(1)像__ getitem__这种由两个双下划线构成的方法,被称为魔术方法。
(2)魔术方法是为了给python解释器用的。当使用len(collection)时,实际上调用的就是collection.__ len__方法。而在使用obj[key]的形式来访问元素时,实际上调用的是object.__ getitem__(key)方法。
(3)魔术方法是属于类的方法,也就是说不需要实例化类就可以访问到该方法,同时,实例化的对象都可以访问到该方法。
(4)使用__ getitem __ 和 __ len __方法,我们就可以实现一个对自定义数据类型的迭代和访问。
举个例子:
import collections
Card = collections.namedtuple("Card",["rank","suit"])
class FrenchDeck(object):
ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list("JQKA")
#黑桃 方块 红桃 梅花
suits = "spades diamonds hearts clubs ".split()
def __init__(self):
self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in self.ranks
for suit in self.suits]
def __getitem__(self, item):
return self._cards[item]
def __len__(self):
return len(self._cards)
说明:
首先说明的是类属性和方法,直接用类名.属性或类名.方法访问即可。
print(FrenchDeck.ranks)
print(FrenchDeck.suits)
print(FrenchDeck.__len__(FrenchDeck()))
输出:
自定义的FrenchDeck类在重写了__getitem__和__len__方法之后,就可以对FrenchDeck实例化的对象进行类似于列表的操作。
1.得到对象的长度
deck = FrenchDeck()
print(len(deck))
输出:52
2.通过下标来获列表元素
'''
print(deck[0])
print(deck[-1])
输出:
Card(rank='2', suit='spades')
Card(rank='A', suit='clubs')
3.对列表进行遍历。当然也可以使用reversed方法进行翻转遍历
for d in reversed(deck):
print(d)
输出:
Card(rank='A', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='A', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='A', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='A', suit='spades')
Card(rank='K', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='K', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='K', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='K', suit='spades')
Card(rank='Q', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='Q', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='Q', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='Q', suit='spades')
Card(rank='J', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='J', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='J', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='J', suit='spades')
Card(rank='10', suit='clubs')
'''
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'''
Card(rank='10', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='10', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='10', suit='spades')
Card(rank='9', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='9', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='9', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='9', suit='spades')
Card(rank='8', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='8', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='8', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='8', suit='spades')
Card(rank='7', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='7', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='7', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='7', suit='spades')
Card(rank='6', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='6', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='6', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='6', suit='spades')
Card(rank='5', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='5', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='5', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='5', suit='spades')
Card(rank='4', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='4', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='4', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='4', suit='spades')
Card(rank='3', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='3', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='3', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='3', suit='spades')
Card(rank='2', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='2', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='2', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='2', suit='spades')
4.使用choice随机抽取一张牌
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
5.利用in判断一张牌是否在对象列表中
print(Card("Q","clubs") in deck)
6.可以对牌组进行排序,按照花色桃心梅方以及数值大小
'''
def spades_high(card):
#首先得到该卡牌在数值中的位置
rank_value = FrenchDeck.ranks.index(card.rank)
#返回的是其位置*4+花色对应的级别
#比如梅花2的大小为0,黑桃A的大小为12*4+3=51
return rank_value*len(suit_values)+suit_values[card.suit]
#Card = Card("A","spades")
#print(spades_high(Card))
for card in sorted(deck,key=spades_high):
print(card)
输出;
Card(rank='2', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='2', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='2', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='2', suit='spades')
Card(rank='3', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='3', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='3', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='3', suit='spades')
Card(rank='4', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='4', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='4', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='4', suit='spades')
Card(rank='5', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='5', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='5', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='5', suit='spades')
Card(rank='6', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='6', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='6', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='6', suit='spades')
Card(rank='7', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='7', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='7', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='7', suit='spades')
Card(rank='8', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='8', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='8', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='8', suit='spades')
Card(rank='9', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='9', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='9', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='9', suit='spades')
Card(rank='10', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='10', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='10', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='10', suit='spades')
Card(rank='J', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='J', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='J', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='J', suit='spades')
Card(rank='Q', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='Q', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='Q', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='Q', suit='spades')
Card(rank='K', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='K', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='K', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='K', suit='spades')
Card(rank='A', suit='diamonds')
Card(rank='A', suit='clubs')
Card(rank='A', suit='hearts')
Card(rank='A', suit='spades')
说了这么多,就是为了说明通过实现__getitem__和__len__方法,FrenchDeck就和一个python自有的序列数据类型一样了。对合成的运用使得__len__和__getitem__的具体实现可以代理给self._card这个python列表。