selenium自动化学习笔记（Java版）

       背景：selenium是python爬虫，同时也是自动化测试使用的一个模块，当然不止有python语言版，本文就是Java版，因为python相关的博客很多了，而我个人更加倾向使用Java到实际的工作项目中。在几年前，尤其是没有做过web相关开发之前，曾经使用过不少python进行过爬虫练习，但都是零零星星地跟着其它博客的例子进行学习，改造成为自己的需求。不过，在经历了webgis开发，部分Java开发甚至安卓移动端自动化（用的是Auto.js，后面的文章有时间会写相关的内容）后，便有了想往PC端浏览器学习扩展的想法，于是就有了这篇文章。

        这个例子是以12306网站进行练习记录一些常见的PC浏览器的HTML domcument文档元素的查找方法和操作动作（模拟交互）如：查找element（根据id，根据class，根据标签名，根据css选择器，根据xpath等等）的相关信息或对象，模拟鼠标，键盘动作，浏览器对象操作方法。在这不对每一个方法单独拆分写，顺序稍微乱些。

使用maven管理包，pom.xml如下：

    4.0.0

    org.example
    seleniumApiTest
    1.0-SNAPSHOT
    
        
            
                org.apache.maven.plugins
                maven-compiler-plugin
                
                    1.6
                    1.6
                
            
        
    

    

        
        
            org.seleniumhq.selenium
            selenium-java
            3.4.0
        

    

Java代码：

package com.seleniumApi.test;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

public class apitest {
    public static  void main(String [] args) throws InterruptedException {
        //驱动插件下载链接：https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver，根据自己的chrome浏/览器版本确定下载
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","C:\\driver\\chromedriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver=new ChromeDriver();

        //https://blog.csdn.net/qq_22003641/article/details/79137327?utm_source=app

        //控制浏览器大小方法
        //最大化浏览器
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        //指定浏览器大小
        //driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1200,600));
        driver.get("https://www.12306.cn/index/");
        //driver.get("https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%97,IZQ&ts=%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%8C%97,IOQ&date=2020-10-31&flag=N,N,Y");
        //查找元素的八种方法，以12306网址为例

        //id
        WebElement id=driver.findElement(By.id("fromStationText"));
        System.out.println("id:"+id.getTagName());
        //name
        WebElement name=driver.findElement(By.name("from_station"));
        System.out.println("name:"+name.getTagName());
        //class name
        WebElement fromlabel=driver.findElement(By.className("form-label"));
        System.out.println("fromlabel:"+fromlabel.getTagName());
        System.out.println("fromlabel:"+fromlabel.getText());
        //tag name
        WebElement tagname=driver.findElement(By.tagName("label"));
        System.out.println("tagname:"+tagname.getTagName());
        System.out.println("tagname:"+tagname.getText());


        //partial link text

        WebElement partialLinkText=driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("登录"));
        System.out.println("partialLinkText:"+partialLinkText.getTagName());
        System.out.println("partialLinkText:"+partialLinkText.getText());

        //xpath
        /**参考
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='kw']"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='wd']"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@class='s_ipt']"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/form/span/input"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//span[@class='soutu-btn']/input"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form[@id='form']/span/input"))
         * driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='kw' and @name='wd']"))
         */
        WebElement xpath=driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/div/a/i"));

        System.out.println("xpath:"+xpath.getTagName());
        System.out.println("xpath:"+xpath.getText());

        //css selector
        /**
         参考
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#kw")
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name=wd]")
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".s_ipt")
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("html > body > form > span > input")
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("span.soutu-btn> input#kw")
         driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("form#form > span > input")
         */
        WebElement cssselector=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("html>body>div>a>i"));
        System.out.println("cssselector:"+cssselector.getTagName());
        System.out.println("cssselector:"+cssselector.getText());

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        WebElement date_input=driver.findElement(By.id("train_date"));



        date_input.click();


        //WebElement css1=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".cal-wrap.cal.cal-cm.cell.so"));

        //System.out.println("css1:"+css1.getText());
        /**
         * 多个选择含有多个子元素Nodelist
         * document.querySelectorAll(".cal-wrap.cal.cal-cm.cell")
         * NodeList []
         * document.querySelectorAll(".cal-wrap")
         * NodeList [div.cal-wrap]0: div.cal-wrapaccessKey: ""align: ""ariaAtomic: nullariaAutoComplete: nullariaBusy: nullariaChecked: nullariaColCount: nullariaColIndex: nullariaColSpan: nullariaCurrent: nullariaDescription: nullariaDisabled: nullariaExpanded: nullariaHasPopup: nullariaHidden: nullariaKeyShortcuts: nullariaLabel: nullariaLevel: nullariaLive: nullariaModal: nullariaMultiLine: nullariaMultiSelectable: nullariaOrientation: nullariaPlaceholder: nullariaPosInSet: nullariaPressed: nullariaReadOnly: nullariaRelevant: nullariaRequired: nullariaRoleDescription: nullariaRowCount: nullariaRowIndex: nullariaRowSpan: nullariaSelected: nullariaSetSize: nullariaSort: nullariaValueMax: nullariaValueMin: nullariaValueNow: nullariaValueText: nullassignedSlot: nullattributeStyleMap: StylePropertyMap {size: 4}attributes: NamedNodeMap {0: class, 1: style, class: class, style: style, length: 2}autocapitalize: ""autofocus: falsebaseURI: "https://www.12306.cn/index/"childElementCount: 3childNodes: NodeList(3) [div.cal, div.cal.cal-right, div.cal-ft]children: HTMLCollection(3) [div.cal, div.cal.cal-right, div.cal-ft]classList: DOMTokenList ["cal-wrap", value: "cal-wrap"]className: "cal-wrap"clientHeight: 211clientLeft: 1clientTop: 1clientWidth: 604contentEditable: "inherit"dataset: DOMStringMap {}dir: ""draggable: falseelementTiming: ""enterKeyHint: ""firstChild: div.calfirstElementChild: div.calhidden: falseid: ""innerHTML: "
 css1=driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".cal-wrap.cal.cal-cm.cell"));
        List css1=driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".cell"));
        System.out.println("cssselector1:"+css1.size());
        for(WebElement css : css1 ){
            System.out.println("css:"+css.getLocation());
            System.out.println("css:"+css.getTagName());
            System.out.println("css:"+css.getText());
        }
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        //link text
        WebElement linktext=driver.findElement(By.linkText("登录"));
        System.out.println("linktext:"+linktext.getTagName());
        System.out.println("linktext:"+linktext.getText());
        linktext.click();
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //控制浏览器前进后退、刷新等操作
        //回退
        driver.navigate().back();
        Thread.sleep(1500);
        //前进
        driver.navigate().forward();
        Thread.sleep(1500);

        //回退
        driver.navigate().back();
        Thread.sleep(1500);

        //刷新页面
        driver.navigate().refresh();
        Thread.sleep(1500);

        //WebElement常用的方法

        WebElement searchinput=driver.findElement(By.className("search-input"));

        //获取当前窗口句柄
        String current_windows=driver.getWindowHandle();

        //模拟鼠标方法
        //除了click外，还有右击contextClick()、鼠标点击并控制clickAndHold()、
        //双击doubleClick()、拖动dragAndDrop()、释放鼠标release()、perform()执行所有Actions中存储的行为
        Actions actions=new Actions(driver);

        actions.contextClick(searchinput).perform();
        System.out.println("contextClick");
        Thread.sleep(5000);

        actions.doubleClick(searchinput).perform();
        System.out.println("doubleClick");
        Thread.sleep(5000);

        WebElement xinxi= driver.findElement(By.className("menu-nav-hd"));

        actions.clickAndHold(xinxi).perform();
        System.out.println("clickAndHold");
        Thread.sleep(5000);

        File file=((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

        try{
            FileUtils.copyFile(file,new File("d://Screenshot.png"));
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }


        actions.dragAndDrop(xinxi,searchinput).perform();
        System.out.println("dragAndDrop");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        actions.release();
        System.out.println("release");
        Thread.sleep(5000);


        //模拟键盘方法

        //点击进入搜索框
        searchinput.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);
        //输入文字
        searchinput.sendKeys("退票跑");

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //回退键
        searchinput.sendKeys(Keys.BACK_SPACE);
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //快捷键 Ctrl+a、x、v
        searchinput.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"a");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        searchinput.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"x");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        searchinput.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"v");
        Thread.sleep(1000);


        //使用Enter键代替submit方法
        searchinput.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
        Thread.sleep(5000);

        //submit提交
        //searchinput.submit();

        //窗口切换
        //获取所有窗口句柄
        Set all_windows=driver.getWindowHandles();

        //显示等待，针对某个元素等待
        //driver： 浏览器驱动。 10： 最长超时时间， 默认以秒为单位。 1： 检测的的间隔（步长） 时间， 默认为 0.5s。
        WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver,10,1);

        //
        for (String eachwindows : all_windows){
            if (!eachwindows.equals(current_windows)){
                System.out.println("切换到之前的页面（12306首页）");
                //切换到之前的页面（12306首页）
                driver.switchTo().window(eachwindows);
                Thread.sleep(8000);
                //关闭当前窗口
                driver.close();
                driver.switchTo().window(current_windows);
                //Thread.sleep(2000);
                wait.until(new ExpectedCondition() {
                    @Override
                    public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver1){
                        System.out.println("wait.until");
                        return driver1.findElement(By.id("fromStationText"));
                    }
                });
                break;
            }
        }


        //出发城市

        WebElement fromStation =driver.findElement(By.id("fromStationText"));
        //清除输入框的内容
        fromStation.clear();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //点击输入框
        fromStation.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //输入框输入关键字
        fromStation.sendKeys("广州南");

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        WebElement citylineover1=driver.findElement(By.className("citylineover"));

        citylineover1.click();

        // 到达城市
        WebElement toStation=driver.findElement(By.id("toStationText"));

        toStation.clear();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        toStation.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        toStation.sendKeys("深圳北");

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        WebElement citylineover2=driver.findElement(By.className("citylineover"));

        citylineover2.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //toStation.submit();
        //日期
        WebElement train_date=driver.findElement(By.id("train_date"));

        //点击所选的日期，假如是这个月的31日
        train_date.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //日期控件
        WebElement cal_cm=driver.findElement(By.className("cal-cm"));

        List cells = cal_cm.findElements(By.className("cell"));
        //选择31号
        for (WebElement cell : cells){
            WebElement so=cell.findElement(By.className("so"));
            String name1=so.getText();
            if ("31".equals(name1)){
                System.out.println("日期："+name1);
                cell.click();
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                break;
            }
        }


        Thread.sleep(1000);

        String current_Handle= driver.getWindowHandle();

        //查询按钮
        WebElement search_one=driver.findElement(By.id("search_one"));

        search_one.click();

        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //下拉框选择方法

        Set all_Handle= driver.getWindowHandles();
        //切换到第二个窗口
        for(String handle : all_Handle){
            if (!handle.equals(current_Handle)){
                driver.switchTo().window(handle);
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                System.out.println("currentURL:"+driver.getCurrentUrl());
                break;
            }
        }



        //WebElement selectsmall=driver.findElement(By.className("select-small"));
        WebElement selectsmall=driver.findElement(By.id("cc_start_time"));
        //WebElement selectsmall=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".pos-top.select-small"));

        Select select=new Select(selectsmall);

        //选择12-18点之间的
        select.selectByValue("12001800");
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择12-18点之间的");

        select.selectByIndex(0);
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择0-24点之间的");

        select.selectByIndex(1);
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择0-6点之间的");

        select.selectByIndex(2);
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择6-12点之间的");

        select.selectByIndex(3);
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择12-18点之间的");

        select.selectByIndex(4);
        Thread.sleep(2000);
        System.out.println("选择18-24点之间的");

        //cookie方法
        //获取cookie
        Set cookies=driver.manage().getCookies();
        System.out.println("cookies:"+cookies.toString());

        //删除cookie
        for(Cookie cookie :cookies){
            if ("_jc_save_fromDate".equals(cookie.getName())){
                driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie);
                System.out.println("cookie:"+cookie.getName());
                break;
            }
        }

        Set cookies1=driver.manage().getCookies();
        System.out.println("cookies:"+cookies1.toString());

        //设置（添加）cookie
        Cookie cookie1=new Cookie("_jc_save_fromDate","2020-10-20");
        //Cookie cookie2=new Cookie("value","2020-10-20");

        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
        //driver.manage().addCookie(cookie2);

        Set cookies2=driver.manage().getCookies();
        System.out.println("cookies:"+cookies2.toString());

        //截屏窗口
        /**File file=((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

        try{
            FileUtils.copyFile(file,new File("d://Screenshot.png"));
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
         */

        //执行JavaScript脚本
        String javascript="alert('执行了JavaScript代码！')";

        ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeAsyncScript(javascript);

        System.out.println("执行了JavaScript代码");

        Thread.sleep(2000);

        //警告框处理 警告框这里还有点问题，后续继续研究
        /**
         * getText()： 返回 alert/confirm/prompt 中的文字信息。
         * accept()： 接受现有警告框。
         * dismiss()： 解散现有警告框。
         * sendKeys(keysToSend)： 发送文本至警告框。
         * keysToSend： 将文本发送至警告框
         */
        //driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

        Alert alert= driver.switchTo().alert();

        alert.accept();
        System.out.println("accept");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        //alert.getText();
        System.out.println("getText:"+alert.getText());
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        alert.sendKeys("小星星");
        System.out.println("getText");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        alert.dismiss();
        System.out.println("dismiss");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

    }
}