MySQL执行计划
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/explain-output.html
id
简单的 join 都是1且从上到下顺序执行
id列越大执行优先级越高,id相同则从上往下执行,id为null最后执行
Select_type
simple
简单的查询,不使用union或者子查询的查询
priamry
- 用union 或使用子查询的query
- 复杂查询的最外层的select
union
使用union结合的select,除了第一个之外的 select_type 都使用 union
union result 是 union 去重后的临时表
union all 不出现 union result 是因为不去重【5.6 还是会产生的】
subquery
使用在 select 与 from 之间的子查询,且与from后面的表没有关联
不建议使用
,这个也就是一个常数,不如从别地方直接拿过来
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a.id,(select id from t_group where id = 1) from t_in a;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | a | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 11 | Using index |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | t_group | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Dependent subquery
必须依附与外面的值(子查询必须和外部的表有关联),如scala query 或 exists
yqtest@yq [optimization]> desc select a.id,(select id from t_group where id = a.id and id =1) from t_in a;
+----+--------------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | a | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 11 | Using index |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_group | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |
+----+--------------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
exists 在 8.0.16版本后有差异,从 show warnings 可发现,8.0.16+ 将exists改写成了 join
-- 5.6/5.7
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a.* from t_in a where exists (select 1 from t_group where id = a.id and id =1);
+----+--------------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | a | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_group | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+--------------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
-- 8.0.16+ 被转换成了 SIMPLE
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a.* from t_in a where exists (select 1 from t_group where id = a.id and id =1);
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
derived
这里有个特性,一般5.6升级为 5.7后容易出性能问题就是这个参数导致的
derived_merge=on : 视图合并功能(在子查询中含有 limit、group by、distinct、聚合函数[min/max等]、自定义变量[@xx:=xx] 时是无法进行视图合并的)
- 是From 后面的子查询
- derived 是生成在内存或临时表空间中的,也就是说会生成一张临时表,虽然在执行计划中没有体现,但能根据 flush status;show status like '%tmp%';观测到的
- 因此当 derived 作为驱动表时,一定要是以减少数据量为目的的
- 当为被驱动表时候,会产生
,这个类似于一个临时索引,5.7开始使用 derived_merge=on 后,sql给改写了,没用到临时索引了,所以可能有些语句会有性能问题
-- 5.6
yqtest@yq [optimization]> desc select * from (select * from t_group where id <3) a;
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | t_group | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 5.6+
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from (select * from t_group where id <3) a;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
-- 5.6+
root@yq [optimization]> set optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from (select * from t_group where id <3) a;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | t_group | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
MATERIALIZED
当表出现在非相关子查询中,并且需要进行物化时会出现MATERIALIZED关键词,8.0.16前,只有使用了 in 才会出现
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_in where a in (select a from t_in2 where a > 2*3);
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100.00 | Using where |
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_in | NULL | ref | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | .a | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | MATERIALIZED | t_in2 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 33.33 | Using where |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY表示子查询不可被物化 需要逐次运行
UNCACHEABLE UNION
同上 子查询中出现union 并且不可被缓存 在union 后的select 语句出现此关键词
table
- 访问的表名或者别名
- 当from中有子查询时,table列显示的是
格式,表示当前查询依赖 id=N的查询,那么会先执行 id = N的查询 - 当有union时,table列显示的是
,N,M表示参与union的select
null
不使用实体表
root@yq [optimization]> desc select 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
表名或者是别名
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group;
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 25 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group a;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 25 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
与
表示临时表,<>里到数字是id列,如下
使用临时表了,max_heap_table_size=tmp_table_size 参数可以适当调大,太小会写到磁盘影响性能
yqtest@yq [optimization]> desc select * from (select * from t_group where id <3) a;
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | t_group | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id = 1 union all select * from t_group where id = 2;
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | t_group | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL |
| 2 | UNION | t_group | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
type
执行效率以下是由效率高到低排列
system
比较特殊,当表只有一行时候会显示为system
const
使用 primary或union key 获取一条数据,特点是show warnings 可以看到是一个常量
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id = 1;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> show warnings;
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'1' AS `a`,'d' AS `b` from `optimization`.`t_group` where 1 |
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
eq_ref
join 时候出现,被关联表字段需要是 PK 或 UK
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_in a inner join t_group b on a.id = b.id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | optimization.a.id | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ref
索引非唯一性扫描
-- a 表存在索引 idx_a ,b表存在索引 idx_a
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_in a left join t_group b on a.a = b.a;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | index | NULL | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | NULL | ref | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | optimization.a.a | 2 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
fulltext
使用全文索引时出现
ref_or_null
当谓词出现索引列等于某值或为空时出现
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where a is null or a = '1';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ref_or_null | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | const | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
index_merge
当分别用到多个索引的首列,并且连接为或时
-- 表存在索引 idx_a(a),idx_b(b)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_index_merge where a = '1' or b = '2';
+----+-------------+---------------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_index_merge | NULL | index_merge | idx_a,idx_b | idx_a,idx_b | 13,13 | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | Using union(idx_a,idx_b); Using where |
+----+-------------+---------------+------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
range
范围查询, < , > , between , like , in 等
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id in (1,2,3);
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id between 1 and 3;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id >= 8;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 19 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
index
索引全扫描,比起全表扫描且有排序的情况下快,但大部分情况下还是需要进行优化的对象
只查询索引列,避免回表
Group by 后面的列在索引中且查询列也在索引中也可能会用到
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a from t_group;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | index | NULL | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 26 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
all
全表扫描,效率最差
导致全表扫描的可能是如下原因:
- 没有索引
- 对索引列进行了加工
- 对索引列进行了隐式转换
- 对日期类型进行了扫描量超出 20%
- 单列索引时,扫描量超出 30%
- like 'xx%' ,百分号在后能使用索引进针对字符串类型的,数字类型的不管是在前还是在后都不能用上索引
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where b = 'a';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 26 | 10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
-- 数字类型的就算%在后面也用不上索引
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where id like '1%';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 26 | 11.11 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
possible_keys
可能使用的索引,看看就好
key
实际使用到的索引
key_len
查询中使用的索引的长度(最大可能长度)
1.字符串类型key_length计算规则
各个字符集长度 utf8mb4=4,utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1
key_len=(表字符集长度) * 列长度 + 1(null) + 2(变长列)
char(n):n字节长度
varchar(n):2字节存储字符串长度,如果是utf-8,则长度 3n + 2
注意:该索引列可以存储
NULL
值,则key_len
比不可以存储NULL
值时多1个字节。比如:varchar(50),字符集为utf8 则实际占用的
key_len
长度是 3 * 50 + 2 = 152,如果该列允许存储NULL
,则key_len
长度是153。2.数值类型key_length计算规则
tinyint:1字节 smallint:2字节 int:4字节 bigint:8字节
3.时间类型
date:3字节 timestamp:4字节 datetime:8字节
ref
关联字段信息或常量
rows
预估扫描行数,不是很准确,但这也是一个比较关键的优化观察点,都是希望扫描的行数越少越好
filtered
过滤,先取出数据后对数据进行了二次过滤,过滤行数大概可以使用 rows * filtered 来计算出来(不是很准确)
值太低的话说明过滤的数据很多,可观察索引是否正确
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_date where t_datetime like '2021-01-01%';
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_date | NULL | ALL | idx_t_datetime | NULL | NULL | NULL | 9 | 11.11 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> select count(*) from t_date where t_datetime like '2021-01-01%';
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 1 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> select 9 * 0.1111;
+------------+
| 9 * 0.1111 |
+------------+
| 0.9999 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Extra
Distinct
找不同的值,找到第一个后停止搜索更多的行
1.必须有 distinct 关键字
2.select 列上只能含有驱动表的字段
root@yq [optimization]> desc select distinct a.a from t_in a inner join t_in2 b on a.id = b.id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | index | PRIMARY,idx_a | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using index; Using temporary |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | optimization.a.id | 1 | 100.00 | Using index; Distinct |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select distinct b.a from t_in a inner join t_in2 b on a.id = b.id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using index; Using temporary |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | optimization.a.id | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
No tables used
查询没有
FROM
子句,或者有FROM DUAL
子句。
Select tables optimized away
只有在 min、max、count 统计时可能出现,
root@yq [optimization]> desc select min(id) from t_date;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Select tables optimized away |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using filesort
无法使用索引完成排序, order by 、group by(8.0前,group by 是带排序的,8.0后不带排序了,相当于 order by null)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_in2 order by a;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_in2 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
-- 5.7 group by
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a from t_in2 group by a;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_in2 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
-- 8.0 group by
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a from t_in2 group by a;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_in2 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using temporary
MySQL需要创建一个临时表来保存结果。
如果查询包含
GROUP BY
、ORDER BY
、distinct
,通常会发生这种情况。子查询也会使用(derived)
8.0 和全局参数
temptable_max_ram
有关,默认优先使用这个参数的设置,默认大小1G
-- b 列不存在索引
root@yq [optimization]> desc select b from t_group group by b;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 25 | 100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select b from t_group group by b order by null;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 25 | 100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using index
可称为覆盖索引
只使用索引,不回表,也就是索引全扫描
root@yq [optimization]> desc select id,a from t_group;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | index | NULL | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 25 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using index condition
可称为索引下推优化
使用索引过滤数据,减少回表次数【ICP特性】
只有二级索引会出现
-- a列存在单列索引
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where a > '8';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using index for group-by
与Using index类似,索引覆盖扫描,不需要进行额外的磁盘操作,以最有效的方式使用索引,因此对于每个组,仅读取少数索引条目。
-- 存在索引 idx_a(a)
root@yq [optimization]> desc select a from t_group group by a;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | range | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 13 | 100.00 | Using index for group-by |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Using where
先取出数据后再比对,一般和 filtered 和 rows 一起看
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_group where b = '3';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t_group | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 25 | 10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Range checked for each record (index map: N
)
注意:
一般出现这个都需要优化
一般很可能是出现隐式转换了
Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)
一般性能都不会很好
将外层循环的行/结果集存入join buffer, 内层循环的每一行与整个buffer中的记录做比较,从而减少内层循环的次数.
举例来说,外层循环的结果集是100行,使用NLJ 算法需要扫描内部表100次,如果使用BNL算法,先把对Outer Loop表(外部表)每次读取的10行记录放到join buffer,然后在InnerLoop表(内部表)中直接匹配这10行数据,内存循环就可以一次与这10行进行比较, 这样只需要比较10次,对内部表的扫描减少了9/10。所以BNL算法就能够显著减少内层循环表扫描的次数.
root@yq [optimization]> desc select * from t_in a inner join t_in2 b on a.a = b.a+11 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | NULL | index | idx_a | idx_a | 13 | NULL | 11 | 10.00 | Using where; Using index; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 3 warnings (0.00 sec)
影响执行计划的配置-optimizer_switch
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/switchable-optimizations.html
-- 5.6 的
| optimizer_switch | index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on |
| optimizer_trace | enabled=off,one_line=off
-- 5.7 的
| optimizer_switch | index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on,prefer_ordering_index=on |
| optimizer_trace | enabled=off,one_line=off
-- 8.0的
| optimizer_switch | index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on,use_invisible_indexes=off,skip_scan=on,hash_join=on |
| optimizer_trace | enabled=off,one_line=off