符号解析:英文论文写作四种横线2021-06-20

连接符(hyphen,- )
短划线(en-dash,– )
长划线(em-dash,— )
减号(minus sign,- )
不间断连字符(Uninterrupted hyphen, -)

输入方式:

连接符 :减号键(Num-)
短划线 :Ctrl+减号键(Num-)
长划线 :Alt+Ctrl+减号键(Num-)
不间断连字符 : Shift+Ctrl+减号键(Num-)


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1.连接符:这是几种横线中最常用的一种。

Hyphen的输入很简单,在英文输入法状态下,按下数字键盘右上角的“减号”键即可。需要注意的是,Hyphen的前后均不需要加空格。

1)用来连接复合单词的几个部分,

例如

non-governmental organization(NGO,非政府组织)
pre-emptive right(优先认购权)

2)把两到三个词连起来作为形容词来修饰后面的名词,这种情况下连接符是必需的。

Eight-week-old mice were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. 

3)用于排版时连接因断行而被打断的单词,例如:

Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of themost dangerous coun-
tries for sexual violence.

4)用于分隔数字或字母,例如电话号码:或名字的拼写:

1-800-621-2376
My name is Phyllis; that's p-h-y-l-l-i-s.

>不间断连字符

不间断连字符的一个例子: 比如公司名称A-Z,很明显您不希望A-出现在一行的结尾,而Z单独出现在下一行。

2.短划线:用在表示范围的两个数字之间。

En-dash在中文中尚未找到比较统一的说法,可称为“连接号”或“短划线”。它的长度稍长于连字符,又稍短于破折号em-dash。
En-dash通常用来表示范围、联系、比例等。
输入en-dash,以Microsoft Word为例,按ctrl加数字­键盘右上角的“减号”键。不过需要注意,en-dash前后也是不需要加空格的,因此需要在随后将前后的空格删除。

1)相当于 to。主要用于连接数字或单词,表示「到并包括」(up to and including)。不过应注意,在 from...to... 和 between...and... 的结构中,不要用 en dash 去替代中间的 to 和 and。

例如

Her college years, 1998–2002, were thehappiest in her life.
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.

2)后面什么也不接。比如用于表示年代,若事件仍在进行中,en dash 后面不要加空格。

例句

Professor Plato's survey (1999–) will cover the subject in
 the final volume.Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)

3)代替 hyphen 的用途。在复合型形容词中,如果其中一个构成元素是开放型复合词,或者如果其中两个或多个构成元素是开放型复合词或带 hyphen 的复合词,那么应使用 en dash。

例句:

the post–World War II years
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body 
(or, better, a judicial body that isquasi-public and quasi-judicial)

在上述前三例中,post 和 World War II,hospital 和 nursing home,以及 nursing home 和 home 都是所属新的复合词中的元素,这些元素本身已经是开放型复合词,为了避免混淆和层次清晰,应使用 en dash 来连接。第四例中,quasi-public 和 quasi-judicial 是两个独立的均带 hyphen 的复合词,它们需要进一步连接起来,所以中间用了 en dash。
用来对照的反例如下:

non-English-speaking peoples
a wheelchair-user-designed environment
 (or, better, an environment designed forwheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations

上述前两例都是单个词的复合,尽管由三个以上元素构成,一律都用 hyphen。第三例中,复合词的缩写(U.S.)视为一个词,所以也用 hyphen。

3.长划线:这是一个不太常用的标点,表示后面要做进一步的说明。

多数情况下是可以用冒号(一个长划线的时候)或逗号(一部分内容前后各有一个长划线的时候)代替的。
在Microsoft Word中,在键盘上按下“ctrl+alt+数字键盘上的减号键”可直接生成。
关于em-dash前后是否需要加空格并没有统一的规范,在大部分文体中,更常见的是直接使用em-dash作为破折号,并且不在前后添加空格。
然而,在大部分新闻媒体中,会在em-dash前后添加空格。两种方法都可为母语者所接受。另外,也可用en-dash前后加上空格来表示英文破折号,具体需要根据文本所遵循的风格指南来决定。

1) 它的用法最复杂、最灵活。为了避免混淆,一个句子不应包含超过两个 em dash,如果实在需要,应使用圆括弧。

2)用于详述或解释。基本相当于一组逗号、圆括弧,或冒号的用途。

例句:

It was a revival of the most potentimage in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious inher work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.

3)用于分隔引导从句的代词。

例句:

Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisphe doggedly pursued.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles heencountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraisingcampaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women mostresponsible for the movement's early success.

4)表示思考或对话中句子结构的突然中断,有时也可用省略号代替。

例句:

"Will he—can he—obtain thenecessary signatures?" asked Mill.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought Imight—"
"Might what?" she demanded.

但如果中断来自于所引用材料的外部,em dash 应当出现在引号的外面。例如:

"Someday he's going to hit one ofthose long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won't be there tosee it."

5)替代逗号,或与逗号一起使用。如果在需要使用 em dash 时,需要用逗号来分隔从句和独立分句时,逗号可以省略。

例句:

Because the data had not been fullyanalyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of thereport was delayed.

但如果 em dash 出现在引用材料的末尾表示中断,应当在说话人的身份之前用逗号。例句:

"I assure you, we shallnever—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.

6)和其他标点连用。一般来说,em dash 可以跟在问号、感叹号的后面,但不能跟在逗号、冒号、分号的后面,也几乎不能跟在句号的后面。

例句:

All at once Richardson—can he have beenout of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador's face.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.

7)用于代替引号。有些法语作家常用 em dash 代替引号表示对话,每段话另起一段。

例句:

—Will he obtain the necessarysignatures?
—Of course he will!

8)用于索引。

例句:

—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258

4.减号:表示减法或者负数。

1)在数学公式中表示减法时前后各需一个空格。

Tumor growth inhibition rate was calculated as 
(1 - tumor volume of treated group/tumor volume of control group) 100%.

2)表示负数时与后面的数字之间没有空格。

The samples were stored at -20℃ till use. 

本文用于记录和学习
参考链接
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/100804186
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-437026-733739.html
http://www.lxws.net/new.php?id=985

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