1. 用法:动词ing作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或伴随动作。通常可转化成与之相对应的状语从句。
2. 分类：
(1)作时间状语:
e.g. Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.
= When/While (she was) walking in the park, she saw an old friend.
Having finished the work, he went to see his teacher.
= After he had finished the work, he went to see his teacher.
(2)作原因状语:
e.g. Being too young, he couldn't join the army.
= As he was too young, he couldn't join the army.
Not knowing how to get there,I had to ask the way.
= As I did not know how to get there, I had to ask the way.
(3)作条件状语:
e.g. Working hard, you'll make great progress.
= If you work hard, you'll make great progress.
(4)作结果状语:
e.g. His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
= His parents died and left him an orphan.
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
=The snow lasted a week, and resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
注意:动词ing形式与不定式均可作结果状语，区别是：动词-ing形式表示顺其自然、意料之中的结果，而不定式(to do)则表示不愿看到的、出人意料的结果。
(5)作方式状语或伴随状语:
e.g. He came running back to tell me the news.
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.
= I stood by the door, and didn't dare to say a word.
(6)作让步状语:though, although, even if, even though意为“虽然”，不与but连用，但可以与yet(但是)连用，引导让步状语从句；
e.g. Studying English only a few years, Tom can speak it very well.
=Though Tom studies English only a few years, he can speak it very well.
3.动词-ing形式的时态:
如果动词-ing形式表示的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生，用其一般式(doing)；如果先于谓语动词的动作发生，用其完成式(having done)。
e.g. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.
Having worked for three hours, he took a rest.
= After he (had) worked for three hours, he took a rest.
4.动词-ing形式的语态:
(1)用法：使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
(2)结构：doing/ having done/ having been done
e.g. Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy. (现在分词的被动式)
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
5.动词-ing 形式的否定式：
(1)直接在doing前面加not:
(2)结构：not ＋doing;
not having ＋done;
not having been＋done
e.g. Not knowing this, he didn't come.
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting.
6.动词-ing形式作状语需注意的问题：
(1)逻辑主语:动词-ing作状语，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，它们之间是一种逻辑上的主动关系。
e.g. Hearing the bad news, she didn't know what to do. (hearing的逻辑主语是句子的主语she)
Finding her dog, Mary is so happy.
(2)独立主格:
动词-ing作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。
e.g. The rain having stopped,we went on marching.
The pen writing well, I often use it.
(3)悬垂分词:
有些现在分词作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有generally/strictly/frankly speaking（一般/严格/坦率来说）, judging from（据判断）, considering（考虑到）, supposing（考虑到）, providing（考虑到）等。
e.g. Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
Judging from his accent, he must be from the south.
6.语法填空:
(1) ___________(know) English well, he translated the article without much difficulty.
(2) The children rushed out of the classroom, _________(laugh) and talking merrily.
(3) ________(live) in China for many years, he can speak Chinese fluently.
(4) Not _________(know) his address, I had to search for the information on the computer.
(5) He often carefully watched the doctors in the_____________ (operate) room.
(6) __________(stand) on the top of the mountain, I could see the whole
city.
(7) ______________(catch) in the rain, he was wet all over.
(8) _________(taste)delicious, this kind of pears was soon sold out.
(9) ________(hear) the news, some fans were very excited.
(10) _______(turn) to the left, you’ll find the library.
(11) _______(have) no choice, they had to wait.
(12) The students came in, _________(follow) their teacher.
(13) _______(know) my address, he never comes to see me.
(14) The song is sung all over the country, _______(make) it the most popular song.
(15) ____________(do) the homework, the little boy began to play Internet games.
(16) ___________(do) the homework, the boy didn’t notice his mother’s coming in.
(17) _________(try) to find a job, he was busy every day.
(18) ____________(try) for a long time, he finally found a job in a local company.
(19) ____________(work) hard all day, I went to bed early.
(20) ___________(work) hard, we will realize our dream.
(21)_______________(play) tennis on behalf of China for nearly 15 years, Li Na announced her retirement (退役）on November,19, 2014.
(22) ____________________(trap) in the well for a long time, I am eager to see the outside world.
(23) ____________ (not know) his address, I can’t write to him.
(24) ________________ (not repair) his car, he rode a bike to work.
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