TE 20181215 How the super-rich invest 超级富豪的投资之道

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How the super-rich invest 超级富豪的投资之道

The family offices through which the world’s richest invest are a new force in global finance—and a target for populists

全球最富裕的一部分人通过家族办公室来进行投资,它是全球金融新一股新势力——也是民粹主义者的目标

家族办公室最早起源于古罗马时期的大“Domus”(家族主管)以及中世纪时期的大“Domo”(总管家)。现代意义上的家族办公室出现于19世纪中叶,一些抓住产业革命机会的大亨将金融专家、法律专家和财务专家集合起来,研究的核心内容是如何管理和保护自己家族的财富和广泛的商业利益。这样就出现了只为一个家族服务的单一家族办公室(Single Family Office,SFO)。1882年,约翰·D·洛克菲勒建立了世界上第一个家族办公室。 在中国经济继续保持较快发展的背景下,中国富裕家族会呈现继续快速增长的趋势,随着中国富裕家族财富意识的觉醒,寻找合适的财富管理模式已成为他们面临的最为紧迫的任务。以专家顾问团的形式,为中国家族提供更贴心的服务,如:资产管理、遗产规划、日常财务、企业管理、上市咨询等,这其中不仅拥有利于家族生意发展的金融服务,且更加注重对家族成员生活细节的专属服务。家族办公室为客户提供专业、独立、全面的家族事务管理。通过全球性的财务咨询、税务规划师、律师事务所、会计师事务所、资产管理、教育专家、健康咨询师等顶级的专业顾问团队,为富裕家族量身打造私人定制的全方位服务。

Think of the upper echelons of the money-management business, and the image that springs to mind is of fusty private banks in Geneva or London’s Mayfair, with marble lobbies and fake country-house meeting-rooms designed to make their super-rich clients feel at home. But that picture is out of date. A more accurate one would feature hundreds of glassy private offices in California and Singapore that invest in Canadian bonds, European property and Chinese startups—and whose gilded patrons are sleepwalking into a political storm.

echelon: (军队、企业等组织的)等级,阶层,某一等级(或阶层)的所有人

spring: v. [usually + adv/prep] 跳,跃,蹦;突然出现;涌现;spring to mind: 跃入脑海

fusty: 发霉的;有霉味的;古板的;守旧的

Mayfair: 伦敦的上流住宅区,伦敦的社交界;

country-house: (尤指多年属于同一家族的)乡间宅邸,祖宅,庄园

gilded: 镀金的;有金色涂层的;涂成金色的;富有的;上流社会的,上层阶级的

patrons: 赞助者,资助人;老顾客,老主顾

sleepwalk: 梦游;

当人们想象一下上层阶级的财富管理业务,跃入脑海的画面一般是历史悠久的银行,位于日内瓦或伦敦上流街区内,有着大理石大厅,内设有仿庄园式的会议室,来他们的超级富豪客户感到宾至如归。但这样的画面已经过时。更准确的画面有这样的特点:位于加州和新加坡的玻璃制私人办公室,投资于加拿大债券、欧洲资产和中国初创企业——而它们上流阶层的老主顾们正在梦游中踏入一场政治风暴。

长句:A more accurate one would feature hundreds of glassy private offices (in California and Singapore that invest in Canadian bonds, European property and Chinese startups) —and whose gilded patrons are sleepwalking into a political storm. 这里whose指代前文的glassy private offices。


Global finance is being transformed as billionaires get richer and cut out the middlemen by creating their own “family offices”, personal investment firms that roam global markets looking for opportunities. Largely unnoticed, family offices have become a force in investing, with up to $4trn of assets—more than hedge funds and equivalent to 6% of the value of the world’s stockmarkets. As they grow even bigger in an era of populism, family offices are destined to face uncomfortable questions about how they concentrate power and feed inequality.

cut sb out: 不让…参加;把…排除在外;不把…包括在内

middlemen: 中间人;经销商;中间商

全球金融正在经历转型——随着亿万富翁变得更富裕,并通过建立自己个人的“家族办公室”来排除中间人的参与(这是一种在全球市场中漫游,以寻找机会的私人投资企业)。在大部分人未曾注意到时,家族办公室已经成为了投资界的新势力,拥有高达4万亿资产——价值高于对冲基金,等值于全球股市的6%。随着他们在民粹主义时代发展得更为巨大,家族办公室注定要面对那些不愉快的话题:他们是如何聚集权力,并帮助滋生不平等现象。

背景:hedge funds: 采用对冲交易手段的基金称为对冲基金(hedge fund),也称避险基金或套期保值基金。是指金融期货和金融期权等金融衍生工具与金融工具结合后以营利为目的的金融基金。


The concept is hardly new; John D. Rockefeller set up his family office in 1882. But the number has exploded this century. Somewhere between 5,000 and 10,000 are based in America and Europe and in Asian hubs such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Though their main task is to manage financial assets, the biggest offices, some with hundreds of staff, undertake all sorts of other chores, from tax and legal work to acting as high-powered butlers who book jets and pamper pets.

hub: 中心;枢纽

undertake: (开始)做,承担,从事(尤指耗时或困难之事)

high-powered: (人)十分成功的,位高权重的;(机器)功率大的,强有力的

pamper: 细心照顾,精心护理;纵容,娇惯

这个概念很难说得上新鲜。约翰·D·洛克菲勒在1882年设置了他的家族办公室。但其数量本世纪呈爆炸式增长。总部基于欧美和亚洲中枢城市(如新加坡和香港)的家族办公室数量在5000-10000间。尽管它们的主要任务是对资产进行管理,但规模最大的办公室拥有上百名员工,这些办公室承担处理各种各样的琐事,从税收、法律工作到担任强大的管家角色,比如为他们预订喷气飞机、精心照料宠物。

长句:Though their main task is to manage financial assets, the biggest offices (, some with hundreds of staff,) undertake all sorts of other chores, from (tax and legal work) to (acting as high-powered butlers who book jets and pamper pets.) 注意 some with hundreds of staff 是插入语,undertake all sorts of other chores的是offices,不是staff。接下来什么样的other chores?后面是一个from A to B的句型,其中A是tax and legal work;B是acting as high-powered butlers who book jets and pamper pets.


The costs of bringing such expertise in-mansion means that they generally make sense only for those worth over $100m, the top 0.001% of the global pile. Asian tycoons such as Jack Ma of Alibaba have created their own fiefs. The largest Western family offices, such as the one set up by George Soros, an investor and philanthropist, oversee tens of billions and are as muscular as Wall Street firms, competing with banks and private- equity groups to buy whole companies.

tycoon: (商界或企业界的)巨头,大亨

fief: n.封地,采邑

philanthropist: 慈善家

让这些技能在家族内部施展需要巨大的花费,这意味着它们只有对身价超过一千万美金的人才有意义,这些人处于全球顶端的0.001%。亚洲商业巨头,如阿里巴巴的马云已经创造了自己的领地。西方最大的一些家庭办公室(如投资家、慈善家乔治·索罗斯所创立的那一个),掌管着成千上亿的资产,它们同华尔街公司一样的强大,并与银行和私募组织相竞争来收购整家公司。


Every investment boom reflects the society that spawned it. The humble mutual fund came of age in the 1970s after two decades of middle-class prosperity in America. The rise of family offices reflects soaring inequality. Since 1980 the share of the world’s wealth owned by the top 0.01% has risen from 3% to 8%. As the founders of family firms receive dividends or the proceeds of initial public offerings, they usually redeploy the cash. But since the financial crisis there has been a loss of faith in external money managers. Rich clients have taken a closer look at private banks’ high fees and murky incentives, and balked.

spawn: (使)产生,(使)突然增长

humble: 谦逊的; 简陋的; (级别或地位) 低下的; 不大的

dividend: 红利,股息

murky: 暗的,昏暗的; 朦胧的,含糊的,暧昧的; (指水) 脏的,(雾等)浓的; (陷入)心中无数的困境(或险境) ;

bulk: vi. 拒绝; 畏缩不前,犹豫; (指马) 不肯跑; [体] 假动作

每个投资浪潮都会折射出促使其发展的社会状况。简易的互惠基金创立于20世纪70年代,美国中产阶级繁荣发展的20年后。家族办公室的崛起反映了不平等在迅速扩大。自1980年起,排行前0.01%的富人所拥有的资产占全球财富的比例,从3%上升到了8%。随着家族企业创始人收到分红,或是随着企业IPO的进展,这些创始人通常会重新调配现金。但自从金融危机以来,人们对外部财富经理失去了信心。富裕客户更进一步看到了私人银行的高昂收费和可疑动机,并对此有所抗拒。

背景:Mutual Fund一般指互惠基金,或者称为共同基金,就是将众多投资者的余额集中一起,等于众多投资者共同聘请一个基金公司的专业投资经理,利用其专业的知识,分散投资于各种不同的投资类别上,使这一小额投资亦能在互惠基础下享受低风险及较高的回报机会。


These trends are unlikely to fade, as our Briefing explains. The number of billionaires is still growing—199 newbies made the grade last year. In the emerging world older entrepreneurs who created firms in the boom years after 1990 are preparing to cash out, while in America and China younger tech entrepreneurs may soon float their companies, releasing a new wave of cash to reinvest. Family offices’ weight in the financial system, therefore, looks likely to rise further. As it does, the objections to them will rise exponentially. The most obvious of these is the least convincing—that family offices have created inequality. They are a consequence, not its cause. Nonetheless, there are concerns—and one in particular that is worth worrying about.

newbie: 新手

float: vt. 提出,提请考虑; (股票) 上市

exponentially: adv. 以指数方式

这些趋势减退的可能性很小,正如我们在简报里所解释的。亿万富翁的数量仍在增长——去年199年新来者进入这个等级。新兴世界中,在1990年后的繁荣时期内创立公司的老一代企业家正准备将资产换成现金,而在美国和中国,年轻一代的科技企业家或许很快就会将公司上市,释放出新一波的现金用于重新投资。因此,家族办公室在财政系统中的分量看上去很可能会进一步加重。当这种情况发生时,对家族办公室的反对声将呈指数方式增加。最为明显的反对理由最缺乏说服力——认为家族办公室创造了不平等。它们是不平等的结果,不是原因。尽管如此,仍然存在令人担忧的问题——尤其是值得去担心的那些。


The first is that family offices could endanger the stability of the financial system. Combining very rich people, opacity and markets can be explosive. ltcm, a $100bn hedge fund backed by the super-rich, blew up in 1998, almost bringing down Wall Street. Scores of wealthy people fell for a Ponzi scheme run by Bernie Madoff that collapsed in 2008. Still, as things stand family offices do not look like the next disaster waiting to happen. They have debt equivalent to 17% of their assets, making them among the least leveraged participants in global markets. On balance, they may even be a stabilising influence. Their funds are usually deployed for decades, making them far less vulnerable to panics than banks and many hedge funds.

opacity: 不透明;不透明性,不透明度

blow up:  (暴风雨)开始;勃然大怒

score: 二十;scores of: 大量的,许多的

as things stand: 按现状看来,在目前的情况下;

第一,家族办公室会危害金融系统的稳定性。一旦将超级富裕人群集合起来,不透明性和市场规模会是爆炸性的。价值1000亿美金、依靠超级富翁的长期资本管理公司(LTCM)在1998年爆雷,这件事几乎弄跨了华尔街。大量富有人群陷入伯纳德·麦道夫设置的庞氏骗局中,后者在2008年跨台。不过目前而言,家庭办公室看起来仍然并不像下一场即将发生的灾难。它们的债务相当于其资产的17%,这使它们成为全球市场中杠杆率最低的参与者之一。总体来说,它们甚至可能起到稳定作用。它们的资金配置时间通常有数十年,这使它们同银行和许多对冲基金相比,更不容易受到恐慌情绪的打击。

背景:长期资本管理公司(Long-Term Capital Management,简称LTCM) 成立于1994年2月,总部设在离纽约市不远的格林威治,是一家主要从事定息债务工具套利活动的对冲基金。美联储对它的救助向社会传递了一个理念——大而不倒(too big to fail)。1998年,金融危机降临亚洲金融市场,LTCM模型认为:发展中国家债券和美国政府债券之间利率相差过大,LTCM预测的结果是:发展中国家债券利率将逐渐恢复稳定,二者之间差距会缩小。同年8月,小概率事件真的发生了,由于国际石油价格下滑,俄罗斯国内经济不断恶化,俄政府宣布卢布贬值,停止国债交易,投资者纷纷从发展中市场退出,转而持有美国、德国等风险小,质量高的债券品种。由于LTCM做错了方向,它到了破产的边缘。9月23日,美林、摩根出资收购接管了LTCM。

Ponzi scheme:庞氏骗局(指骗人向虚设的企业投资,以后来投资者的钱作为快速盈利付给最初投资者以诱使更多人上当亦作Ponzi,这个名称,出自于20世纪初期一个意大利商人,他利用稳定的高额绩效,吸引了将近4万人上当,相关金额达1500万美元。

2008年12月,美国华尔街传奇人物、纳斯达克股票市场公司前董事会主席伯纳德·麦道夫 ( Bernie Madoff ) 因涉嫌证券欺诈遭警方逮捕,检察人员指控给投资者损失约500亿美元。告发这位华尔街史上“最大诈骗嫌疑犯”的人,正是麦道夫的两个儿子。2014年12月8日,麦道夫同党进入“审判周” 前运营总监被判十年监禁。联邦调查局的起诉书显示,麦道夫公司的资产管理部门和交易部门分别在不同楼层办公,麦道夫对公司财务状况一直秘而不宣,而投资顾问业务的所有账目、文件都被麦道夫“锁在保险箱里”。直到近期由于面临高达70亿美元资金赎回压力,无法再撑下去,才在12月10日向两个儿子,也是其公司高管坦白其实自己“一无所有”,一切“只是一个巨大的谎言”。麦道夫的儿子们当晚便告发了老爸,一场可能是美国历史上金额最大的欺诈案这才暴露在世人眼前。


The second worry is that family offices could magnify the power of the wealthy over the economy. This is possible: were Bill Gates to invest exclusively in Turkey, he would own 65% of its stockmarket. But the aim is usually to diversify risk, not concentrate power, by taking capital from the original family business and putting it into a widely spread portfolio. The family-office industry is less concentrated than mainstream asset management, which a few firms such as BlackRock dominate. Compared with most fund managers, family offices have welcome habits, including a longerterm horizon and an appetite for startups.

magnify: 放大,扩大;加强,使(问题)更严重

portfolio: (个人或机构的)投资组合;公文包;(尤指艺术家的)代表作选辑;(部长或大臣)职务;(部长或大臣)职责

第二个令人担忧的问题是,家族办公室会放大富裕人群对经济的影响力。这很有可能:如果比尔·盖茨把金钱全部投资于土耳其,他将拥有土耳其股市65%的份额。但当家庭办公室将资本从初始家族企业中取出,并将其投入更广泛的投资组合中时,它们的目标通常是分摊风险,而不是集中力量。主流资产管理企业中,例如黑石集团之类的某几家公司统治了整个产业,相较之下,家庭办公室产业的集中化程度更低。与大部分基金经理相比,家庭办公室的习惯更受人欢迎,包括它们拥有长期的视野,还有对初创企业的兴趣。

背景:黑石集团 BlackRock,总部位于美国纽约,是一家全球领先的另类资产管理和提供金融咨询服务的机构,是全世界最大的独立另类资产管理机构之一,美国规模最大的上市投资管理公司。黑石集团(Blackstone Group)又名佰仕通集团,是全世界最大的独立另类资产管理机构之一,也是一家金融咨询服务机构。其另类资产管理业务包括企业私募股权基金、房地产机会基金、对冲基金的基金、优先债务基金、私人对冲基金和封闭式共同基金等。黑石集团还提供各种金融咨询服务,包括并购咨询、重建和重组咨询以及基金募集服务等。黑石集团总部位于美国纽约,并在亚特兰大、波士顿、芝加哥、达拉斯、洛杉矶、旧金山、伦敦、巴黎、孟买、香港和东京设有办事处。截止2007年9月30日,其管理的总资产约为982亿美元,拥有65位高级管理总监以及约520位投资和咨询专业人员。2006年,黑石集团盈利超过22亿美元,人均创造利润295万美元,是高盛人均利润的8倍,已然成为华尔街熠熠生辉的PE之王。


It is the third danger that has most bite: that family offices might have privileged access to information, deals and tax schemes, allowing them to outperform ordinary investors. So far there is little evidence for this. The average family office returned 16% in 2017 and 7% in 2016, according to Campden Wealth, a research firm, slightly lagging behind world stockmarkets. Nonetheless, tycoons are well connected. Family offices are becoming more complex—a third have at least two branches—making tax wheezes easier. Hungry brokers and banks are rolling out the red carpet and pitching deals with unlisted firms that are not available to ordinary investors. If all this did lead to an entrenched, unfair advantage, the effect, when compounded over decades, would make wealth inequality disastrously worse.

bite: 强烈的影响;强烈的味道,辛辣的味道

wheeze: (尤指为获利而想出的)巧计,计谋;(因呼吸困难而)发出粗重的呼吸声,喘息,发出呼哧呼哧声

pitch: (使)突然移动;(尤指)投,扔;支,搭(帐篷);调校至某一水平;竭力劝说;pitch a deal: sell something to someone

entrenched: 牢固确立的;根深蒂固的;积重难返的

compound: 使加重,使加剧,使恶化

第三危害所产生的影响最为强烈:那就是家庭办公室或许有特权渠道能获得信息、交易、税收方案,让他们在表现上能胜过普通投资者。迄今为止,对这点并无多少证据。家庭办公室在2017年的平均回报率是16%,2016年是7%,据研究机构Campden Wealth(康普顿财富)的研究结果,这一数字略微落后于全球股市收益。无论如何,商业巨头被很好地联系在一起。家族办公室正变的越来越复杂——三分之一的家族办公室至少拥有两个分支——这让巧妙避税更为方便。饥渴的经纪人和银行正铺展开红地毯竭力推销,试图与普通投资者无法接触到的未上市公司进行交易。如果所有这些现象的确导致了牢固的不公平优势,那么经过几十年的恶化后,其影响将会使财富分配的不平等状况更雪上加霜。

长句:If all this did lead to an (entrenched, unfair) advantage, the effect (, when compounded over decades,) would make wealth inequality disastrously worse.注意正确排除形容词和插入语,抓住主干

背景:Campden Wealth:英国的家族理财研究机构


The rich discover do-it-yourself 富人发现要亲自动手

The answer is vigilance and light. Most regulators, treasuries and tax authorities are beginners when it comes to dealing with family offices, but they need to ensure that rules on insider trading, the equal servicing of clients by dealers and parity of tax treatment are observed. And they should prod family offices with assets of over, say, $10bn to publish accounts detailing their workings. In a world that is suspicious of privilege, big family offices have an interest in boosting transparency. In return, they should be free to operate unmolested. They may even have something to teach hordes of flailing asset managers who serve ordinary investors, many of whom may look at their monthly fees and wish that they, too, could ditch the middlemen.

vigilance: 警觉;警戒;警惕

parity: (尤指薪水或职位的)同等,平等

prod: (用手指、尖物等)刺,捅;戳;激励,促使,敦促

molest: 调戏;猥亵;粗暴对待;攻击;unmolested: 不受干预的

flail: (尤指手臂和双腿)乱动,胡乱摆动

答案是既要警惕也要放松。大部分监管者、财政部和税务机关都是处理家族办公室问题的新手,但他们需要确保有关内幕交易、交易员平等服务客户和同等税收待遇的规则得到遵守。而且,他们应该鼓励资产超过100亿美元的家族办公室公开账户,详细说明工作情况。在一个对特权心怀疑虑的世界,提高透明度对大型家族办公室有好处。作为回报,他们应该可以不受干扰地自由操作。他们甚至可能给那群为普通投资者服务、胡乱操作的资产经理上一节课,这其中许多人或许看着他们的每月帐单,然后内心在希望,他们自己也能抛弃中间商。

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