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随着 Django 应用变得复杂,它的 URLconf 也在增长,并且维护这些导入可能使得管理变麻烦。
改进方式一 函数对象:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
**from mysite import views**
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^hello/$', **views.hello** ),
(r'^time/$', **views.current_datetime** ),
(r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **views.hours_ahead** ),
)
改进方式二 字符串:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^hello/$', **'mysite.views.hello'** ),
(r'^time/$', **'mysite.views.current_datetime'** ),
(r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **'mysite.views.hours_ahead'** ),
)
# 注意视图名前后的引号
改进方式三 提取公共前缀:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns(**'mysite.views'** ,
(r'^hello/$', **'hello'** ),
(r'^time/$', **'current_datetime'** ),
(r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **'hours_ahead'** ),
)
使用多个视图前缀:
旧的:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^hello/$', 'mysite.views.hello'),
(r'^time/$', 'mysite.views.current_datetime'),
(r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'mysite.views.hours_ahead'),
(r'^tag/(\w+)/$', 'weblog.views.tag'),
)
新的:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('mysite.views',
(r'^hello/$', 'hello'),
(r'^time/$', 'current_datetime'),
(r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'hours_ahead'),
)
urlpatterns += patterns('weblog.views',
(r'^tag/(\w+)/$', 'tag'),
)
调试模式下的特例:
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^$', views.homepage),
(r'^(\d{4})/([a‐z]{3})/$', views.archive_month),
)
if settings.DEBUG:
urlpatterns += patterns('',
(r'^debuginfo/$', views.debug),
)
使用命名组,url中传递命名的参数:
在 Python 正则表达式中,命名的正则表达式组的语法是 (?P
# 使用无名组的 URLconf 的例子
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),
(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', views.month_archive),
)
# 使用命名组进行了重写
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^articles/(?P\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),
(r'^articles/(?P\d{4})/(?P\d{2})/$', views.month_archive),
)
# 例如,如果不带命名组,请求 /articles/2006/03/ 将会等同于这样的函数调用:
month_archive(request, '2006', '03')
# 而带命名组,同样的请求就会变成这样的函数调用:
month_archive(request, year='2006', month='03')
需要注意的是如果在URLconf中使用命名组,那么命名组和非命名组是不能同时存在于同一个URLconf的模式中的。
具体地,以下是URLconf解释器有关正则表达式中命名组和 非命名组所遵循的算法:
1.如果有任何命名的组,Django会忽略非命名组而直接使用命名组。
2.否则,Django会把所有非命名组以位置参数的形式传递。
3.在以上的两种情况,Django同时会以关键字参数的方式传递一些额外参数。
额外参数
P113
下面是几节额外参数在实际工程中的应用:
一、创建通用视图
原视图:
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^events/$', views.event_list),
(r'^blog/entries/$', views.entry_list),
)
# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from mysite.models import Event, BlogEntry
def event_list(request):
obj_list = Event.objects.all()
return render_to_response('mysite/event_list.html', {'event_list': obj_list})
def entry_list(request):
obj_list = BlogEntry.objects.all()
return render_to_response('mysite/blogentry_list.html', {'entry_list': obj_list})
改进后视图:
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import models, views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^events/$', views.object_list, {'model': models.Event}),
(r'^blog/entries/$', views.object_list, {'model': models.BlogEntry}),
)
# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
def object_list(request, model):
obj_list = model.objects.all()
template_name = 'mysite/%s_list.html' % model.__name__.lower()
return render_to_response(template_name, {'object_list': obj_list})
重点:了解捕捉值和额外参数之间的优先级 额外的选项
当冲突出现的时候,额外URLconf参数优先于捕捉值。 也就是说,如果URLconf捕捉到的一个命名组变量和一个额外URLconf参数包含的变量同名时,额外URLconf参数的值会被使用。
例如,下面这个URLconf:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^mydata/(?P\d+)/$', views.my_view, {'id': 3}),
)
这里,正则表达式和额外字典都包含了一个 id 。硬编码的(额外字典的) id 将优先使用。 就是说任何请求(比如, /mydata/2/ 或者 /mydata/432432/ )都会作 id 设置为 3 对待,不管URL里面能捕捉到什么样的值。
使用缺省视图参数:
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^blog/$', views.page),
(r'^blog/page(?P\d+)/$', views.page),
)
# views.py
def page(request, **num='1'**):
# Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.
# ...
URLconf解析顺序:从顶向下的顺序,碰到合适就停止
从URL中捕获文本:
举个例子,在这行URLConf中:
(r'^articles/(?P\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),
尽管 \d{4} 将只匹配整数的字符串,但是参数 year 是作为字符串传至 views.year_archive() 的,而不是整型。
包装视图函数:
原视图:
def my_view1(request):
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
# ...
return render_to_response('template1.html')
def my_view2(request):
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
# ...
return render_to_response('template2.html')
def my_view3(request):
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
# ...
return render_to_response('template3.html')
改进视图:
# views.py
def requires_login(view):
def new_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
return new_view
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite.views import requires_login, my_view1, my_view2, my_view3
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^view1/$', requires_login(my_view1)),
(r'^view2/$', requires_login(my_view2)),
(r'^view3/$', requires_login(my_view3)),
)
重要:包含其他URLconf:
# URLconf root
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^weblog/', include('mysite.blog.urls')),
(r'^photos/', include('mysite.photos.urls')),
(r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
)
# URLconf mysite.blog.urls
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^(\d\d\d\d)/$', 'mysite.blog.views.year_detail'),
(r'^(\d\d\d\d)/(\d\d)/$', 'mysite.blog.views.month_detail'),
)
捕获的参数如何和include()协同工作:
一个被包含的URLconf接收任何来自parent URLconfs的被捕获的参数,比如:
# root urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^(?P\w+)/blog/', include('foo.urls.blog')),
)
# foo/urls/blog.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^$', 'foo.views.blog_index'),
(r'^archive/$', 'foo.views.blog_archive'),
)
#在这个例子中,被捕获的 username 变量将传递给被包含的 URLconf,
#进而传递给那个URLconf中的 每一个 视图函数。
额外的URLconf如何和include()协同工作
第一个:
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^blog/', include('inner'), {'blogid': 3}),
)
# inner.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive'),
(r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
(r'^rss/$', 'mysite.views.rss'),
)
第二个
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^blog/', include('inner')),
)
# inner.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
(r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive', {'blogid': 3}),
(r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about', {'blogid': 3}),
(r'^rss/$', 'mysite.views.rss', {'blogid': 3}),
)