,进入VirtualBox安装目录,将要安装minikube的虚拟机启用嵌套VT-x/AMD-V。
# 进入安装目录
cd 'C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\'
# 列出所有虚拟机
C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox>.\VBoxManage.exe list vms
"cdh1" {309cd81a-248c-4184-9f99-8fe72d01c1f0}
# 打开嵌套虚拟化功能
.\VBoxManage.exe modifyvm "cdh1" --nested-hw-virt on
启用完成后可以看到界面中该选项已勾选:
安装conntrack(后面使用–driver=none启动,依赖此包)
yum install conntrack -y
使用如下命令启动minikube
minikube start --registry-mirror="https://na8xypxe.mirror.aliyuncs.com" --driver=none
使用–driver=none的好处是可以直接使用root运行minikube,无需再配置其他用户。
缺点是安全性降低、稳定性降低、数据丢失风险、无法使用–cpus、–memory进行资源限制等等,
但这不是我们需要考虑的,因为本身安装minikube就是测试学习用的。
关于driver的选择,详细可以参看:none | minikube (k8s.io)
启动时我们看到如下报错:
stderr:
error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
[ERROR FileContent--proc-sys-net-bridge-bridge-nf-call-iptables]: /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables contents are not set to 1
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
根据提示进行解决即可:
echo '1' > /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables
再次尝试启动,启动成功:
[root@test1 ~]# minikube start --registry-mirror="https://na8xypxe.mirror.aliyuncs.com" --driver=none
* minikube v1.18.1 on Centos 7.6.1810
* Using the none driver based on existing profile
* Starting control plane node minikube in cluster minikube
* Restarting existing none bare metal machine for "minikube" ...
* OS release is CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
* Preparing Kubernetes v1.20.2 on Docker 1.13.1 ...
- Generating certificates and keys ...
- Booting up control plane ...
- Configuring RBAC rules ...
* Configuring local host environment ...
*
! The 'none' driver is designed for experts who need to integrate with an existing VM
* Most users should use the newer 'docker' driver instead, which does not require root!
* For more information, see: https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/reference/drivers/none/
*
! kubectl and minikube configuration will be stored in /root
! To use kubectl or minikube commands as your own user, you may need to relocate them. For example, to overwrite your own settings, run:
*
- sudo mv /root/.kube /root/.minikube $HOME
- sudo chown -R $USER $HOME/.kube $HOME/.minikube
*
* This can also be done automatically by setting the env var CHANGE_MINIKUBE_NONE_USER=true
* Verifying Kubernetes components...
- Using image registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/storage-provisioner:v4 (global image repository)
* Enabled addons: storage-provisioner, default-storageclass
* Done! kubectl is now configured to use "minikube" cluster and "default" namespace by default
添加阿里云kubenetes yum源
# /etc/yum.repos.d/kubenetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
生成元数据缓存
# 生成元数据缓存
yum makecache
安装kubectl、kubelet
yum install kubectl -y
yum install kubelet -y
systemctl enable kubelet
带着版本安装
yum list available kubectl
kubectl version
yum remove kubectl
yum install -y kubelet-1.23.1 kubectl-1.23.1 kubeadm-1.23.1
查看版本
$ kubectl version
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"23", GitVersion:"v1.23.1", GitCommit:"86ec240af8cbd1b60bcc4c03c20da9b98005b92e", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-12-16T11:41:01Z", GoVersion:"go1.17.5", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
启动时我们看到如下报错:
stderr:error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred: [ERROR FileContent--proc-sys-net-bridge-bridge-nf-call-iptables]: /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables contents are not set to 1[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
根据提示进行解决即可:
echo '1' > /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables
error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
[ERROR SystemVerification]: unexpected kernel config: CONFIG_CGROUP_PIDS
[ERROR SystemVerification]: missing required cgroups: pids
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with --ignore-preflight-errors=...
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher
uname -r
| grep CGROUP这个文件里面加CONFIG_CGROUP_PIDS=y,然后你再升级一下内核就可以了。
内核升级参考
rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-2.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="elrepo-kernel" list available
yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml
cp /etc/default/grub /etc/default/grub_bak
vi /etc/default/grub
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
systemctl enable docker.service
re
查看内核版本
[root@cdh1 ~]# awk -F\' ' $1=="menuentry " {print i++ " : " $2}' /etc/grub2.cfg
0 : CentOS Linux (6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)
1 : CentOS Linux (3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)
2 : CentOS Linux (3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)
3 : CentOS Linux (0-rescue-e147b422673549a3b4fda77127bd4bcd) 7 (Core)
编辑 /etc/default/grub 文件
设置 GRUB_DEFAULT=0,通过上面查询显示的编号为 0 的内核作为默认内核:
(sed ‘s, release .*$,g’ /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=“console”
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=“crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=cl/root rhgb quiet”
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=“true”
生成 grub 配置文件并重启
$ grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file …
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.12.1-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-5.12.1-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-16ba4d58b7b74338bfd60f5ddb0c8483
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-16ba4d58b7b74338bfd60f5ddb0c8483.img
done
$ reboot
查看内核版本
$ uname -sr
Linux 6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
升级centos内核后出现以下异常:
Vagrant was unable to mount VirtualBox shared folders. This is usually
because the filesystem “vboxsf” is not available. This filesystem is
made available via the VirtualBox Guest Additions and kernel module.
Please verify that these guest additions are properly installed in the
guest. This is not a bug in Vagrant and is usually caused by a faulty
Vagrant box. For context, the command attempted was:
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 vagrant /vagrant
The error output from the command was:
/sbin/mount.vboxsf: mounting failed with the error: No such device
解决方法一:
vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
vagrant reload --provision
好像不行
解决方法2:
将kernel-devel也升级到
# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-lt-devel
yum install kernel
yum install kernel-headers
yum install kernel-devel
yum install gcc*
yum install make
安装完成之后,执行
/etc/init.d/vboxadd setup
成功!
挂载共享目录
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=0,gid=0,_netdev vagrant /vagrant
LINUX中的kernel-devel工具是干什么的?
如果某个程序需要内核提供的一些功能,它就需要内核的 C header 来编译程序,这个时候 linux-devel 里面的东西就用上了。
kernel-devel 不光是 C Header 文件,它还有内核的配置文件,以及其他的开发用的资料。
区别:kernel-devel包只包含用于内核开发环境所需的内核头文件以及Makefile,而kernel-souce包含所有内核源代码。
如果仅仅是用于你自己编写的模块开发的话,因为只需引用相应的内核头文件,所以只有devel包即可,如果你要修改现有的内核源代码并重新编译,那必须是kernel-souce。
kernel-souce在RH某些版本之后不再附带在发行版中了,必须自己通过kernel-XXX.src.rpm做出来。
kernel-devel是用做内核一般开发的,比如编写内核模块,原则上,可以不需要内核的原代码。
kernel则是专指内核本身的开发,因此需要内核的原代码。
rpm 去
https://pkgs.org/download/kernel(list_del) 找 kernel-xxx.rpm
https://pkgs.org/download/kernel-devel 找 kernel-devel-xxxx.rpm
[root@cdh1 ~]# rpm -qa | grep kernel
kernel-devel-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64
kernel-ml-6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
kernel-3.10.0-1160.83.1.el7.x86_64
kernel-tools-3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64
kernel-lt-devel-5.4.230-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
kernel-tools-libs-3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64
kernel-3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64
kernel-devel-3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64
kernel-headers-3.10.0-1160.83.1.el7.x86_64
kernel-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64
kernel-devel-3.10.0-1160.83.1.el7.x86_64
[root@cdh1 ~]# uname -sr
Linux 6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
[root@cdh1 ~]# awk -F\' ' $1=="menuentry " {print i++ " : " $2}' /etc/grub2.cfg
0 : CentOS Linux (6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)
1 : CentOS Linux (3.10.0-327.4.5.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)
2 : CentOS Linux (3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)
3 : CentOS Linux (0-rescue-e147b422673549a3b4fda77127bd4bcd) 7 (Core)
[root@cdh1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
https://pkgs.org/download/kernel-devel 找 kernel-devel-xxxx.rpm
kernel-devel-6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm
1.下载rpm ,网址
https://pkgs.org/download/kernel-devel
查看Install Howto 部分,进入对应网址,如
http://mirror.rackspace.com/elrepo/elrepo/el6/i386/RPMS/
下载对应elrepo-release*rpm
kernel-ml-devel-6.1.8-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Rocky Linux 7, AlmaLinux 7 Download (pkgs.org)
kubectl get pods -A 查看所有的命令空间下的pods
kubectl describe node 查看所有节点的cpu和内存使用情况
kubectl describe node nodename |grep Taints 查看该节点是否可达,是否可以部署内容;一般三种情况
kubectl -n namespace名 logs -f --tail 200 pod名 -n namespace 查看命名空间下的 pods日志(运行后才有日志,此命令查看实时的200条日志)
kubectl exec -it -n namespace名 pod名 sh 进入pod
kubectl get services,pods -o wide 查看所有的pods和services, -o 输出格式为wide或者yaml
kubectl describe pod pod名 -n namespace名 查看pod的描述状态
kubectl describe job/ds/deployment pod名 -n namespace名 查看三个控制器下pod描述
kubectl exec -it pod名 -c 容器名 – /bin/bash
kubectl get pod pod名 -n namespace名 -oyaml | kubectl replace --force -f - 重启pod命令
kubectl get pods -n namespace名
kubectl get pods pod名 -o yaml -n namespace名
kubectl get ds -n namespace名 查看命名空间下daemonset的信息
kubectl get ds ds名 -o yaml -n namespace名
kubectl get deployment -n namespace名
kubectl get deployment deployment名 -o yaml -n namespace名
后面加–force --grace-period=0;立刻强制删除与下面的一起用
删除当前的应用:kubectl delete ds daemonset名 -n namespace名、kubectl delete deployment deployment名 -n namespace名(备注:如果是没删除ds/deployment/job,直接删除对应的pod(kubectl delete pod pod名 -n namespace名,pod会一直重启)
查看容器实时最新的10条日志 docker logs -f -t --tail 10 容器名
kubectl delete job jobname -n namespace名(job任务也是如此)
kubectl get pods -A
[root@cdh1 ~]# kubectl get pods -A
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-6d8c4cb4d-grphf 1/1 Running 0 8m16s
kube-system etcd-cdh1 1/1 Running 1 8m29s
kube-system kube-apiserver-cdh1 1/1 Running 1 8m31s
kube-system kube-controller-manager-cdh1 1/1 Running 1 8m29s
kube-system kube-proxy-78trt 1/1 Running 0 8m16s
kube-system kube-scheduler-cdh1 1/1 Running 1 8m29s
kube-system storage-provisioner 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 8m28s
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-5496b5d99f-llh9t 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 6m28s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-58b48666f8-hsn8g 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 6m28s
kubectl get pods -A
kubectl describe pod XXX -n kube-system
通过kubectl describe命令详细查看redis-master-0这个pod:
[root@cdh1 ~]# kubectl describe pod storage-provisioner -n kube-system
Name: storage-provisioner
Namespace: kube-system
Priority: 0
Node: cdh1/10.0.2.15
Start Time: Sun, 29 Jan 2023 05:17:14 +0800
Labels: addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode=Reconcile
integration-test=storage-provisioner
Annotations:
Status: Pending
IP: 10.0.2.15
IPs:
IP: 10.0.2.15
Containers:
storage-provisioner:
Container ID:
Image: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
Image ID:
Port:
Host Port:
Command:
/storage-provisioner
State: Waiting
Reason: ImagePullBackOff
Ready: False
Restart Count: 0
Environment:
Mounts:
/tmp from tmp (rw)
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-l5h2b (ro)
Conditions:
Type Status
Initialized True
Ready False
ContainersReady False
PodScheduled True
Volumes:
tmp:
Type: HostPath (bare host directory volume)
Path: /tmp
HostPathType: Directory
kube-api-access-l5h2b:
Type: Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)
TokenExpirationSeconds: 3607
ConfigMapName: kube-root-ca.crt
ConfigMapOptional:
DownwardAPI: true
QoS Class: BestEffort
Node-Selectors:
Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Warning FailedScheduling 27m default-scheduler 0/1 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had taint {node.kubernetes.io/not-ready: }, that the pod didn't tolerate.
Normal Scheduled 27m default-scheduler Successfully assigned kube-system/storage-provisioner to cdh1
Normal Pulling 26m (x4 over 27m) kubelet Pulling image "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5"
Warning Failed 26m (x4 over 27m) kubelet Failed to pull image "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = Error response from daemon: pull access denied for registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner, repository does not exist or may require 'docker login': denied: requested access to the resource is denied
Warning Failed 26m (x4 over 27m) kubelet Error: ErrImagePull
Warning Failed 25m (x6 over 27m) kubelet Error: ImagePullBackOff
Normal BackOff 2m39s (x109 over 27m) kubelet Back-off pulling image "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5"
dashboard-metrics-scraper-5496b5d99f-wj2d9
我们查看一下storage-provisioner pod的imagePullPolicy:
# kubectl get pod dashboard-metrics-scraper-5496b5d99f-wj2d9 -n kubernetes-dashboard -o yaml
... ...
spec:
containers:
- command:
- /storage-provisioner
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: storage-provisioner
我们发现storage-provisioner的imagePullPolicy为ifNotPresent,这意味着如果本地有storage-provisioner:v5这个镜像的话,minikube不会再去远端下载该image。这样我们可以先将storage-provisioner:v5下载到本地并重新tag为registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5。
使用如下命令启动dashboard:
$ minikube addons enable dashboard
▪ Using image kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.3.1
▪ Using image kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.7
Some dashboard features require the metrics-server addon. To enable all features please run:
minikube addons enable metrics-server
The 'dashboard' addon is enabled
$ minikube addons enable metrics-server
▪ Using image k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server/metrics-server:v0.4.2
The 'metrics-server' addon is enabled
$ minikube dashboard
Verifying dashboard health ...
Launching proxy ...
Verifying proxy health ...
Opening http://127.0.0.1:39887/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/http:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/ in your default browser...
http://127.0.0.1:39887/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/http:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/
直接用minikube addons启动Dashboard,提示还需要一并启用metrics-server,都enable下
[minikube@cdh1 root]$ kubectl get pod -A
从上面输出的信息可以看到,dashboard绑定的IP地址为本地回环地址127.0.0.1,这意味着该地址只能在本地访问。
虚拟机是没有GUI的,那么如何从宿主机也就是我们的Windows中访问dashborad呢?
可以进行如下操作:
使用 nginx、openresty 进行 反向代理
http://127.0.0.1:39887/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/http:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/
http://k8s:80/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/http:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/
此时的minikube kubectl --
就相当于k8s里的kubectl
命令,当然我们实际不会这样使用,
我们可以minikube的命令给alias一下:
$ alias kubectl="minikube kubectl --"
此时再直接运行kubectl
命令:
$ kubectl
kubectl controls the Kubernetes cluster manager.
Find more information at: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/overview/
Basic Commands (Beginner):
create Create a resource from a file or from stdin
expose Take a replication controller, service, deployment or pod and expose it as a new
Kubernetes service
run 在集群中运行一个指定的镜像
set 为 objects 设置一个指定的特征
Basic Commands (Intermediate):
explain Get documentation for a resource
get 显示一个或更多 resources
edit 在服务器上编辑一个资源
delete Delete resources by file names, stdin, resources and names, or by resources and
label selector
...
好了,就可以愉快的k8s玩耍了。
如果环境搞乱了想重新部署,很简单就可以实现
$ minikube delete
$ minikube start --driver=docker // 这里指定了用docker,不指定也会自动检测
需要将docker-compose.yaml转变为k8s deploy、svc、configmap,以swagger-ui为例
docker-compose.yaml
version: "3.0"
services:
swiagger-ui:
image: swaggerapi/swagger-ui
container_name: swagger_ui_container
ports:
- "9092:8080"
volumes:
- ../docs/openapi:/usr/share/nginx/html/doc
environment:
API_URL: ./doc/api.yaml
k8s deploy、svc、configmap
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
io.minikube.service: swagger-ui
name: swagger-ui
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
io.minikube.service: swagger-ui
template:
metadata:
labels:
io.minikube.service: swagger-ui
spec:
containers:
- env:
- name: SWAGGER_JSON
value: /openapi/api.yaml
image: swaggerapi/swagger-ui
name: swagger-ui
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /openapi
name: swagger-ui-cm
volumes:
- name: swagger-ui-cm
configMap:
name: swagger-ui-cm
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: swagger-ui
labels:
io.minikube.service: swagger-ui
spec:
ports:
- port: 8080
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 8080
selector:
io.minikube.service: swagger-ui
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: swagger-ui-cm
data:
api.yaml: |
openapi: 3.0.0
version: "1.0"
...
minikube内的k8s网络明显与host不一样,不论使用不使用Type=NodePort,都无法直接访问,都需要用port-forward
这里查了些资料,可能的一个解释是,minikube使用docker-machine为底层,实现可以部署到vm、container、host等基础设施上,docker-machine会构建自身的docker环境,与host不同,网络也不在一个平面,所以使用NodePort,从host也无法访问,需要借助kubectl port-forward --address=0.0.0.0 service/hello-minikube 7080:8080。
------------ 2021-11-26 update---------------
可以使用以下命令获取minikube的ip,然后通过该ip+nodeport访问
$ minikube ip
192.168.49.2
也可以通过一下命令直接获取对应service的url
$ minikube service hello-minikube --url
http://192.168.49.2:30660
minikube内的docker daemon与host docker daemon不一样,且k8s不与host上的docker共享信息,host上的docker images和daemon.json配置对minikube内的docker daemon不可见,minikube内的docker daemon总是从dockerhub pull image,会遇到
You have reached your pull rate limit.
You may increase the limit by authenticating and upgrading: https://www.docker.com/increase-rate-limits.
You must authenticate your pull requests.
解决办法
可以先用host docker pull images,然后load到minikube
$ docker pull
$ minikube image load
注意k8s默认的imagePullPolicy
Default image pull policy
When you (or a controller) submit a new Pod to the API server, your cluster sets theimagePullPolicy
field when specific conditions are met:
if you omit theimagePullPolicy
field, and the tag for the container image is:latest
,imagePullPolicy
is automatically set toAlways
;
if you omit theimagePullPolicy
field, and you don’t specify the tag for the container image,imagePullPolicy
is automatically set toAlways
;
if you omit theimagePullPolicy
field, and you specify the tag for the container image that isn’t:latest
, theimagePullPolicy
is automatically set toIfNotPresent
.
为了不出错,建议直接指定imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
Minikube - Kubernetes本地实验环境-阿里云开发者社区 (aliyun.com)
minikube start | minikube (k8s.io)
安装Istio - 肖祥 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
https://cn.dubbo.apache.org/zh/overview/tasks/traffic-management/
Kubernetes入门,使用minikube 搭建本地k8s 环境 (bbsmax.com)
CentOS7下minikube的安装 - 拾月凄辰 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
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7.我在B站学云原生之Kubernetes入门实践基于containerd容器运行时安装部署K8S集群环境 - 哔哩哔哩 (bilibili.com)
(26条消息) centos升级系统内核_centos 升级内核_月夜楓的博客-CSDN博客
https://blog.csdn.net/m0_62948770/article/details/127678600
内核升级
https://www.topunix.com/post-4883.html
https://blog.csdn.net/inthat/article/details/117074180
删除旧内核
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45661908/article/details/123377496
centos-8.2
https://app.vagrantup.com/bento/boxes/centos-8.2