MySQL中的索引可以以一定顺序引用多个列，这种索引叫做联合索引，一般的，一个联合索引是一个有序元组，其中各个元素均为数据表的一列。单列索引可以看成联合索引元素数为1的特例。
以employees.titles表为例，下面先查看其上都有哪些索引：
SHOW INDEX FROM employees.titles;
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | emp_no | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | title | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 3 | from_date | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
| titles | 1 | emp_no | 1 | emp_no | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
从结果中可以到titles表的主索引为，还有一个辅助索引。为了避免多个索引使事情变复杂（MySQL的SQL优化器在多索引时行为比较复杂），这里我们将辅助索引drop掉：
ALTER TABLE employees.titles DROP INDEX emp_no;
这样就可以专心分析索引PRIMARY的行为了。
情况一：全列匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
很明显，当按照索引中所有列进行精确匹配（这里精确匹配指“=”或“IN”匹配）时，索引可以被用到。这里有一点需要注意，理论上索引对顺序是敏感的，但是由于MySQL的查询优化器会自动调整where子句的条件顺序以使用适合的索引，例如我们将where中的条件顺序颠倒：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26' AND emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
效果是一样的。
情况二：最左前缀匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
当查询条件精确匹配索引的左边连续一个或几个列时，索引可以被用到，但是只能用到一部分，即条件所组成的最左前缀。上面的查询从分析结果看用到了PRIMARY索引，但是key_len为4，说明只用到了索引的第一列前缀。
情况三：查询条件用到了索引中列的精确匹配，但是中间某个条件未提供
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
此时索引使用情况和情况二相同，因为title未提供，所以查询只用到了索引的第一列，而后面的from_date虽然也在索引中，但是由于title不存在而无法和左前缀连接，因此需要对结果进行扫描过滤from_date（这里由于emp_no唯一，所以不存在扫描）。如果想让from_date也使用索引而不是where过滤，可以增加一个辅助索引，此时上面的查询会使用这个索引。除此之外，还可以使用一种称之为“隔离列”的优化方法，将emp_no与from_date之间的“坑”填上。
首先我们看下title一共有几种不同的值：
SELECT DISTINCT(title) FROM employees.titles;
+--------------------+
| title |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer |
| Staff |
| Engineer |
| Senior Staff |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader |
| Manager |
+--------------------+
只有7种。在这种成为“坑”的列值比较少的情况下，可以考虑用“IN”来填补这个“坑”从而形成最左前缀：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
这次key_len为59，说明索引被用全了，但是从type和rows看出IN实际上执行了一个range查询，这里检查了7个key。看下两种查询的性能比较：
SHOW PROFILES;
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration | Query |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | 0.00058000 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26'|
| 11 | 0.00052500 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title IN ... |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
“填坑”后性能提升了一点。如果经过emp_no筛选后余下很多数据，则后者性能优势会更加明显。当然，如果title的值很多，用填坑就不合适了，必须建立辅助索引。
情况四：查询条件没有指定索引第一列
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
由于不是最左前缀，索引这样的查询显然用不到索引。
情况五：匹配某列的前缀字符串
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title LIKE 'Senior%';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 56 | NULL | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
此时可以用到索引，但是如果通配符不是只出现在末尾，则无法使用索引。（原文表述有误，如果通配符%不出现在开头，则可以用到索引，但根据具体情况不同可能只会用其中一个前缀）
情况六：范围查询
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no < '10010' and title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
范围列可以用到索引（必须是最左前缀），但是范围列后面的列无法用到索引。同时，索引最多用于一个范围列，因此如果查询条件中有两个范围列则无法全用到索引。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no < '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
可以看到索引对第二个范围索引无能为力。这里特别要说明MySQL一个有意思的地方，那就是仅用explain可能无法区分范围索引和多值匹配，因为在type中这两者都显示为range。同时，用了“between”并不意味着就是范围查询，例如下面的查询：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no BETWEEN '10001' AND '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
看起来是用了两个范围查询，但作用于emp_no上的“BETWEEN”实际上相当于“IN”，也就是说emp_no实际是多值精确匹配。可以看到这个查询用到了索引全部三个列。因此在MySQL中要谨慎地区分多值匹配和范围匹配，否则会对MySQL的行为产生困惑。
情况七：查询条件中含有函数或表达式
很不幸，如果查询条件中含有函数或表达式，则MySQL不会为这列使用索引（虽然某些在数学意义上可以使用）。例如：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND left(title, 6)='Senior';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
虽然这个查询和情况五中功能相同，但是由于使用了函数left，则无法为title列应用索引，而情况五中用LIKE则可以。再如：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no - 1='10000';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
显然这个查询等价于查询emp_no为10001的函数，但是由于查询条件是一个表达式，MySQL无法为其使用索引。看来MySQL还没有智能到自动优化常量表达式的程度，因此在写查询语句时尽量避免表达式出现在查询中，而是先手工私下代数运算，转换为无表达式的查询语句。
转载自最左前缀原理与相关优化