第十章 项目沟通管理 Chapter 10 - Project Communications Management
10.0 Processes 3大过程
10.1 Plan Communications Mgmt. (P) - Developing a plan for comms. based on stakeholder needs.
10.1 规划沟通管理 - 根据相关方需求制定一个沟通的计划。
10.2 Manage Communications (E) - Creating and distributing project information.
10.2 管理沟通 - 生成和发布项目信息。
10.3 Monitor Communications (M) - Monitoring communications to ensure stakeholders needs are met.
10.3 监督沟通 - 监督沟通以确保相关方的信息需求得到满足。
Communication Dimensions 沟通的维度
| ~ | ~ |
|---|---|
| Internal 内部 - inside the project | External 外部 - outside groups |
| Formal 正式 - reports and presentations | Informal 非正式 - emails and conversations |
| Vertical 纵向 - with management | Horizontal 横向 - with peers |
| Official 官方 - "on the record" | Unofficial 非官方 = "off the record" |
| Written/Verbal 书面与口头 - the use of words | Nonverbal 非口头 - the use of body language |
Communication Methods 沟通方法
Push Communication - Involves sending ("pushing") messages, such as emails, to those who need it.
推式沟通 - 包括发送（推送）消息，比如电子邮件，给需要的相关方。
Pull Communication - Requires recipients to access it on their own time ("pulling"), when needed.
拉式沟通 - 需要信息接收方自行访问。
Interactive Communication - Bi-diretional communication between people (e.g. video chats).
互动沟通 - 人与人之间的双向沟通（如：视频聊天）。
Communications Management Plan - Key Components 沟通管理计划 主要组成部分
What needs to be communicated, also why and when (e.g. each Friday during the project).
需要沟通什么信息，以及沟通的原因和时间（如：项目期间的每周五）
Who will authorize the distribution, and who will communicate the information.
谁负责授权发布信息，谁来负责沟通信息。
Who will receive the information (e.g. the sponsor, internal stakeholders, the public, etc.).
谁来接收信息（如：发起人、内部相关方、公众等等）。
How will the information be sent (e.g. email, conference call).
信息将怎么样来发送（如：通过电子邮件，会议召集等）。
What resources will be allocated for communication activities.
沟通活动需要分配什么资源，包括时间和预算。
How will be an issue be escalated, if one arises.
问题上报步骤。
Communication Model Steps 沟通模型
Encode - A sender translates (encodes) a message into language.
编码 - 发送者将信息编码成为语言
Transmit - The encoded message is sent (by the sender) using a communication medium.
传递信息 - 编码的信息通过沟通媒介进行发送。
Noise - Various factors may compromise the message (e.g. distance, cultural differences, etc.).
噪音 - 干扰信息传递的任何因素（如：距离、文化差异等）。
Decode - The receiver translates the encoded message into meaningful thoughts.
解码 - 接收者将编码的信息翻译为有意义的想法。
Acknowledge - The receiver may acknowledge that they received the message.
确认已收到 - 当接收者收到信息，将会确认信息。
Feedback/Response - The receiver may encode a response and transmit it to the sender.
反馈/响应 - 接收者将编码一个回复信息并传递给发送者。
Communication Channels Calculation 沟通渠道的计算
Communication Channels = n(n-1)/2
n = stakeholders