/*
* Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package io.netty.example.echo;
import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LogLevel;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LoggingHandler;
import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslContext;
import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslContextBuilder;
import io.netty.handler.ssl.util.SelfSignedCertificate;
/**
* Echoes back any received data from a client.
*/
public final class EchoServer {
static final boolean SSL = System.getProperty("ssl") != null;
static final int PORT = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("port", "8007"));
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// Configure SSL.
final SslContext sslCtx;
if (SSL) {
SelfSignedCertificate ssc = new SelfSignedCertificate();
sslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forServer(ssc.certificate(), ssc.privateKey()).build();
} else {
sslCtx = null;
}
// Configure the server.
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
final EchoServerHandler serverHandler = new EchoServerHandler();
try {
ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
.handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO))
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
@Override
public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline p = ch.pipeline();
if (sslCtx != null) {
p.addLast(sslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc()));
}
//p.addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO));
p.addLast(serverHandler);
}
});
// Start the server.
ChannelFuture f = b.bind(PORT).sync();
// Wait until the server socket is closed.
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// Shut down all event loops to terminate all threads.
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
代码很简洁,但是看不懂,因为使用的这些类均和Nio原生编程相差甚远,下面先简单分析一下。
ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup);
private void doStartThread() {
assert thread == null;
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
thread = Thread.currentThread();
if (interrupted) {
thread.interrupt();
}
boolean success = false;
updateLastExecutionTime();
try {
SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run();
success = true;
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Unexpected exception from an event executor: ", t);
} finally {
if (state < ST_SHUTTING_DOWN) {
state = ST_SHUTTING_DOWN;
}
// Check if confirmShutdown() was called at the end of the loop.
if (success && gracefulShutdownStartTime == 0) {
logger.error("Buggy " + EventExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + " implementation; " +
SingleThreadEventExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + ".confirmShutdown() must be called " +
"before run() implementation terminates.");
}
try {
// Run all remaining tasks and shutdown hooks.
for (;;) {
if (confirmShutdown()) {
break;
}
}
} finally {
try {
cleanup();
} finally {
synchronized (stateLock) {
state = ST_TERMINATED;
}
threadLock.release();
if (!taskQueue.isEmpty()) {
logger.warn(
"An event executor terminated with " +
"non-empty task queue (" + taskQueue.size() + ')');
}
terminationFuture.setSuccess(null);
}
}
}
}
});
}
主角是executor,看下其默认实现。
public final class ThreadPerTaskExecutor implements Executor {
private final ThreadFactory threadFactory;
public ThreadPerTaskExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
if (threadFactory == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("threadFactory");
}
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
}
@Override
public void execute(Runnable command) {
threadFactory.newThread(command).start();
}
}
protected void run() {
for (;;) {
oldWakenUp = wakenUp.getAndSet(false);
try {
if (hasTasks()) {
selectNow();
} else {
select();
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' is always evaluated
// before calling 'selector.wakeup()' to reduce the wake-up
// overhead. (Selector.wakeup() is an expensive operation.)
//
// However, there is a race condition in this approach.
// The race condition is triggered when 'wakenUp' is set to
// true too early.
//
// 'wakenUp' is set to true too early if:
// 1) Selector is waken up between 'wakenUp.set(false)' and
// 'selector.select(...)'. (BAD)
// 2) Selector is waken up between 'selector.select(...)' and
// 'if (wakenUp.get()) { ... }'. (OK)
//
// In the first case, 'wakenUp' is set to true and the
// following 'selector.select(...)' will wake up immediately.
// Until 'wakenUp' is set to false again in the next round,
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' will fail, and therefore
// any attempt to wake up the Selector will fail, too, causing
// the following 'selector.select(...)' call to block
// unnecessarily.
//
// To fix this problem, we wake up the selector again if wakenUp
// is true immediately after selector.select(...).
// It is inefficient in that it wakes up the selector for both
// the first case (BAD - wake-up required) and the second case
// (OK - no wake-up required).
if (wakenUp.get()) {
selector.wakeup();
}
}
cancelledKeys = 0;
final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
needsToSelectAgain = false;
if (selectedKeys != null) {
processSelectedKeysOptimized(selectedKeys.flip());
} else {
processSelectedKeysPlain(selector.selectedKeys());
}
final long ioTime = System.nanoTime() - ioStartTime;
final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
runAllTasks(ioTime * (100 - ioRatio) / ioRatio);
if (isShuttingDown()) {
closeAll();
if (confirmShutdown()) {
break;
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Unexpected exception in the selector loop.", t);
// Prevent possible consecutive immediate failures that lead to
// excessive CPU consumption.
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Ignore.
}
}
}
}
private void processSelectedKeysOptimized(SelectionKey[] selectedKeys) {
for (int i = 0;; i ++) {
final SelectionKey k = selectedKeys[i];
if (k == null) {
break;
}
final Object a = k.attachment();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
processSelectedKey(k, (AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask task = (NioTask) a;
processSelectedKey(k, task);
}
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
selectAgain();
// Need to flip the optimized selectedKeys to get the right reference to the array
// and reset the index to -1 which will then set to 0 on the for loop
// to start over again.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/1523
selectedKeys = this.selectedKeys.flip();
i = -1;
}
}
}
进一步看processSelectedKey
private static void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
final NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
if (!k.isValid()) {
// close the channel if the key is not valid anymore
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
return;
}
try {
int readyOps = k.readyOps();
// Also check for readOps of 0 to workaround possible JDK bug which may otherwise lead
// to a spin loop
if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
unsafe.read();
if (!ch.isOpen()) {
// Connection already closed - no need to handle write.
return;
}
}
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
// Call forceFlush which will also take care of clear the OP_WRITE once there is nothing left to write
ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
}
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
}
}
public void read() {
assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
if (!config().isAutoRead()) {
removeReadOp();
}
final ChannelConfig config = config();
final int maxMessagesPerRead = config.getMaxMessagesPerRead();
final boolean autoRead = config.isAutoRead();
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
boolean closed = false;
Throwable exception = null;
try {
for (;;) {
int localRead = doReadMessages(readBuf);
if (localRead == 0) {
break;
}
if (localRead < 0) {
closed = true;
break;
}
if (readBuf.size() >= maxMessagesPerRead | !autoRead) {
break;
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
exception = t;
}
int size = readBuf.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
pipeline.fireChannelRead(readBuf.get(i));
}
readBuf.clear();
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
if (exception != null) {
if (exception instanceof IOException) {
// ServerChannel should not be closed even on IOException because it can often continue
// accepting incoming connections. (e.g. too many open files)
closed = !(AbstractNioMessageChannel.this instanceof ServerChannel);
}
pipeline.fireExceptionCaught(exception);
}
if (closed) {
if (isOpen()) {
close(voidPromise());
}
}
}
public ChannelFuture bind(SocketAddress localAddress) {
validate();//判断参数合法性
if (localAddress == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("localAddress");
}
return doBind(localAddress);
}
看doBind
private ChannelFuture doBind(final SocketAddress localAddress) {
final ChannelFuture regFuture = initAndRegister();
final Channel channel = regFuture.channel();
if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
return regFuture;
}
final ChannelPromise promise;
if (regFuture.isDone()) {
promise = channel.newPromise();
doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
} else {
// Registration future is almost always fulfilled already, but just in case it's not.
promise = new DefaultChannelPromise(channel, GlobalEventExecutor.INSTANCE);
regFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
}
});
}
return promise;
}
初始化了一个Channel,并将其绑定到boss线程。我们进一步看下initAndRegister
final ChannelFuture initAndRegister() {
Channel channel;
try {
channel = createChannel();
} catch (Throwable t) {
return VoidChannel.INSTANCE.newFailedFuture(t);
}
try {
init(channel);
} catch (Throwable t) {
channel.unsafe().closeForcibly();
return channel.newFailedFuture(t);
}
ChannelPromise regFuture = channel.newPromise();
channel.unsafe().register(regFuture);
if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
if (channel.isRegistered()) {
channel.close();
} else {
channel.unsafe().closeForcibly();
}
}
// If we are here and the promise is not failed, it's one of the following cases:
// 1) If we attempted registration from the event loop, the registration has been completed at this point.
// i.e. It's safe to attempt bind() or connect() now beause the channel has been registered.
// 2) If we attempted registration from the other thread, the registration request has been successfully
// added to the event loop's task queue for later execution.
// i.e. It's safe to attempt bind() or connect() now:
// because bind() or connect() will be executed *after* the scheduled registration task is executed
// because register(), bind(), and connect() are all bound to the same thread.
return regFuture;
}
public final void register(final ChannelPromise promise) {
if (eventLoop.inEventLoop()) {
register0(promise);
} else {
try {
eventLoop.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
register0(promise);
}
});
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn(
"Force-closing a channel whose registration task was not accepted by an event loop: {}",
AbstractChannel.this, t);
closeForcibly();
closeFuture.setClosed();
promise.setFailure(t);
}
}
}
private void register0(ChannelPromise promise) {
try {
// check if the channel is still open as it could be closed in the mean time when the register
// call was outside of the eventLoop
if (!ensureOpen(promise)) {
return;
}
doRegister();
registered = true;
promise.setSuccess();
pipeline.fireChannelRegistered();
if (isActive()) {
pipeline.fireChannelActive();
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
// Close the channel directly to avoid FD leak.
closeForcibly();
closeFuture.setClosed();
if (!promise.tryFailure(t)) {
logger.warn(
"Tried to fail the registration promise, but it is complete already. " +
"Swallowing the cause of the registration failure:", t);
}
}
}
例如,你想myuser使用mypassword从任何主机连接到mysql服务器的话。
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'myuser'@'%'IDENTIFIED BY 'mypassword' WI
TH GRANT OPTION;
如果你想允许用户myuser从ip为192.168.1.6的主机连接到mysql服务器,并使用mypassword作
在 Service Pack 4 (SP 4), 是运行 Microsoft Windows Server 2003、 Microsoft Windows Storage Server 2003 或 Microsoft Windows 2000 服务器上您尝试安装 Microsoft SQL Server 2000 通过卷许可协议 (VLA) 媒体。 这样做, 收到以下错误信息CD KEY的 SQ
OS 7 has a new method that allows you to draw a view hierarchy into the current graphics context. This can be used to get an UIImage very fast.
I implemented a category method on UIView to get the vi
方法一:
在my.ini的[mysqld]字段加入:
skip-grant-tables
重启mysql服务,这时的mysql不需要密码即可登录数据库
然后进入mysql
mysql>use mysql;
mysql>更新 user set password=password('新密码') WHERE User='root';
mysq
背景
2014年11月12日,ASP.NET之父、微软云计算与企业级产品工程部执行副总裁Scott Guthrie,在Connect全球开发者在线会议上宣布,微软将开源全部.NET核心运行时,并将.NET 扩展为可在 Linux 和 Mac OS 平台上运行。.NET核心运行时将基于MIT开源许可协议发布,其中将包括执行.NET代码所需的一切项目——CLR、JIT编译器、垃圾收集器(GC)和核心