浅析非谓语与独立主格

作者简介]艾桂琴,女,云南武定人,楚雄师范学院外语系讲师,英语语言文学硕士,研究方向:英美小说及英语教学。

○ 艾桂琴

(楚雄师范学院 外语系,云南楚雄675000)

[摘要]在英语教学中,无论在阅读,还是在写作和翻译的过程中,非谓语结构和独立主格结构出现的频率都很高。由于非谓语(Non-finite Verb)和独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)特殊的构成和复杂的运用,使其成为英语学习的重点与难点。那么如何才能简单地将二者区别开来并正确使用?本文从非谓语与独立主格结构的概念、二者之间的联系与区别以及各自的构成与运用方面进行探讨。

[关键词]非谓语;独立主格;构成;运用

[中图分类号]H313[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-8610(2013)10-0007-02

在日常英语教学中,无论在阅读,还是在写作和翻译的过程中,非谓语和独立主格结构出现的频率都很高。但是由于非谓语(Non-finite Verb)和独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)特殊的构成和复杂的运用,使其成为英语学习的重点与难点。有关这一知识点的文章和书籍数不胜数,可很多学生对非谓语和独立主格认识不清,主要表现为概念模糊,不能正确判断什么是非谓语,什么是独立主格以及这二者之间的区别,更谈不上如何去正确地运用它们。那么如何才能简单地将二者区别开来并正确使用?本文就这一问题进行分析和探讨,希望能为广大英语学习者带来帮助。

一、非谓语与独立主格的联系与区别

非谓语与独立主格都是由从句(如时间状语从句、原因状语从句、定语从句等)转变而来的,因此英语学习者只有在准确掌握简单句子结构以及从句的基础上,才能进一步学习和掌握非谓语和独立主格。

非谓语的逻辑主语是句子的主语,在结构上与主语发生关系,是一种从属结构,也就是说主从句的主语是一致的,因此从句的主语可以去掉。而独立主格中的非谓语动词带有自己的主语,在结构上与句子主语不发生关系,也就是说主从句主语不一致,因此从句的主语必须保留,这就是非谓语与独立主格的区别,其实,“所谓的‘独立主格结构’也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。”[1]27因此,独立主格除了必须保留自己的主语外语,其他变化与非谓语是一致的。如:

1.非谓语:Doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure.(时间状语从句)[2]63

2.独立主格:Marie was sitting at her desk,her head slightly lowered over a pile of chemistry notes.[3]100

二、非谓语与独立主格的构成与运用

(一)非谓语的运用

非谓语的逻辑主语是句子的主语,在结构上与主语发生关系,是一种从属结构,也就是说主从句的主语是一致的,因此从句可以变成非谓语。如:

(1)When he was driving his new car,he was sure that his neighbors were looking at him.(时间状语从句)

该句中,主从句主语都是“he”,符合从句变非谓语的条件,因此可以把从句中的连词“when”和主语“he”去掉,“when”也可保留,然后再看he与drive之间是主动关系还是被动关系,主动将谓语动词变成driving,被动将谓语动词变成droven,该句中he与drive之间是主动关系,因此变成Driving.↓

Driving his new car,he was sure that his neighbors were looking at him.

(2)The problem was a continuous worry to me until it was solved.(时间状语从句)[2]63

该句中,主从句主语都是“the problem”和“it”是同等的,符合从句变非谓语的条件,因此可以把从句中的连词“until”和主语“it”去掉,“until”也可保留,the problem与solve之间是被动关系,因此将谓语动词变成非谓语动词solved.↓

The problem was a continuous worry to me until solved.

(3)Because she didn’t know how to solve the problem, she asked the teacher for help.(原因主语从句)

该句中,主从句主语都是“she”, 符合从句变非谓语的条件,因此可以把从句中的连词“because”和主语“she”去掉,“because”也可保留,she与know之间是主动关系,因此将谓语动词变成not knowing.↓

Not knowing how to solve the problem, she asked the teacher for help.

(4)If he is at his best, he will pass the examination. (条件状语从句)

该条件状语从句的主从句主语是一致的,都是“he”,符合从句变非谓语的条件。↓

Being at his best, he will pass the examination. (非谓语)

(二)独立主格的构成与运用

独立主格(Absolute Structure)中的非谓语动词带有自己的主语,在结构上与句子主语不发生关系,也就是说主从句主语不一致,因此从句的主语必须保留。其构成有:名词或代词+现在分词;名词或代词+过去分词;名词或代词+形容词;名词或代词+不定式;名词或代词+副词;名词或代词+介词短语;名词或代词+名词以及with 短语形式的独立主格结构,其中名词或代词+现在分词和名词或代词+过去分词是最为普遍的用法。

1.名词或代词+现在分词。

As our classes was very large, I was only able to answer a couple of questions in each class period.(原因状语从句)

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“I”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“our classes”,在结构上与句子主语不发生关系,因此从句的主语:“our classes”必须保留。↓Our classes being very large, I was only able to answer a couple of questions in each class period.

2.名词或代词+过去分词。

Because his head was injured seriously in the accident, he had to be sent to hospital. (原因状语从句)

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“he”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“his head”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓

His head injured seriously in the accident, he had to be sent to hospital.

3.名词或代词+形容词。

He didn’t know how to answer the question, so his face became red with nervous.(结果状语从句)

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“he”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“his face”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓

He didn’t know how to answer the question, his face red with nervous.

4.名词或代词+不定式。

Here are the first volume,and the second one is to come out next month.

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“here”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“the second one”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓

Here are the first volume,the second one to come out next month.

5.名词或代词+副词。

After the class was over, all the students left the classroom.(时间状语从句)

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“all the students”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“the class”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓

The class over, all the students left the classroom.

6.名词或代词+介词短语。

She walked out of the library,and there was a book in her hand.

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“She”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“there was”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓

She walked out of the library,a book in her hand.

7.名词或代词+名词。

More than one thousand people has been dead in the earthquake, and two thirds of them are children.

该从句中,主从句主语不一致,主句主语是“More than one thousand people”,从句中的谓语动词带有自己的主语“two thirds of them”,因此在结构上与句子主语不发生关系。↓More than one thousand people has been dead in the earthquake, two thirds of them children.

8.with 短语形式的独立主格结构。

with短语形式的独立主格结构也可以作让步状语、伴随状语、原因状语、时间状语等。

Although they have a threatening appearance, most snakes aren’t really dangerous if you leave them alone.(让步状语从句)↓

With a threatening appearance, most snakes aren’t really dangerous if you leave them alone.

9.There be 形式的独立主格结构。

Because there was nothing to do, I left. (原因状语从句)↓

There being nothing to do, I left.

三、结语

总之,非谓语和独立主格结构是英语学习的重点,同时也是英语学习的难点。不管是什么样的英语文章,中间都会出现几个甚至是多个非谓语结构和独立主格结构。很多英语学习者都对这两个结构概念模糊,不能正确判断和区别非谓语和独立主格,也不能正确地去加以运用。其实只要掌握其中的奥妙,学起来就能得心应手了。

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