nginx配置文件，配置虚拟主机

HTTP协议

HTTP是客户端与服务端之间请求和应答的标准; 全名叫做: 超文本传输协议; HTTP协议在客户端与服务端传输数据的过程中规定下层必须是可靠链接, 即TCP链接建立过程;

http request

HTTP消息体, 响应头, 请求头

• HTTP协议定义Web客户端如何从Web服务器请求Web页面, 以及服务器如何把Web页面传送给客户端. HTTP协议采用了请求/响应模型. 客户端向服务器发送一个请求报文, 请求报文包含请求的方法、URL、协议版本、请求头部和请求数据. 服务器以一个状态行作为响应, 响应的内容包括协议的版本、成功或者错误代码、服务器信息、响应头部和响应数据

http ask

• 请求头部构成

request function

request function example

• URL及URI

  URL叫做统一资源定位符; 就是我们俗称的网址

  URI叫做统一资源标识符; 用来标定各个资源的抽象

• 响应头部构成

  ask headers structure
  ask headers example

• 所有HTTP响应的第一行都是状态行, 依次是当前HTTP版本号, 3位数字组成的状态代码, 以及描述状态的短语,彼此由空格分隔; 命令行中常用curl -I DaemonName来获取服务器的状态; 例如"200 OK", "404 Not Found", 但是WEB开发者仍然能够自行决定采用何种短语, 用以显示本地化的状态描述或者自定义信息;

  status code

Nginx架构:

• 请求的处理流程

  
  
  image.png

• 编译安装

[root@nignxwebsite ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
--2019-12-01 11:58:48--  http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
正在解析主机 nginx.org (nginx.org)... 95.211.80.227, 62.210.92.35, 2001:1af8:4060:a004:21::e3
正在连接 nginx.org (nginx.org)|95.211.80.227|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：1032630 (1008K) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz”

100%[==============================================================================>] 1,032,630    188KB/s 用时 6.1s

2019-12-01 11:58:55 (164 KB/s) - 已保存 “nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz” [1032630/1032630])

[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# groupadd -g 996 nginx
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# useradd -u 996 -g 998 -s /sbin/nologin -M nginx
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx

报错处理:
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre= option.
解决方案:
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# yum -y install pcre-devel

错误处理:
./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib= option.
解决方案:
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# yum -y install zlib-devel

[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# make && make install
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginxctl
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl (启动)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -s stop (停止)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -s reload (优雅的停止后启动)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -t (检查配置文件的语法)

启动后观察到如下页面即代表成功:

image.png

• 配置文件结构

  #user  nobody;
  worker_processes  1;
  
  #error_log  logs/error.log;
  #error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
  #error_log  logs/error.log  info;
  
  #pid        logs/nginx.pid;
  
  
  events {
      worker_connections  1024;
  }
  
  
  http {
      include       mime.types;
      default_type  application/octet-stream;
  
      #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
      #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
      #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
  
      #access_log  logs/access.log  main;
  
      sendfile        on;
      #tcp_nopush     on;
  
      #keepalive_timeout  0;
      keepalive_timeout  65;
  
      #gzip  on;
  
      server {
          listen       80;
          server_name  localhost;
  
          #charset koi8-r;
  
          #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
  
          location / {
              root   html;
              index  index.html index.htm;
          }
  
          #error_page  404              /404.html;
  
          # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
          #
          error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
          location = /50x.html {
              root   html;
          }
  
          # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
          #
          #location ~ \.php$ {
          #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
          #}
  
          # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
          #
          #location ~ \.php$ {
          #    root           html;
          #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
          #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
          #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
          #    include        fastcgi_params;
          #}
  
          # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
          # concurs with nginx's one
          #
          #location ~ /\.ht {
          #    deny  all;
          #}
      }
  
      # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
      #
      #server {
      #    listen       8000;
      #    listen       somename:8080;
      #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;
  
      #    location / {
      #        root   html;
      #        index  index.html index.htm;
      #    }
      #}
  
  
      # HTTPS server
      #
      #server {
      #    listen       443 ssl;
      #    server_name  localhost;
  
      #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
      #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;
  
      #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
      #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;
  
      #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
      #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;
  
      #    location / {
      #        root   html;
      #        index  index.html index.htm;
      #    }
      #}
  }
  

• 基础配置指令

  • user: 指定运行nginx worker进程的用户身份;
  • worker_process: 指定CPU亲和性, 通常与本机的CPU逻辑核心数相同, 以便更好地利用CPU;
  • error_log: 指定错误日志的存储位置;
  • pid: 指定nginx运行时pid的存储位置;
  • events: 指定事件处理模型, 即上方叙述的状态机, 每个状态机决定处理的事件流
    • use: 指定使用的事件模型, 一般指定epoll异步非阻塞事件模型;
    • worker_connections: 描述worker进程处理的最大连接数, 通常和系统的最大文件打开数相同;
  • http: 指定虚拟主机server块, 日志格式, 缓存, 压缩方式, 长连接, 文件类型及类型映射表等
    • include: 设置包含文件及文件类型;
    • default_type: 默认文件类型;
    • log_format: 指定日志格式;
    • access_log: 指定日志存储位置及开启状态;
    • send_file: 文件传输状态;
    • keepalive_timeout: 长连接保持时间;
    • tcp_nopush: tcp连接返回确认接收信息;
    • gzip: 文件传输时压缩与否;
    • server: 设置响应用户的文件位置及响应用户请求的方式
      • listen: 设置监听端口;
      • server_name: 设置域名;
      • charset: 设置字符集;
      • location: 指定页面路由位置, 及指定用户访问首页时加载的文件, 可配置变量,正则等;
      • error_page: 指定错误页面加载位置;

• nginx虚拟主机

  #### -.- file: /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -.- ####
  user  nobody;
  worker_processes  1;
  error_log  logs/error.log;
  pid        logs/nginx.pid;
  
  events {
      use epoll;
      worker_connections  1024;
  }
  
  http {
      include       mime.types;
      default_type  application/octet-stream;
      log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
      access_log  logs/access.log  main;
      sendfile        on;
      tcp_nopush     on;
      keepalive_timeout  65;
      include /usr/local/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
  }
  

  #### -.- file: /usr/local/nginx/conf.d/vhost_daemon.conf -.- ####
  server {
     listen       80;
     server_name  www.daemons.com;
     charset koi8-r;
     access_log  logs/daemons.access.log  main;
  
     location / {
         root   html;
         index  index.html index.htm;
     }
  
     error_page   404              /404.html;
     error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
     location = /50x.html {
         root   html;
     }
  
     location ~ \.php$ {
         proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
     }
  
     location ~ \.php$ {
         root           html;
         fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
         fastcgi_index  index.php;
         fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
         include        fastcgi_params;
     }
  }
  

  • 单台主机实现多个nginx网站配置

   就是在虚拟主机配置目录中写多个不同域名的虚拟主机配置文件;