基础篇:find、文件名后缀

Linux学习

一、find命令
二、文件后缀名

一、find命令

1、搜索文件的命令：which、whereis、locate、find

a、which只能用来查找在PATH环境变量中的出现可执行的文件。

[root@01 ~]# which vi
/usr/bin/vi
[root@01 ~]# 

b、whereis类似于模糊查找。预先生成的一个文件列表库查找与给出的文件名相关的文件。

[root@01 ~]# whereis -m vi
vi: /usr/share/man/man1/vi.1.gz
[root@01 ~]# whereis -b vi
vi: /usr/bin/vi
[root@01 ~]# whereis -s vi
vi:[root@01 ~]# whereis vi
vi: /usr/bin/vi /usr/share/man/man1/vi.1.gz
[root@01 ~]# 

c、locate命令需要安装，命令为：yum install -y mlocate。安装完成后需要执行updatedb命令才能更新库，如果服务器运行重要的文件情况下，尽量不要使用updatedb命令。locate和whereis都是模糊搜索。

[root@01 ~]# locate
locate: no pattern to search for specified
[root@01 ~]# updatedb
[root@01 ~]# locate 123
/home/admin/123
/root/12345
/root/12345/123.log
/root/66/123.txt
/root/admin/123
/root/admin/123.txt
/usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media/dvb-frontends/cx24123.ko.xz
/usr/lib64/gconv/IBM1123.so
/usr/share/man/man1/perl5123delta.1.gz
/usr/share/perl5/pod/perl5123delta.pod
[root@01 ~]# 

2、find命令，find / -name

[root@01 ~]# find /etc/ -name sshd*
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service
/etc/sysconfig/sshd
/etc/pam.d/sshd
[root@01 ~]# 
[root@01 ~]# find / -name seli*
/sys/kernel/slab/selinux_inode_security
/etc/sysconfig/selinux
/etc/selinux
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/selinuxutil
/usr/sbin/selinux_restorecon
/usr/sbin/selinuxconlist
/usr/sbin/selinuxdefcon
/usr/sbin/selinuxenabled
/usr/sbin/selinuxexeccon
/usr/lib/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/[email protected]
/usr/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]
/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/98selinux/selinux-loadpolicy.sh
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/selinux-policy.conf
/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/selinux
/usr/share/man/man5/selinux_config.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/selinux.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/selinuxconlist.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/selinuxdefcon.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/selinuxenabled.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/selinuxexeccon.8.gz
/usr/share/selinux
/usr/libexec/selinux
/usr/libexec/selinux/selinux-policy-migrate-local-changes.sh

a、find命令，find / -type 查找etc下面"l"类型的软连接文件；

[root@01 ~]# find /etc/ -type l
/etc/rc.d/rc2.d/K50netconsole
/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S10network
/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/K50netconsole
/etc/rc.d/rc4.d/S10network
/etc/rc.d/rc4.d/K50netconsole
/etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S10network
/etc/rc.d/rc5.d/K50netconsole
/etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K90network
/etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K50netconsole

find 目录 -需求（name、type等） 搜索的类型

b、三个time：mtime、ctime、atime。mtime创建时间；atime最近访问时间；ctime最近改动时间。内容更改ctime一定会变；查看文件内容atime会变。

[root@01 ~]# touch 222.txt
[root@01 ~]# stat 222.txt 
  File: ‘222.txt’
  Size: 0           Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d  Inode: 33580935    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-09-18 09:21:46.898053755 -0400          //Atime
Modify: 2018-09-18 09:21:46.898053755 -0400          //Mtime
Change: 2018-09-18 09:21:46.898053755 -0400          //Ctime
 Birth: -
[root@01 ~]# 
[root@01 ~]# echo "123123123123123123123" >> 222.txt 
[root@01 ~]# stat 222.txt 
  File: ‘222.txt’
  Size: 22          Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: 803h/2051d  Inode: 33580935    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-09-18 09:21:46.898053755 -0400
Modify: 2018-09-18 09:27:06.903462462 -0400
Change: 2018-09-18 09:27:06.903462462 -0400
 Birth: -
[root@01 ~]# 

c、find /etc/ -type f -mtime -1 :查找/目录下，一天以内变动的文件

[root@01 ~]# find /etc/ -type f -mtime -1
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
/etc/tuned/active_profile
[root@01 ~]# 

d、find / -inum inode号；查找硬链接文件，-inum（inode number）

[root@01 ~]# find / -inum 33659253
/root/12.log
[root@01 ~]# 

e、find /root/ -type f -mmin -120 -exec ls -l {} ; -exec选项，查找到文件后

[root@01 ~]# find /root/ -type f -mmin -120 -exec ls -l {} \;
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22 Sep 18 09:27 /root/222.txt
[root@01 ~]#

f、find /root/ -type f -size -10k -exec ls -lh {} ; 显示小于10K的文件

[root@01 ~]# find /root/ -type f -size -10k -exec ls -lh {} \;
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 Dec 28  2013 /root/.bash_logout
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 28  2013 /root/.bash_profile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 28  2013 /root/.bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Dec 28  2013 /root/.cshrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 129 Dec 28  2013 /root/.tcshrc
-rw-------. 1 root root 1.3K Sep 11 16:53 /root/anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-------. 1 root root 6.0K Sep 17 09:45 /root/.bash_history
-rw-------. 1 root root 1.7K Sep 11 09:30 /root/.ssh/id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 408 Sep 11 09:30 /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Sep 11 09:31 /root/.ssh/known_hosts
-rw-------. 1 root root 389 Sep 11 09:36 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user1 user1 0 Sep 16 01:40 /root/2/1.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 846 Sep 13 08:45 /root/passwd
-rw-------. 1 root root 921 Sep 16 01:33 /root/.viminfo
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Sep 16 01:50 /root/2.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 16 02:07 /root/11.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 887 Sep 16 02:39 /root/66/123.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 16 02:35 /root/66/345.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 17 08:47 /root/admin/123.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root admin 0 Sep 17 08:54 /root/666/12.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 17 08:55 /root/666/888.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.5K Sep 17 09:34 /root/23.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22 Sep 18 09:27 /root/222.txt

二、文件名后缀

1、区分大小写

[root@01 ~]# LS
-bash: LS: command not found
[root@01 ~]# ls
11.txt  12345  12.log  1.txt  2  222.txt  23.txt  2.txt  3  4  66  666  admin  anaconda-ks.cfg  passwd
[root@01 ~]# 

2、Linux下可以自定义文件的后缀名，但并不能代表文件的类型；相同类型的文件定义相同的后缀名，方便区分。比如配置文件.conf

[root@01 ~]# ls /etc/
adjtime                  crypttab                 GeoIP.conf.default  kernel                    my.cnf             profile.d           selinux             terminfo
aliases                  csh.cshrc                gnupg               krb5.conf                 my.cnf.d           protocols           services            tmpfiles.d
aliases.db               csh.login                GREP_COLORS         krb5.conf.d               NetworkManager         python          sestatus.conf       tuned
alternatives             dbus-1                   groff               ld.so.cache               networks           rc0.d               shadow              udev
anacrontab               default                  group               ld.so.conf                nsswitch.conf      rc1.d               shadow-             updatedb.conf
asound.conf              depmod.d                 group-              ld.so.conf.d              nsswitch.conf.bak  rc2.d               shells              vconsole.conf
audisp                   dhcp                     grub2.cfg           libaudit.conf             openldap           rc3.d           skel                    vimrc
audit                    DIR_COLORS               grub.d              libnl                     opt                rc4.d           ssh                     virc
bash_completion.d        DIR_COLORS.256color      gshadow             libuser.conf              os-release         rc5.d           ssl                 vmware-tools
bashrc                   DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor  gshadow-            locale.conf               pam.d              rc6.d               statetab            wpa_supplicant
binfmt.d                 dracut.conf              gss                 localtime                 passwd             rc.d                statetab.d          X11
centos-release           dracut.conf.d            host.conf           login.defs                passwd-            rc.local            subgid              xdg
centos-release-upstream  e2fsck.conf              hostname            logrotate.conf            pkcs11             redhat-release  subuid              xinetd.d
chkconfig.d              environment              hosts               logrotate.d               pki                resolv.conf         sudo.conf           yum
chrony.conf              ethertypes               hosts.allow         machine-id                plymouth           rpc                 sudoers             yum.conf
chrony.keys              exports                  hosts.deny          magic                     pm                 rpm                 sudoers.d           yum.repos.d
cron.d                   favicon.png              init.d              makedumpfile.conf.sample  polkit-1           rsyslog.conf    sudo-ldap.conf
cron.daily               filesystems              inittab             man_db.conf               popt.d             rsyslog.d               sysconfig
cron.deny                firewalld                inputrc             mke2fs.conf               postfix            rwtab               sysctl.conf
cron.hourly              fstab                    iproute2            modprobe.d                ppp                rwtab.d             sysctl.d
cron.monthly             fuse.conf                issue               modules-load.d            prelink.conf.d     sasl2               systemd
crontab                  gcrypt                   issue.net           motd                      printcap           securetty           system-release
cron.weekly              GeoIP.conf               kdump.conf          mtab                      profile            security            system-release-cpe
[root@01 ~]#