英语语法笔记——定语从句（四）

定语

什么是定语?

修饰名词的成分就是定语

只要听到 "…的 + 名词"或者"名词 + of …"就是定语

什么样的结构可以做定语?

形容词修饰名词(做定语)

那只善良的夜莺失去了他的生命。

The naive nightingale lost his life.

名词修饰名词(做定语)

名词修饰名词时, 该名词已经被形容词化了

夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花开放。

The nightingale's singing can make the rose bloom.

The singing of nightingale can make the rose bloom.

介词短语做定语

窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹

The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.

非谓语动词修饰名词(做定语)

唱歌的夜莺最终因爱而死

In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.

单纯的夜莺一定是爱上了那个被女孩欺骗的学生。

The innocent nightingale must have fallen in love with the student deceived by the girl.

从句修饰名词(从句做定语)

The rose which the nightingale exchanged with his life failed to help the student.

定语的位置

当一个单词修饰名词(短语)时, 通常放在单词之前

当多个单词修饰名词(短语)时, 通常放在单词之后

前小后大

这是一个夜莺和玫瑰的故事。

This is a story about a rose and a nightingale.

可数名词不能单独使用

在王子的舞会上，那个懂爱的年轻人被拒绝了。

At the party of prince, the young man understanding love was rejected.

那个被抛弃的男孩看起来很可怜

The dumped boy looks pitiful.

The boy dumped looks pitiful.

当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使是一个单词的时候都放在名词之后

定语从句

什么是定语从句?

找个句子限定主干需要限定的名词(我们叫先行词), 并且用关系词连接起来, 而关系词充当从句成分

所白了就是两个句子, 找个相同的名词, 用关系词代替, 并将关系词提前, 最后连接两个句子

Law is discipline. discipline encourages responsible judgement.

将上面两个句子找出相同的名词连接起来

Law is discipline(先行词) which(关系词, 这里叫关系代词) encourages responsible judgment

注意

定语从句的关系词都做成分

关系词 = 先行词

构成

[名词(短语)] + 引导词 + 分句

名词 <> 先行词, 引导词 <> 关系词

关系词(引导词)

定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类, 一种把引导词分成 5 类

• 当先行词是人的时候引导词有: that who whom whose
• 当先行词是物的时候引导词有: that which whose
• 当先行词是时间的时候引导词有: that which when
• 当先行词是地点的时候有: that which where
• 当先行词是原因的时候: that which why

到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词用法?

I will never forget the day when I met you

这里为什么选 when ? 不选 that?

因为 that 是一个代词, 代词能作为 主语 , 宾语 和 表语

明显上面的从句 I met you 的主语 宾语 表语 都不缺成分, 所以不能用 代词 that

所以只能选择 when , 因为 when 是 副词 且 前面的 the day 表示时间

副词不能做 主语, 谓语, 宾语

I will never forget the day that(which) we spent

正常人看到前面的 the day 第一时间一般都以为这里填写 when 但 when 是个副词, 从句 spent 过去分词做谓语, 表示"花费", 具体用尽了什么不知道, 明显缺少宾语, 只能用 that 或者 which

You had better have some reason why you are late.

You had better have some reason that/which sounds perfect.

到底是什么决定了关系词用哪一个?

我们再拿这两句判断

I will never forget the day that(which) we spent

I will never forget the day when I met you

为什么上面一句, 写 that 却不写 when ?

我们发现从句其实缺少成分, spent(花费) 什么? 缺少 宾语

那么我们就不能选用 when 做关系词(这里叫关系副词)了

所以完整的两句话应该是

I will never forget the day.
We spent the day.

这里的 the day 表示事物, 绝对可以用 which , 没有特殊情况还可以用 that

总结:

1. 根据从句判断是否缺少成分
2. 从主干中找先行词(一般和关系词紧贴在一起, 当然还有特殊情况)
3. 找到对应的 先行词 将其代替成 关系词
4. 将关系词放在从句句首

那么对于下面那句话呢? I will never forget the day when I met you

为什么下面那句话又可以用 when

按照上面总结的方式看看

1. 从句不缺少成分, 所以这里需要用 关系副词 when where why

2. 从主句中找名词, 从主句末尾开始找名词, 找到一个名词代替放入从句看看是否符合

3. the day 是时间, 又只能用 关系副词, 所以只能用 when

注意: 我们需要注意一点, 定语从句的先行词一般是比较宽泛的, 有点像同位语从句被修饰名词的另一种解释一样, 同位语从句有抽象名词, 而定语从句的先行词也差不多类似抽象名词

还有更多的例子

He is the man who loves me. 做主语, who/that

He is the man who/whom I love. 可以做宾语的 who/whom

He is the man whose father is wealthy. 先行词是名词 人, 所以 who whom whose, 然后 从句不缺少成分, 只能是 whose

关系词按照本身的词性分类

• 代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或者宾语的成分): who whom that which
• 副词(在从句中补充当任何主干成分): where when why
• 形容词(在从句中修饰离他最近的名词): whose

我喜欢屋顶是圆的房子

I love the house whose roofs are round.

那个老人在她儿子到达的那天去世了

The old lady died on that day when her son arrived.

我们应该尊重那些坚持梦想的穷孩子

We should respect those children who stick to their dreams.

她从来都喜欢父母有钱的男生.

She love the man whose parents are rich.

Boys whose parents are rich never fail to fascinate her.

母亲出生的那个小城镇这么多年来一直是我向往的地方。

The town where my mother was born has always been an attraction for me over the years.

定语从句的特殊用法

定语从句关系词做从句宾语时可以省略

如何判断是否省略了关系词

我们可以用 谓语 判断, 如果两个动词都能够做谓语, 一般就有一个谓语是从句的

因为一个谓语能够描述一件事情

我们还可以判断如果两个 名词 连续在一起, 也可能是省略了 关系词

The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.

看上面的possibilities we 这种两个名词连续在一起的, 一般情况下被认为省略了that

限制和非限制定语从句

He will call his friend who is working in London.
He will call his mother, who is working in London.

看上面两句话, 区别就在于:

1. 朋友有很多个, 必须限定为某个, 或者某些, 后面的从句做了限定功能
2. 妈只有一个(正常情况), 所以根本不需要后面的从句限定, 后面的从句顶多做了补充功能

决定因素

名词(先行词)范围明确了, 所以不需要限定, 加上了 逗号

• 限制性定语从句和先行词关系紧密, 删除从句意思表示不完整, 非限制反之

• 限制性定语从句前面不能有逗号, 非限制反之

• 限制性定语从句可以用 that , 非限制反之

• 限制性定语从句作为宾语可以省略 which/that , 非限制反之

• 限制性定语从句不能指前面一句话, 非限制反之, 可以翻译成"它…"

• 限制性定语从句翻译成 “…的”, 非限制定语从句表示两个独立的句子

Jane Eyre, whom I have learned a lot from, is a persistent lady.

如果没这个逗号, 这个 whom 还可以用 that

He said he had climbed up the top of the Everest, which I suspect very much.

这里的 which 指的是前面的一整句话 He said he had climbed up the top of the Everest

翻译成两个独立的句子

Edison, whose inventions have been over 2,000，is a famous scientist.

翻译成 “这; 它; 那”

The picture is fairly thought provoking, which intends to convey to us this message.

非限制关系词修饰一个句子

只有两个关系词才能启动一个从句 as 和 which

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it So quickly.

介词和关系代词引导的定语从句

1.两种常见用法

1)关系副词在定语从句中作状语时,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替关系副词

This is the city where I have lived for 20 years.
= This is the city in which I have lived for 20 years. 

原句 This is the city where I have lived for 20 years. 这句话其实省略了一个介词

This is the city where I have lived in for 20 years. 因为 lived 是不及物动词, lived in 必须要一个介词, 特别是换成 which之后

2)定语从句中的谓语为"动词+介词"并且先行词在从句中作宾语时

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

argue about… 是所谓的固定搭配, 而在上面的定语从句中 about 被提前了

从句应该是这样: we might argue about which for a long while

2."介词+关系代词” 中代词的选择

1)修饰人时，只能用whom

He is the student with whom my teacher talked.

记住, 有介词的时候 不能使用 that

上面的 whom 好像也可以用 who (某位考研老师说的), 不过既然做了从句的宾语, 那么最好还是使用 whom

2)修饰物时，只能用which

This is the hotel at which Mr. Jason likes to stay.

3. whose可以用of which/whom替换

Mr. Liu criticized the students whose/of whom homework hasn't been handed in.

We live in a house whose/of which windows open to the south. 

这不是屁话么? whose 本来就翻译 谁的, of whom

4. the same… as和the same… that引导的定语从句

Mr. Darcy is the same man as I love.
Mr. Darcy is the same man that I love.

as 像, that 是

the same… as :所引导的从句内容与先行词同类而不同物,翻译成"像…一样的”

the same… that :所引导的从句内容与先行词同类且同物,翻译成“正是…"

as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

1)as引导的从句可位于前、中、后，翻译成“正如”; which只能放在所修饰的句子的后面

as 和 which 的用法都是一样的, 而 which 只能放在句末, as 能够放在任何位置

As is known to us all, man struggles upwards and water flows downwards.

这里的 as 就是后面的 man struggles upwards and water flows downwards.这句话

man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, as is known to us all.

man, as is known to us all struggles upwards and water flows downwards.

这些变化都是可以的

Man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, which is known to us all.

2)紧跟as后的往往是be动词;而which后可以跟任一类型的动词

• As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.
• He changed his mind, which made me very angry.

## 引导词which和that的区别

自己做笔记

## 引导词who和that的区别

自己做笔记

区分定语从句和同位语从句

1. 定语从句是修饰which, 同位语从句是解释what
2. 同位语从句跟在抽象名词之后, 定语从句后面可以跟着抽象和不抽象
3. 定语从句的关系词做成分, 同位语从句的引导词不做成分
4. 定语从句有9个先行词, 同位语从句一般只有 that , 偶尔有别的(当你在解释一个名词的时候一般都是陈述句, 所以绝大多数都是 that), 偶尔会见到 whether

定语从句的至难点 ==> 找先行词

The words used by the speacker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interface with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.

1. 先行词和关系词 相连

   When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him, he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.

2. 定语从句的先行词是他前面的几个名词

   For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

3. 定语从句先行词是前面一个从句(而且是非限制性定语从句才有)

   The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe C long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

4. 定语从句先行词可能是前面一整个句子

   My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.

5. 先行词被一坨东西隔开了

   As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-
   standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive – there exists no
   language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

英汉差异的对比

1. 汉语意合, 英语形合
   1. 句子结构, 汉语基本没有, 英语必须要有
   2. 逻辑关系词
2. 汉语多主动, 英语多被动
3. 汉语多短句, 英语多长句
   1. 独立主格/非谓语动词
   2. 并列句(连词)
   3. 主从复合句

长难句分析

能够找到定语从句, 然后把他们翻译出来

如何找定语?

找定语的关键就是找名词, 只要名词后有一坨东西. 只要他们不是动词, 就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分

很多人会说那宾补呢? 其实 宾补 不也修饰这个名词的成分么? 只不过不是定语

但名词后面还可以是:

1. 定语
2. 同位语
3. 谓语动词
4. 插入语(插入语前后有逗号)
5. 状语

定语从句从哪开始到哪结束

定语从名词后开始通常到主句的谓语动词之前结束

如果从句在主句的谓语动词之后, 则定语就从名词后开始通常到(可能有状语或者连词)句末结束

注意: 每一个小定语都是到下一个名词结束, 但是需要注意是不是固定搭配

注意: 如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后, 定语从名词后开始通常到句末结束, 但是如果定语后有连词的话, 定语不再到句末结束, 而是到连词之前结束

例子

1. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon.

2. Astrophysicists 天体物理学家

3. ground-based detectors 路基探测器

4. balloon-borne 气球运载的

5. are closing in on 正在逼近的

Astrophysicists 是一个名词, 说明后面可能是定语, 根据前面给的定义, 看到后面主干的谓语 are closing in on , 那么这中间都是定语(当然还有可能是状语)

working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments 这中间都是定语

working 是动名词, 一般做定语

还有小定语 “at the South Pole” 在南极的

翻译下 “天体物理学家以在南极的地基探测器和气球运载器为工作手段”

后面的 and 决定了两个句子, 后面的 may report their findings soon 缺少了前面的主语, report 是后面一句的谓语, 和 are closing in on对应, 所以are closing in on 的主语就是 report 的主语, Astrophysicists

翻译成 “天体物理学家以在南极的地基探测器和气球运载器为工作手段正在逼近这种结构, 并且他们或许能够马上提交他们的发现”

2. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could
   function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

谓语是 saw , 那么前面都认为是主语, 后面都认为是宾语(saw 及物动词, 后面只能是宾语)

geniuses 天才, warriors 勇士, entrepreneurs 企业家, visionaries labor 有见识的劳工? , fabulous 极好的

翻译成 “二十世纪下半个中叶看见了一群天才, 有志之士, 企业家和有远见的人创造了一台神器的机器, 这台机器能够作为打字机和印刷机, 演播室和剧院, 画笔和画廊, 感情和收音机, 邮件以及发送邮件”

After six months of arguing(定语) and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates(定语), Australia’s Northern Territory became(谓语) the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

became 谓语

主干翻译 “澳大利亚北部 成为 第一个合法机构”

状语: After six months of arguing(定语) and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates(定语)

主语: Australia’s Northern Territory

谓语: became

表语: the first legal authority

定语一: in the world 全世界的 the first legal authority

定语二: to allow doctors to take the lives 允许医生带走(结束)生命

allow sb to do sth

定语三: of incurably ill patients

定语从句四: who wish to die

翻译成 “经过六个月的讨论和国会16个小时激烈的讨论, 澳大利亚北部成为全世界第一个允许医生带走希望死亡的绝症病人生命的合法机构”

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

谓语: depends

主语: Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation

宾语: upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

就这么简单的认为就好, 等会儿拆开, 一个一个看

插入语: , therefore, 状语做插入语, 可以直接提到句子前面

状语一般修饰的都是动词, 而动词一般是说的一件事, 所以状语也可以当作修饰一件事(一句话), 只要翻译后, 找到恰当的位置插入状语的翻译便可

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation

看介词, to or(先当作介词) in

看句子能够明显的看到 to do xxx, yyy, or zzz 这种形式的主语

所以 or 是 连词 可能有省略部分 Whether to use tests, to use other kinds of information, or to use both

in a particular situation 翻译成: 在特定的情况下 明显是状语

不能翻译成什么什么的名词, 或者做了限制某个名词功能的, 都是定语, 一般修饰整个句子

翻译: 在特定的情况下, 是否使用测试, 还是使用其他种类的信息, 又或者是两者都使用 (主语翻译完毕)

把 动词带上

depends upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

depends upon 依赖于

找介词和连词: and as

注意 and 是连词, 明显有省略 : (depends) and upon

记住, 如果一个名词意思比较宽泛, 一般都会有定语, 用于限定名词, 比如上面的 factors n. 因素, 哪种因素? evidence n. 证明;根据 什么样的证明? experience n. 经验;经历 什么样的经验?

宾语整体是 depends upon xxx and depends upon yyy as n1 and n2

翻译成: “取决于来自关于相对经验的证明和取决于成本和可用性的因素”

整体翻译: 在特定的情况下, 是否使用测试, 还是使用其他种类的信息, 又或者是两者都使用取决于来自关于相对经验的证明和取决于成本和可用性的因素

找定语的关键在于找名词, 只要找到的这一坨东西不是动词, 就暂定为定语, 定语从名词后开始到主句谓语动词结束, 又或者定语在主句的谓语动词之后, 如果在谓语动词之后, 则定语从名词开始到句末, 但是有连词的时候到连词之前结束

一个大定语中有很多小定语, 每个小定语都到名词之后结束, 一般翻译都要从后往前翻译, 但是需要注意固定搭配, 那要怎么判断呢? 翻译完看看是还是不是小定语的名词后结束? 如果翻译不通畅, 那就可能有固定搭配

外表看起来非常邋遢的他其实内心很高尚

He who looks rather slovenly is really noble in nature.

功夫是中国武术的俗称. 中国武术的起源可以追溯到职位的需要, 狩猎活动以及古代中国的军事训练.

Kung Fu is the common name of Chinese martial arts which can be traced back to self-defense needs, hunting activities and millitary training in ancient China.

人们还会在门上粘贴对联(couplets) 对联的主题有健康, 发财和好运.

Doors will be decorated with couplets whose topics are involved in health, weather and good luck.

继父经常在假期里带她出国旅游, 这使她感到在同学面前很骄傲.

Her stepfather often takes her to travel abroad during the vaction, which makes her feel proud in front of her classmates.

注意: 上面的 which 的非限制定语从句, which 指前面一句话

剪纸(paper cutting) 是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一. 中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史, 在明朝和清朝期间(the Ming and Qing Dynastices)特别流行.

Paper cutting is one of the most popular arts in China which has a 1500-year history and was quite famous in the Ming and Qing dynamices.

那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人, 即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾, 这很重要.

Those sparing no efforts to realize their dreams will never feel regretful even if they fail finally, which is quite significant.

那些课堂上不集中精力, 又希望通过考试的学生, 常常发现结果并不能令人满意.

Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination often find that the consequence is unsatisfactory.

长江流经多种不同的生态系统, 是诸多濒危物种的栖息地, 灌溉了中国五分之一的土地.

The Yangzi River flowing through different ecological systems is the habitat of plentiful endangered animals, irrigating one fifth of China’s lang.