机器学习入门实例-加州房价预测-2(数据整理)

计算相关性

使用corr()计算standard correlation coefficient(Pearson’s r)。矩阵不是很方便观察,可以直接排序median_house_value列,可以看出median_house_value与median_income的相关性挺大的。

	corr_matrix = visual_data.corr()
    print(corr_matrix)
    # 这句是直接排序了,降序
    print(corr_matrix["median_house_value"].sort_values(ascending=False))

[9 rows x 9 columns]
median_house_value    1.000000
median_income         0.687151
total_rooms           0.135140
housing_median_age    0.114146
households            0.064590
total_bedrooms        0.047781
population           -0.026882
longitude            -0.047466
latitude             -0.142673
Name: median_house_value, dtype: float64

绘图也可以看到这种相关性:

	from pandas.plotting import scatter_matrix
	# 因为其它属性的相关性值比较小,同时因为空间有限,所以只选4个绘制图像
    attributes = ["median_house_value", "median_income", "total_rooms",
                  "housing_median_age"]
    scatter_matrix(visual_data[attributes], figsize=(12, 8))
    plt.show()

机器学习入门实例-加州房价预测-2(数据整理)_第1张图片
因为total_rooms相关性不太显著,考虑引入几个新特性:

	visual_data["rooms_per_household"] = visual_data["total_rooms"] / visual_data["households"]
    visual_data["bedrooms_per_room"] = visual_data["total_bedrooms"] / visual_data["total_rooms"]
    visual_data["population_per_household"] = visual_data["population"] / visual_data["households"]
    corr_matrix = visual_data.corr()
    print(corr_matrix["median_house_value"].sort_values(ascending=False))

median_house_value          1.000000
median_income               0.687151
rooms_per_household         0.146255
total_rooms                 0.135140
housing_median_age          0.114146
households                  0.064590
total_bedrooms              0.047781
population_per_household   -0.021991
population                 -0.026882
longitude                  -0.047466
latitude                   -0.142673
bedrooms_per_room          -0.259952
Name: median_house_value, dtype: float64

可以看到rooms_per_household比total_rooms和households的相关性都要高一点,bedrooms_per_room也是,但是population_per_household反而变差了,大概是不适合这种特征组合方式。

数据整理

取得数据和标签

housing = train_set.drop("median_house_value", axis=1)
housing_labels = train_set["median_house_value"].copy()

处理有空缺值的列
三种常见方法:

# 第一种,去掉有空缺值的行
housing.dropna(subset=["total_bedrooms"])

# 第二种,去掉有空缺值的列
housing.drop("total_bedrooms", axis=1)

# 第三种,使用某种方法获得一个值,填入空缺位置。这里使用中位数
median = housing["total_bedrooms"].median()
housing["total_bedrooms"].fillna(median, inplace=True)

使用scikit learn的方法:

	from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
    imputer = SimpleImputer(strategy="median")
    # median不能计算非数据列,ocean_p是字符串
    housing_num = housing.drop("ocean_proximity", axis=1)
    imputer.fit(housing_num)
    # 此时imputer会计算每一列的中位数。因为实时运行时可能不止total_bedrooms列有空缺,所以最好直接全部计算
    # imputer.statistics_中存放了各列的中位数,与housing_num.median().values是完全一致的
    # print(imputer.statistics_)
    # print(housing_num.median().values)
    X = imputer.transform(housing_num)
    housing_tr = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=housing_num.columns, index=housing_num.index)

Imputer的说明

  • Estimators
    基于某个数据集估算参数的对象称为estimator,使用时用fit()函数进行估算,它本身的参数称为hyperparameter。比如SimpleImputer就是estimator,strategy就是它的hyperparameter。
  • Transformers
    某些estimator可以修改数据集,所以也叫transformer,使用时用transform()进行修改。比如SimpleImputer就是。Transformer有一个函数fit_transform(),等于先fit()再transform(),有时候比俩函数写在一起更快。
  • Predictiors
    某些estimator可以进行预测,使用predict()进行预测,使用score()计算预测质量。
  • 规定
    所有estimator的超参数都是公共属性,比如imputer.strategy,所有估算完的参数也是公共属性,以下划线结尾,比如imputer.statistics_

处理字符串类型列
ocean_proximity这列只包含几个有限字符串值,为了进行处理,需要把字符串转换为数字,比如0,1,2…

	housing_cat = housing[["ocean_proximity"]]
    from sklearn.preprocessing import OrdinalEncoder
    ordinal_encoder = OrdinalEncoder()
    housing_cat_encoded = ordinal_encoder.fit_transform(housing_cat)
    print(ordinal_encoder.categories_)

[array(['<1H OCEAN', 'INLAND', 'ISLAND', 'NEAR BAY', 'NEAR OCEAN'],
      dtype=object)]

one-hot encoding:其实就是二进制表示。比如INLAND就是01000,ISLAND是00100,这样把原本1列变成5列,新属性也被称为dummy attributes。scikit learn也提供了这种方法:

	from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
    cat_encoder = OneHotEncoder()
    housing_cat_1hot = cat_encoder.fit_transform(housing_cat)
    print(housing_cat_1hot)
    # (0, 1)	1.0
    # (1, 4)	1.0
    # ... 该类型是稀疏矩阵,因为里面大部分是0,所以只存储了1的位置。(row, col)
    # toarray()可以转为二维数组
    print(housing_cat_1hot.toarray())

但如果这列有非常多种标签,one-hot方式就会引入大量数据。此时应该改为数字型编号,或者干脆改成数字型的列,比如ocean_proximity就可以改成与海洋之间的距离。

自定义Estimator

rooms_ix, bedrooms_ix, population_ix, households_ix = 3, 4, 5, 6

class CombinedAttributesAdder(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
    def __init__(self, add_bedrooms_per_room=True):
        self.add_bedrooms_per_room = add_bedrooms_per_room

    def fit(self, X, y=None):
        return self
	    
	def transform(self, X):
        return self

    def fit_transform(self, X, y=None):
        rooms_per_household = X[:, rooms_ix] / X[:, households_ix]
        population_per_household = X[:, population_ix] / X[:, households_ix]
        if self.add_bedrooms_per_room:
            bedrooms_per_room = X[:, bedrooms_ix] / X[:, rooms_ix]
            return np.c_[X, rooms_per_household, population_per_household, bedrooms_per_room]
        else:
            return np.c_[X, rooms_per_household, population_per_household]
...
#使用:
attr_adder = CombinedAttributesAdder(add_bedrooms_per_room=False)
housing_extra_attrs = attr_adder.fit_transform(housing.values)

注意

  1. fit和transform虽然没有实现,但也要写,不然后面组装成pipeline运行时会报错:
    TypeError: All intermediate steps should be transformers and implement fit and transform or be the string ‘passthrough’ ‘CombinedAttributesAdder()’
  2. fit_transform要写y参数,不然pipeline中也会报错:
    TypeError: fit_transform() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given

当然,如果不组装pipeline,只是单独调用的话,这两点可以忽略掉。

特征缩放
Feature Scaling:如果两列的数据范围差距很大(比如total_rooms在6~39320之间,但income_median只在0 ~ 15之间),机器学习算法的表现可能受影响。

  1. min-max scaling:也叫normalization,指将数据压缩到0-1之间,原理是减去最小值,再除以最大值与最小值的差。scikit learn提供了一个transformer叫MinMaxScaler,其超参数feature_range可以指定非0-1的范围。
  2. standardization:原理是减去均值,然后除以标准差。scikit learn提供一个transformer叫StandardScaler

组装pipeline
如果很多列需要相似的处理流程,那可以组装成一个pipeline,然后把数据整个扔进去。

    from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
    from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

    # 每个元组的格式为:(name, estimator object),最后一个必须是transformer,即要有fit_transform()
    # name要求唯一且不能包含双下划线__。要求有名称是为了后期可以调整超参数
    num_pipeline = Pipeline([
        ('imputer', SimpleImputer(strategy='median')),
        ('attribs_adder', CombinedAttributesAdder()),
        ('std_scaler', StandardScaler()),
    ])
    housing_num_tr = num_pipeline.fit_transform(housing_num)
    #print(housing_num_tr)

其中housing_num = housing.drop(“ocean_proximity”, axis=1),就是纯数据列。

更高级的pipeline则可以包含Pipeline对象和estimator。

    from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
	
	# 这实际是列名list
    num_attribs = list(housing_num)
    cat_attribs = ["ocean_proximity"]
    drop_attribs = ["longitude"]
    # 每行指定name、pipeline或者estimator对象和列名
    # 也可以使用drop或passthrough处理某些列。drop表示直接删除,passthrough是不做处理
    # 对于没有经过full_pipeline处理的列,默认是会被删除的,但是可以给任意transformer
    # 设置超参数 remainder="passthrough"
    full_pipeline = ColumnTransformer([
   		# ("dr", "drop", drop_attribs),
        # ("pass", "passthrough", drop_attribs),
        ("num", num_pipeline, num_attribs),
        ("cat", OneHotEncoder(), cat_attribs),
    ])
    housing_prepared = full_pipeline.fit_transform(housing)
    print(housing_prepared)

总结数据整理:

def transform_data(housing):
    from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
    from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
    from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
    from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
    from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
    # 自定义pipeline
    num_pipeline = Pipeline([
        ('imputer', SimpleImputer(strategy='median')),
        ('attribs_adder', CombinedAttributesAdder()),
        ('std_scaler', StandardScaler()),
    ])
    # 制作列名list
    housing_num = housing.drop("ocean_proximity", axis=1)
    num_attribs = list(housing_num)
    cat_attribs = ["ocean_proximity"]
    # 构造总pipeline
    full_pipeline = ColumnTransformer([
        ("num", num_pipeline, num_attribs),
        ("cat", OneHotEncoder(), cat_attribs),
    ])
    housing_prepared = full_pipeline.fit_transform(housing)
    return housing_prepared

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