Pod是kubernetes的最小管理单元,在kubernetes中,按照pod的创建方式可以将其分为两类:
什么是Pod控制器:
Pod控制器是管理pod的中间层,使用Pod控制器之后,只需要告诉Pod控制器,想要多少个什么样的Pod就可以了,它会创建出满足条件的Pod并确保每一个Pod资源处于用户期望的目标状态。如果Pod资源在运行中出现故障,它会基于指定策略重新编排Pod。
在kubernetes中,有很多类型的pod控制器,每种都有自己的适合的场景,常见的有下面这些:
ReplicaSet的主要作用是保证一定数量的pod正常运行,它会持续监听这些Pod的运行状态,一旦Pod发生故障,就会重启或重建。同时它还支持对pod数量的扩缩容和镜像版本的升降级。
apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: ReplicaSet # 类型
metadata: # 元数据
name: # rs名称
namespace: # 所属命名空间
labels: #标签
controller: rs
spec: # 详情描述
replicas: 3 # 副本数量
selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
matchLabels: # Labels匹配规则
app: nginx-pod
matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
- {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.17.1
ports:
- containerPort: 80
在这里面,需要新了解的配置项就是spec下面几个选项:
replicas:指定副本数量,其实就是当前rs创建出来的pod的数量,默认为1
selector:选择器,它的作用是建立pod控制器和pod之间的关联关系,采用的Label Selector机制
在pod模板上定义label,在控制器上定义选择器,就可以表明当前控制器能管理哪些pod了
template:模板,就是当前控制器创建pod所使用的模板,里面其实就是前一章学过的pod的定义
创建pc-replicaset.yaml文件,内容如下:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
name: pc-replicaset
namespace: dev
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.17.1
# 创建rs
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl create -f pc-replicaset.yaml
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset created
# 查看rs# DESIRED:期望副本数量 # CURRENT:当前副本数量 # READY:已经准备好提供服务的副本数量
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs pc-replicaset -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
pc-replicaset 3 3 3 22s nginx nginx:1.17.1 app=nginx-pod
# 查看当前控制器创建出来的pod# 这里发现控制器创建出来的pod的名称是在控制器名称后面拼接了-xxxxx随机码
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt 1/1 Running 0 54s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f 1/1 Running 0 54s
pc-replicaset-snrk2 1/1 Running 0 54s
# 编辑rs的副本数量,修改spec:replicas: 6即可
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl edit rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset edited
# 查看pod
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt 1/1 Running 0 114m
pc-replicaset-cftnp 1/1 Running 0 10s
pc-replicaset-fjlm6 1/1 Running 0 10s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f 1/1 Running 0 114m
pc-replicaset-s2whj 1/1 Running 0 10s
pc-replicaset-snrk2 1/1 Running 0 114m
# 当然也可以直接使用命令实现# 使用scale命令实现扩缩容, 后面--replicas=n直接指定目标数量即可
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl scale rs pc-replicaset --replicas=2 -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset scaled
# 命令运行完毕,立即查看,发现已经有4个开始准备退出了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt 0/1 Terminating 0 118m
pc-replicaset-cftnp 0/1 Terminating 0 4m17s
pc-replicaset-fjlm6 0/1 Terminating 0 4m17s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f 1/1 Running 0 118m
pc-replicaset-s2whj 0/1 Terminating 0 4m17s
pc-replicaset-snrk2 1/1 Running 0 118m
#稍等片刻,就只剩下2个了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-replicaset-fmb8f 1/1 Running 0 119m
pc-replicaset-snrk2 1/1 Running 0 119m
# 编辑rs的容器镜像 - image: nginx:1.17.2
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl edit rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset edited
# 再次查看,发现镜像版本已经变更了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES ...
pc-replicaset 2 2 2 140m nginx nginx:1.17.2 ...
# 同样的道理,也可以使用命令完成这个工作# kubectl set image rs rs名称 容器=镜像版本 -n namespace
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image rs pc-replicaset nginx=nginx:1.17.1 -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset image updated
# 再次查看,发现镜像版本已经变更了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES ...
pc-replicaset 2 2 2 145m nginx nginx:1.17.1 ...
# 使用kubectl delete命令会删除此RS以及它管理的Pod# 在kubernetes删除RS前,会将RS的replicasclear调整为0,等待所有的Pod被删除后,在执行RS对象的删除
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl delete rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev -o wide
No resources found in dev namespace.
# 如果希望仅仅删除RS对象(保留Pod),可以使用kubectl delete命令时添加--cascade=false选项(不推荐)。
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl delete rs pc-replicaset -n dev --cascade=false
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-replicaset-cl82j 1/1 Running 0 75s
pc-replicaset-dslhb 1/1 Running 0 75s
# 也可以使用yaml直接删除(推荐)
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-replicaset.yaml
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted
为了更好的解决服务编排的问题,kubernetes在V1.2版本开始,引入了Deployment控制器。值得一提的是,这种控制器并不直接管理pod,而是通过管理ReplicaSet来管理Pod,即:Deployment管理ReplicaSet,ReplicaSet管理Pod。所以Deployment比ReplicaSet功能更加强大。
Deployment主要功能有下面几个:
apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: Deployment # 类型
metadata: # 元数据
name: # rs名称
namespace: # 所属命名空间
labels: #标签
controller: deploy
spec: # 详情描述
replicas: 3 # 副本数量
revisionHistoryLimit: 3 # 保留历史版本
paused: false # 暂停部署,默认是false
progressDeadlineSeconds: 600 # 部署超时时间(s),默认是600
strategy: # 策略
type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
rollingUpdate: # 滚动更新
maxSurge: 30% # 最大额外可以存在的副本数,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
maxUnavailable: 30% # 最大不可用状态的 Pod 的最大值,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
matchLabels: # Labels匹配规则
app: nginx-pod
matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
- {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.17.1
ports:
- containerPort: 80
创建pc-deployment.yaml,内容如下:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: pc-deployment
namespace: dev
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.17.1
# 创建deployment
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl create -f pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
deployment.apps/pc-deployment created
# 查看deployment# UP-TO-DATE 最新版本的pod的数量# AVAILABLE 当前可用的pod的数量
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get deploy pc-deployment -n dev
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
pc-deployment 3/3 3 3 15s
# 查看rs# 发现rs的名称是在原来deployment的名字后面添加了一个10位数的随机串
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78 3 3 3 23s
# 查看pod
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n 1/1 Running 0 107s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp 1/1 Running 0 107s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8 1/1 Running 0 107s
# 变更副本数量为5个
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl scale deploy pc-deployment --replicas=5 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment scaled
# 查看deployment
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get deploy pc-deployment -n dev
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
pc-deployment 5/5 5 5 2m
# 查看pod
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n 1/1 Running 0 4m19s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-jxmdq 1/1 Running 0 94s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-mktqv 1/1 Running 0 93s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp 1/1 Running 0 4m19s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8 1/1 Running 0 4m19s
# 编辑deployment的副本数量,修改spec:replicas: 4即可
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl edit deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment edited
# 查看pod
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n 1/1 Running 0 5m23s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-jxmdq 1/1 Running 0 2m38s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp 1/1 Running 0 5m23s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8 1/1 Running 0 5m23s
deployment支持两种更新策略:重建更新和滚动更新,可以通过strategy指定策略类型,支持两个属性:
strategy:指定新的Pod替换旧的Pod的策略, 支持两个属性:
type:指定策略类型,支持两种策略
Recreate:在创建出新的Pod之前会先杀掉所有已存在的Pod
RollingUpdate:滚动更新,就是杀死一部分,就启动一部分,在更新过程中,存在两个版本Pod
rollingUpdate:当type为RollingUpdate时生效,用于为RollingUpdate设置参数,支持两个属性:
maxUnavailable:用来指定在升级过程中不可用Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。
maxSurge: 用来指定在升级过程中可以超过期望的Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。
(1)编辑pc-deployment.yaml,在spec节点下添加更新策略
spec:
strategy: # 策略
type: Recreate # 重建更新
(2) 创建deploy进行验证
# 变更镜像
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
# 观察升级过程
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 1/1 Running 0 2s
(1) 编辑pc-deployment.yaml,在spec节点下添加更新策略
spec:
strategy: # 策略
type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 25%
maxUnavailable: 25%
(2) 创建deploy进行验证
# 变更镜像
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.3 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
# 观察升级过程
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 1/1 Running 0 2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 1/1 Running 0 0s
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 1/1 Running 0 2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
# 至此,新版本的pod创建完毕,就版本的pod销毁完毕# 中间过程是滚动进行的,也就是边销毁边创建
镜像更新中rs的变化
# 查看rs,发现原来的rs的依旧存在,只是pod数量变为了0,而后又新产生了一个rs,pod数量为4# 其实这就是deployment能够进行版本回退的奥妙所在,后面会详细解释
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78 0 0 0 7m37s
pc-deployment-6696798b11 0 0 0 5m37s
pc-deployment-c848d76789 4 4 4 72s
deployment支持版本升级过程中的暂停、继续功能以及版本回退等诸多功能,下面具体来看.
kubectl rollout: 版本升级相关功能,支持下面的选项:
# 查看当前升级版本的状态
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment "pc-deployment" successfully rolled out
# 查看升级历史记录
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE1 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true2 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true3 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true# 可以发现有三次版本记录,说明完成过两次升级
# 版本回滚# 这里直接使用--to-revision=1回滚到了1版本, 如果省略这个选项,就是回退到上个版本,就是2版本
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout undo deployment pc-deployment --to-revision=1 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment rolled back
# 查看发现,通过nginx镜像版本可以发现到了第一版
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev -o wide
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment 4/4 4 4 74m nginx nginx:1.17.1
# 查看rs,发现第一个rs中有4个pod运行,后面两个版本的rs中pod为运行# 其实deployment之所以可是实现版本的回滚,就是通过记录下历史rs来实现的,# 一旦想回滚到哪个版本,只需要将当前版本pod数量降为0,然后将回滚版本的pod提升为目标数量就可以了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78 4 4 4 78m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44 0 0 0 37m
pc-deployment-c848d767 0 0 0 71m
Deployment控制器支持控制更新过程中的控制,如“暂停(pause)”或“继续(resume)”更新操作。
比如有一批新的Pod资源创建完成后立即暂停更新过程,此时,仅存在一部分新版本的应用,主体部分还是旧的版本。然后,再筛选一小部分的用户请求路由到新版本的Pod应用,继续观察能否稳定地按期望的方式运行。确定没问题之后再继续完成余下的Pod资源滚动更新,否则立即回滚更新操作。这就是所谓的金丝雀发布。
# 更新deployment的版本,并配置暂停deployment
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.4 -n dev && kubectl rollout pause deployment pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
deployment.apps/pc-deployment paused
#观察更新状态
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev
Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas have been updated...
# 监控更新的过程,可以看到已经新增了一个资源,但是并未按照预期的状态去删除一个旧的资源,就是因为使用了pause暂停命令
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 3 3 3 19m nginx nginx:1.17.1
pc-deployment-675d469f8b 0 0 0 14m nginx nginx:1.17.2
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb 2 2 2 3m16s nginx nginx:1.17.4
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-rj8sq 1/1 Running 0 7m33s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-ttwgg 1/1 Running 0 7m35s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-v4wvc 1/1 Running 0 7m34s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt 1/1 Running 0 3m31s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj 1/1 Running 0 3m31s
# 确保更新的pod没问题了,继续更新
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout resume deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment resumed
# 查看最后的更新情况
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 0 0 0 21m nginx nginx:1.17.1
pc-deployment-675d469f8b 0 0 0 16m nginx nginx:1.17.2
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb 4 4 4 5m11s nginx nginx:1.17.4
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-7bfwh 1/1 Running 0 37s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt 1/1 Running 0 5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj 1/1 Running 0 5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-rf84v 1/1 Running 0 37s
# 删除deployment,其下的rs和pod也将被删除
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "pc-deployment" deleted