oracle常用經典SQL查詢

1、查看表空間的名稱及大小   select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name;   2、查看表空間物理檔的名稱及大小   select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name;   3、查看回滾段名稱及大小   select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,  (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,  max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name;   4、查看控制文件   select name from v$controlfile;   5、查看日誌檔   select member from v$logfile;   6、查看表空間的使用情況   select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name  from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;   SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;    7、查看資料庫庫物件   select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;   8、查看資料庫的版本　   Select version FROM Product_component_version  Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';   9、查看資料庫的創建日期和歸檔方式   Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;    10、捕捉運行很久的SQL   column username format a12  column opname format a16  column progress format a8    select username,sid,opname,        round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,        time_remaining,sql_text  from v$session_longops , v$sql  where time_remaining <> 0  and sql_address = address  and sql_hash_value = hash_value  / 11。查看資料表的參數資訊 SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,         pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,         next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,         freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,         empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,         last_analyzed    FROM dba_tab_partitions   --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner ORDER BY partition_position   12.查看還沒提交的事務 select * from v$locked_object; select * from v$transaction;   13。查找object為哪些進程所用 select  p.spid, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num, s.username user_name, a.type  object_type, s.osuser os_user_name, a.owner, a.object object_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, s.status session_status    from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p    where s.paddr = p.addr and      s.type = 'USER' and          a.sid = s.sid   and   a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR' order by s.username, s.osuser   14。回滾段查看 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents  Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,  v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,  sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,  v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and  v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum   15。耗資源的進程（top session） select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1,  to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    status  session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,    nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,   s.terminal terminal,     s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p    where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number('38') and   ('ALL' = 'ALL'  or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc   16。查看鎖（lock）情況 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,    decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',  'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,    o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,  'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)  lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2     from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,      l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,      v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner  <> 'SYS'   order by o.owner, o.object_name   17。查看等待（wait）情況 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value  FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',  'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count   18。查看sga情況 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC   19。查看catched object SELECT owner,              name,              db_link,              namespace,              type,              sharable_mem,              loads,              executions,              locks,              pins,              kept        FROM v$db_object_cache           20。查看V$SQLAREA SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,  VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,  USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS, BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA   21。查看object分類數量 select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,  'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from  sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3  , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select  'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from    22。按用戶查看object種類 select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,    sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))  clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,  NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,    sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))  others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# =  o.owner# and   u.name <> 'PUBLIC'   group by u.name    order by  sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$   23。有關connection的相關資訊 1）查看有哪些用戶連接 select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,      status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,     s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '' query,     0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num     from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = 'USER'   order by s.username, s.osuser 2）根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源佔用等情況 select n.name,   v.value,   n.class,  n.statistic#   from  v$statname n,   v$sesstat v  where v.sid = 71 and   v.statistic# = n.statistic#  order by n.class, n.statistic# 3）根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */  command_type,   sql_text,   sharable_mem,   persistent_mem,   runtime_mem,   sorts,   version_count,   loaded_versions,   open_versions,   users_opening,   executions,   users_executing,   loads,   first_load_time,   invalidations,   parse_calls,   disk_reads,   buffer_gets,   rows_processed,  sysdate start_time,  sysdate finish_time,  '>' || address sql_address,  'N' status  from v$sqlarea where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)   24．查詢表空間使用情況 select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱", 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)", round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)", round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)", round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)", Largest "最大擴展段(M)", to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "採樣時間"  from  (select f.tablespace_name,    sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,    sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes  from dba_data_files f  group by tablespace_name) a, (select  f.tablespace_name,     sum(f.bytes) bytes_free  from dba_free_space f  group by tablespace_name) b, (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,    ts.name tablespace_name  from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts  where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#  group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c  where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name   25.查詢表空間的碎片程度   select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name  having count(tablespace_name)>10;    alter tablespace name coalesce;  alter table name deallocate unused;    create or replace view ts_blocks_v as  select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space  union all  select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;    select * from ts_blocks_v;    select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space  group by tablespace_name;   26。查詢有哪些資料庫實例在運行 select inst_name from v$active_instances;   =========================================================== #########創建資料庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############    create database db01  maxlogfiles 10  maxdatafiles 1024  maxinstances 2  logfile  GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,  GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,  GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,  datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,  undo tablespace UNDO  datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M  default temporary tablespace TEMP  tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M  extent management local uniform size 128k  character set AL32UTE8  national character set AL16UTF16  set time_zone='America/New_York';    ###############資料字典 ##########    set wrap off    select * from v$dba_users;    grant select on table_name to user/rule;    select * from user_tables;    select * from all_tables;    select * from dba_tables;    revoke dba from user_name;    shutdown immediate    startup nomount    select * from v$instance;    select * from v$sga;    select * from v$tablespace;    alter session set nls_language=american;    alter database mount;    select * from v$database;    alter database open;    desc dictionary    select * from dict;    desc v$fixed_table;    select * from v$fixed_table;    set oracle_sid=foxconn    select * from dba_objects;    set serveroutput on    execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');    #############控制文件 ###########    select * from v$database;    select * from v$tablespace;    select * from v$logfile;    select * from v$log;    select * from v$backup;    /*備份用戶表空間*/  alter tablespace users begin backup;    select * from v$archived_log;    select * from v$controlfile;    alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',  '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;    cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl    startup pfile='../initSID.ora'    select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;    show parameter control;    select * from v$controlfile_record_section;    select * from v$tempfile;    /*備份控制檔*/  alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';    /*備份控制檔，並將二進位控制檔變為了asc的文字檔案*/  alter database backup controlfile to trace;    ############### redo log ##############    archive log list;    alter system archive log start;--啟動自動封存   alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日誌switch    alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint    alter tablspace users begin backup;    alter tablespace offline;    /*checkpoint同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高，系統恢復所需時間越短*/  show parameter fast;    show parameter log_checkpoint;    /*加入一個日誌組*/  alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);    /*加入日誌組的一個成員*/  alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;    /*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪；活動的日誌組不能刪；非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/  alter database drop logfile group 3;    /*刪除日誌組中的某個成員，但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/  alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';    /*清除線上日誌*/  alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';    alter database clear logfile group 3;    /*清除非歸檔日誌*/  alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;    /*重命名日誌檔*/  alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';    show parameter db_create;    alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';    select * from v$log;    select * from v$logfile;    /*資料庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然後再打開資料庫.*/  alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;    achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔   alter system archive all;－－手工歸檔所有日誌檔   select * from v$archived_log;    show parameter log_archive;    /*使用字元函數(右邊截取,欄位中包含某個字元,左邊填充某字元到固定位元數,右邊填充某字元到固定位元數)*/  select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;    /*使用數位函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/  select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;    /*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期,  某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入，對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/  select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),  round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;    /*使用NULL函數(當expr1為空取expr2/當expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/  select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;    select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1  when '30' then column2*2.1  when '10' then column3/20  else column3  end as ttt  from table_name ; ------使用case函數   select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1  [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接 [JOIN table2  ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |  [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當於(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法;    example:  select col1,col2 from table1 t1  join table2 t2  on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1  join table3 t3  on t2.col1=t3.col3;    select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);    select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);    insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);    MERGE INTO table_name table1  USING table_name2 table2  ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)  WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE SET  table1.col1=table2.col2,  table1.col2=table2.col3,  ...  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句   ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################    alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column    alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效，這個比較快。 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列   rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表   comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息   create table table_name  (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),  constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件   alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵   /*建立外鍵*/  create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));    alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');    alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;    alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵   alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效   /*刪除列，並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/  alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;    select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖   ############## Create Views #####################    CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]  AS subquery  [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]  [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法   example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖 /*使用別名*/  Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;  /*創建複雜視圖*/  Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;  /*當用update修改資料時，必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件，不滿足則不能被改變.*/  Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;    /*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表資料，但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數，group by ,distinct等的列*/  update view_name set col1=value1;    /*TOP-N分析*/  select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;    /*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/  example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;    ############# Other database Object ###############    CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]  [START WITH n]  [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]  [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]  [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]  [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE    example:  CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10  START WITH 120  MAXVALUE 9999  NOCACHE  NOCYCLE;    select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖   select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用   alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20  MAXVALUE 999999  NOCACHE  NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號   drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence    CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞   DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞   CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK    select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠端資料庫中的物件   /*union操作，它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮，並對資料排序*/  select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;    /*union all操作，兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對資料排序*/  select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;    /*intersect操作，求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復資料進行壓縮，且排序*/  select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;    /*minus操作，集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄,且對資料排序*/  select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;    /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/  select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;  /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/  select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;    ##########################增強的group by子句 #########################    select [column,] group_function(column)...  from table  [WHERE condition]  [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]  [HAVING having_expression];  [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，對group by子句的各欄位從右到左進行再聚合   example:  /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/  select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);  /*複合rollup運算式*/  select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));    select [column,] group_function(column)...  from table  [WHERE condition]  [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]  [HAVING having_expression];  [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合   example:  /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計後，再對col2做小計，最後算總計*/  select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);  /*複合rollup運算式*/  select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));  /*混合rollup,cube運算式*/  select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);    /*GROUPING(expr)函數，查看select語句種以何欄位聚合，其取值為0或1*/  select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)  from table  [WHERE condition]  [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]  [HAVING having_expression];  [ORDER BY column];    example:  select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);    /*grouping sets操作，對group by結果集先對col1求和，再對col2求和，最後將其結果集並在一起*/  select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));   /*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶物件下有物件的要用CASCADE，將其下一些物件一起刪除)*/  drop user user_name [CASCADE];    /*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/  desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';    /*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/  alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;    ######### Managing Privileges #############    grant create table,create session to user_name;    grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;    /*授予許可權語法,public標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將許可權授予第三者的許可權*/  grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];    select * from v$pwfile_users;    /*當O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時，標識select any table時，包括系統表也能select ,否則，不包含系統表;缺省為false*/  show parameter O7;    /*由於O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數，不能動態改變，故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/  alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;    /*授予物件中的某些欄位的許可權，如select某表中的某些欄位的許可權*/  grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;    /*oracle不允許授予select某列的許可權,但可以授insert ,update某列的許可權*/  grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;    select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;    /*db/os/none審計被記錄在資料庫/作業系統/不審計缺省是none*/  show parameter audit_trail;    /*啟動對表的select動作*/  audit select on user.table_name by session;    /*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次，by access則每個command都記錄*/  audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];    desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計，則可使用dbms_fgs包   /*取消審計*/  noaudit select on user.table_name;    /*查被審計資訊*/  select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;    /*獲取審計記錄*/  select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;    ########### Managing Role #################    create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;    create role role_name;  create role role_name identified by password;  create role role_name identified externally;    set role role_name ; ----啟動role  set role role_name identified by password;    alter role role_name not identified;  alter role role_name identified by password;  alter role role_name identified externally;    grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];  grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;  grant role_name1 to role_name2;  /*建立default role,用戶登錄時，缺省啟動default role*/  alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;  alter user user_name default role all;  alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;  alter user user_name default role none;    set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;  set role all;  set role except role1,role2,...;  set role none;    revoke role_name from user_name;  revoke role_name from public;    drop role role_name;    select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;    ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################    select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;    select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字元   /*手工分配分區,分配的資料檔案必須是表所在表空間內的資料檔案*/  alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');    /*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/  alter table table_name deallocate unused;    alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;    /*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後，原表中的索引物件將會不可用，必須重建*/  alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;    create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;    alter index index_name rebuild;    drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];    alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column    /*給表中不用的列做標記*/  alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;    /*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/  alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;    /*當在drop col是出現異常，使用CONTINUE，防止重刪前面的column*/  ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;    select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;    ######## managing indexes ##########    /*create index*/  example:  /*創建一般索引*/  create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;  /*創建點陣圖索引*/  create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;  /*索引中不能用pctused*/  create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;  /*大資料量的索引最好不要做日誌*/  create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;  /*創建反轉索引*/  create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;  /*創建函數索引*/  create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;  /*建表時創建約束條件*/  create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;    /*給創建bitmap index分配的記憶體空間參數，以加速建索引*/  show parameter create_bit;    /*改變索引的存儲參數*/  alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);    /*給索引手工分配一個分區*/  alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');    /*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/  alter index index_name deallocate unused;    /*索引重建*/  alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;    /*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/  alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;    /*重建索引時，不鎖表*/  alter index index_name rebuild online;    /*給索引整理碎片*/  alter index index_name COALESCE;    /*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/  analyze index index_name validate structure;    desc index_state;    drop index index_name;    alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到   alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視   /*有關索引資訊的視圖*/  select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;    ##########資料完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########    alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束   alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵   alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束   /*創建外鍵約束*/  alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);    /*不效驗老資料，只約束新的資料[enable/disable：約束/不約束新資料;novalidate/validate:不對/對老資料進行驗證]*/  alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;    /*修改約束條件，延時驗證，commit時驗證*/  alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;    /*修改約束條件，立即驗證*/  alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;    alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;    /*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/  drop table table_name cascade constraints;    /*當truncate外鍵表時，先將外鍵設為無效，再truncate;*/  truncate table table_name;    /*設約束條件無效*/  alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;    alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;    /*將無效約束的資料行放入exception的表中，此表記錄了違反資料約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/  alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;    /*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/  start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;    /*獲取約束條件資訊的表或視圖*/  select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;    ################## managing password security and resources ####################    alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶;    alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期   /*建立口令配置檔,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/  create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;  /*創建口令配置檔*/  create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;  /*建立資源配置檔*/  create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;    alter user user_name profile profile_name;    /*設置口令解鎖時間*/  alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;    /*password_life_time指口令檔多少時間到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/  alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;    /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/  alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];    alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令   drop profile profile_name;    /*建立了profile後，且指定給某個用戶，則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/  drop profile profile_name CASCADE;    alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自願限制,缺省是false    /*配置資源參數*/  alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;  /*資源參數(session級)  cpu_per_session每個session佔用cpu的時間單位1/100秒 sessions_per_user允許每個用戶的並行session數 connect_time允許連接的時間單位分鐘 idle_time連接被空閒多少時間後，被自動斷開單位分鐘 logical_reads_per_session讀塊數 private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數單位bytes    (call級)  cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間 logical_reads_per_call每次調用能夠讀的塊數 */    alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;    desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包   /*獲取資源資訊的表或視圖*/  select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;    ###### Managing users ############    show parameter os;    create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;    grant connect,createtable to testuser1;    alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;    /*創建用戶*/  create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;    /*資料庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/  alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;    /*制定資料庫級的缺省表空間*/  alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;    /*創建os級審核的用戶，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令對應的首碼,'OPS$'為此參數的值，此值可以任意設置*/  create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;    /*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/  alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name