【北邮国院大三上】电子商务法(e-commerce law)知识点整理——Contract Law_Part1_BUPT Week 5

北邮国院大三电商在读，随课程进行整理知识点。仅整理PPT和相关法条中相对重要的知识点，个人认为相对不重要的细小的知识点不列在其中。如有错误请指出。转载请注明出处，祝您学习愉快。

Purpose of Contract Law

To enable mutually beneficial exchanges
实现互利共赢
Compensate for detrimental reliance—unfair to let someone suffer
补偿有害的依赖——让别人受苦是不公平的

Legal Consequence

Contracts concluded in accordance with contract law: form a binding agreement between persons

根据合同法订立的合同：在人与人之间形成有约束力的协议

【这里就是说合同法下合同的简单定义，要注意的是binding agreement这个词】

Two kind of contract

Properly formed contract: fulfillment necessary, failing which damages may be due for ‘breach of contract’
格式适当的合同（正式合同）：履行合同是必要的，否则可能因“违约”而受到损害
Not properly formed contract: void or voidable, not enforceable!
合同格式不正确（非正式合同）:无效或可撤销，不可强制执行!

Definition of a contract

Article 2
For the purpose of this Law, a contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations as subjects with equal status
本法所称合同，是指作为平等主体的自然人、法人或者其他组织之间建立、变更或者终止民事权利义务关系的协议
【这里的article是指第几条法条】

Art.3-Art.8

【这里说明一个问题，在qmplus上的资料中，有两个合同法的文件，即“cn137en_FULL.pdf”与“PRC Contract Law _Excerpts.pdf
”，前者是“FULL”的法条，而后者是"EXCERPTS ONLY"的法条，行文略有出入，但整体表达的意思是相同的。本文会在有精力的情况下。将两个版本的法条都列出，后者会用“{}”框住，以供对比，PPT上的一般都是后者，至于背诵哪个，就见仁见智了。】

【这里ppt中列出了3-8六个法条，是general principles（总则）中的内容（总则一共是八条）而后面直接跟着的就是案例分析，笔者认为这些都是要背的。且这几条都是类似于定义的法条，故将法条逐一列出翻译】

Art.3

主要强调的是equaity
Article 3 Equal Standing of Parties
当事人平等地位
Contract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party.
合同当事人的法律地位平等，任何一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。
{The parties to the contract have equal legal status, and neither party may impose its will on the other.}

Art.4

主要强调的是Freedom of contract
Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract Voluntarily
自愿订立合同的权利
A party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right.
当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干涉。
{The parties shall, pursuant to law, have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will, and no unit or person may unlawfully interfere.}

Art.5

主要强调的是Fairness
Article 5 Fairness
The parties shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and obligations.
当事人约定权利和义务应当遵循公平原则。
{The parties shall observe the principle of equity in defining each other’s rights and obligations.}

Art.6

主要强调的是Good Faith
Article 6 Good Faith
The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.
当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。
{The parties shall observe the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and fulfilling their obligations.}

Art.7

主要强调的是Public order and good morals
Article 7 Legality
In concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.
当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守有关法律、行政法规，遵守社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益。
{The parties shall, in making and fulfilling the contract, abide by laws and administrative regulations and respect social ethics, and may not disrupt the socio-economic order nor impair social and public interests.}

Art.8

主要强调的是Pacta sunt servanda[专业术语：条约必须遵守]
【关于pacta sunt servanda可以参考此条】

Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal Protection
A lawfully formed contract is legally binding on the parties. The parties shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract.
A lawfully formed contract is protected by law.
依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行各自的义务，任何一方不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
依法成立的合同受法律保护。
{A legally executed contract has legal binding force on the parties. The parties shall fulfill their obligations as contracted, and may not arbitrarily modify or terminate the contract.
A legally executed contract is protected by law.}

案例分析

Q：A borrowed money from B and failed to repay the debt in full. In order to coerce A to return the money, B kidnaped A. At this point, A signed an agreement to transfer his house to B in place of paying the non-performed part of the debt, after which A was set free. Consequently, B occupied the house. One and a half years later, A initiated an action against B, claiming the agreement was void and demanding the return of the house from B.
How will the court decide?
A从B那里借钱，却没有全额偿还债务。为了强迫A归还钱，B绑架了A。在这一点上，A签署了一份协议，将他的房子转让给B，以代替支付未履行的部分债务，之后A被释放。因此，B占据了这所房子。一年半后，A对B提起诉讼，声称该协议无效，并要求从B处归还房屋。
法院将如何决定？

A：The court held that contracting parties have equal legal status; however, no party should impose its will on another (CL Art. 3). The parties have the right to lawfully enter into a contract of their own free will in accordance with the law, and voluntarily (CL Art. 4). The agreement between A and B was reached when B illegally detained A.
So, the agreement was void and B was required to return the house,
法院认为缔约双方具有平等的法律地位;但是，任何一方不得将自己的意志强加于他人(《契约书》第3条)。当事人有权依法自愿地合法订立合同(《契约书》第4条)。A与B之间的协议是在B非法拘留A时达成的。
所以，协议无效，B被要求归还房子

【分析：回答的逻辑很清晰，就是列法条+结论。先分析案例中谁违反了哪条法条，将法条的主旨列出（我推荐直接列法条原文，但如果考试忘了的话就写关键词就可以），要列全列多，像回答中就列举了两条，最后写结论，agreement是否void】

The 5 requirements of a legally executed contract

合法执行合同的5个要求

1. Offer and unconditional acceptance 要约及无条件接受
2. Intention to be legally bound 受法律约束的意愿
3. Capacity 能力
4. Content: as per law 内容:按法律规定
5. Formalities (for certain contract) 手续(对于某些合同)

offer 和 acceptance 的关系（Art.13）

Article 13 Offer-Acceptance
A contract is concluded by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance.
合同是通过要约和承诺的交换而订立的。
{The parties shall, in making a contract, take the form of offer and
acceptance.}

The definition of “offer”(Art.14)

Article 14 Definition of Offer
An offer is a party’s manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following:
(i) Its terms are specific and definite;
(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, the offeror will be bound thereby.
要约是当事人希望与另一方订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定:
(一)条款具体明确;
(二)表示受要约人承诺后，要约人受此约束。
{An “offer” is an intent indication showing the desire to enter into a contract with others, and the intent indication shall conform to the following provisions:
(1) the content indicated shall be concrete and definite;
(2) the offeror shall, as is indicated, be bound by the intent indication upon its acceptance by an offeree.}

Intention to be bound

即Art14. (ii)
To be considered an ‘offer’, it must be made with an intention to be bound
要被视为“要约”，该要约必须具有受约束的意图

• 对这一点的案例分析：
  Q: B coerced A to ‘agree’ to sell A’s house to B, to discharge a debt that A owed B
  B胁迫A“同意”将A的房子卖给B，以清偿A欠B的债务

A: The court held that A had no true intention to make the transfer. Therefore, the agreement was void and B was required to return the house.
法院认为A某并没有真正的转让意图。因此，协议无效，要求B返还房屋。

How intention is determined

The intention of a party to enter into a binding legal relationship is to be determined from the party’s statements or conduct as they were reasonably understood by the other party.
一方当事人订立有约束力的法律关系的意图应由另一方当事人合理理解的一方当事人的陈述或行为来确定。

Intention to be bound: indicated by Objective manifestations

受约束意愿:以客观表现表示
Overt acts or words indicating an intent to enter a contractual relationship
表明进入合同关系的意图的公开行为或词语

Offer: Objective manifestation

要约是一种客观表现.
Offer consists of actions, or a statement, writing or record that reasonably appears to give the other party the power or right to accept and to thereby form an enforceable contract
要约包括行为、声明、书面或记录，合理地赋予另一方接受并因此形成可强制执行的合同的权力或权利

绝对不是subjective的！！
Even if a contracting party in fact has no intention to bind itself, it might be so bound if the person’s actions leads the other party to reasonably believe that the person intended to be bound!
即使缔约一方实际上无意约束自己，但如果该人的行为使另一方合理地相信该人有意约束，则该缔约方也可能受到如此约束!

Invitation to offer （Art.15）

要约引诱
Article 15 Invitation to Offer
An invitation to offer is a party’s manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered price list, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer.
A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer if its contents meet the requirements of an offer.
要约邀请是当事人邀请对方向其作出要约的意思表示。交付的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股书或商业广告等均为要约邀请。
商业广告的内容符合要约的条件的，视为要约。
{An invitation for offer is an intent indication showing the desire to
receive offers from others. Mailed or delivered price catalogs, auction announcements, invitations for bid, capital-raising prospectus and commercial advertisements are such invitations for offer.
A commercial advertisement shall, if its content conforms to the provisions regarding offers, be deemed an offer.}

Offer（other rules）-Art.16-20

Art.16

主要强调的是Must be communicated
Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic Message
要约的效力，通过电子讯息的要约
An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
When a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been designated, the time when the electronic message first enters into any of the recipient’s systems is deemed its time of arrival.
要约自到达受要约人时生效。
采用电子电文形式订立合同的，电子电文的收件人指定特定系统接收的，该电子电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间;未指定具体系统的，该电子电文首次进入收件人任一系统的时间，视为到达时间。
{An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
If a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data and the receiver has designated a special receiving system to receive such data text, the time at which the text in electronic data enters the designated special system shall be the time of arrival; if no special receiving system is designated, the time at which the text in electronic data first enters any of the receiver’s systems shall be the time of arrival. }

Art.17

主要强调的是Can be withdrawn
Article 17 Withdrawal of Offer 撤回要约
An offer may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约发出之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。
{An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the arrival of the offer at the offeree.}

Art.18-19

主要强调的是Can be revoked

Article 18 Revocation of Offer 撤销要约
An offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.
要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达。

Article 19 Irrevocable Offer 不可撤销的要约
An offer may not be revoked:
(i) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;
(ii) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for performance.
要约不得撤销:
(一)以约定的承兑时间或者其他方式明确表示不可撤销的;
(二)受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并且已经为履行要约做好了准备。

{Article 18 An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before the dispatch of an acceptance notice by the offeree.
Article 19 An offer may not be revoked under any of the following conditions:
(1) the offeror has specified a time limit for the acceptance, or has explicitly indicated in any other manner the irrevocability of the offer;
(2) there are grounds for the offeree to maintain the irrevocability of the offer and the offeree has made preparations for the fulfillment of the contract.}

补充：withdrawn 和 revoked

要约的撤回withdrawn和撤销revoked的区别

此处待彻底明白了后补充一些。

Art.20

主要强调的是Can terminates

• 可以终止

Article 20 Extinguishment of Offer 要约失效
An offer is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:
(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;
(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;
(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;
(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.

有下列情形之一的，要约失效:
(一)拒绝要约的通知到达要约人;
(二)要约人依法撤销要约;
(三)承诺期限届满受要约人不作出承诺的;
(四)受要约人对要约的内容作出重大变更的。

{An offer loses its effect under any of the following conditions:
(1) a rejection notice of the offer has reached the offeror;
(2) the offeror has revoked the offer pursuant to law;
(3) when the fixed time limit for acceptance expires, the offeree undertakes no acceptance; or
(4) the offeree makes a substantial change of the content of the offer.}

What is acceptance(Art. 21)

Article 21 Definition of Acceptance
An acceptance is the offeree’s manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.
承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
{An acceptance is an assent indication of the offeree to an offer.}

he change of offer

Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material Change
The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.
承诺的内容应当与要约的内容相同。受要约人作出的承诺对要约的条款作出重大改变的，为新要约。标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行的时间、地点和方式、违约责任或者争议解决方式的变化，是要约条款的实质性变化。
{The content of an acceptance shall be consistent with the content of the offer. If the offeree proposes any substantial change to the content of the offer, it shall constitute a new offer. Changes related to the targeted matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, duration of fulfillment, place and mode of fulfillment, liability for breach of contract and method of dispute settlement in a contract are substantial changes to the content of an offer.}

Substantial Changes

实质性变化

在Art.30中，给出了对于这个定义的范围：

1. the targeted matter 目标
2. quantity 数量
3. quality 质量
4. price or remuneration 价款或报酬
5. duration of fulfillment 完成时间
6. place and mode of fulfillment 履行地点和方式
7. liability for breach of contract 违约责任
8. method of dispute settlement in a contract 合同中争议的解决方法

如果上述八项的任意一项有变动，那么就说这个变动是substantial change
如果发生了这样的变动，那么原本的offer就变成了"new offer"或者"Counter offer",对方只有两个选择，一个是“unconditional accept”无条件接受，另一个是"reject the offer"拒绝这个要约

在Art.31中，给出了对non-substantial changes非实质性变更的处理方法：
Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material Changes
An acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.
承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更外，承诺仍然有效，其内容以承诺的内容为准
{If an acceptance makes non-substantial changes to the content of the offer, the acceptance shall be effective notwithstanding and the content of the contract shall thus be based on the content of the acceptance, unless the offeror indicates in time its objection thereto, or as indicated in the offer, the acceptance may not make any change to the content of the offer.}

• 举例

A customer asks a carpenter to build a cabinet for RMB 11,000 and the carpenter replies, “OK, if you also pay for my supplies.”

加粗部分很明显是price的变动，故一定是substantial change.

A customer asks a carpenter to build a cabinet for RMB 11,000 and the carpenter replies, “OK, please pay 50% in advance.”

这里有一个问题，老师在课上讲的是这个属于price的变动，而我认为这个应该是八点中的第六点“mode of fulfillment”的问题，虽然最后结果是一样的。
【可能是我听错了，如果有错欢迎指出^ ^】

What is the effect of accepting an offer?

影响就是Art.8，具体的请自行翻阅，大概意思就是一旦accept了一个offer，那么法律会强制双方完成

the capacity of a legally contract(Art.9)

Article 9 Capacity; Contract through Agent
能力;通过代理合同
In entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil acts.
A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf under the law.
当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。
当事人可以依法委托代理人代表自己订立合同。
{The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.
A party may, in accordance with the law, entrust an agent to make a contract.}

• 补充：(cannot be a ‘minor*’ or mentally disabled)
• (不能是未成年人或智障人士)
• A minor is a person below a certain age, such as in China, 16 years old.
• 未成年人是指不到一定年龄的人，例如在中国，是16岁。

Formalities

手续
Some type of contracts are valid only when in writing and signed
有些类型的合同只有在书面形式和签字后才有效

• eg：购房合同就必须白纸黑字的写

Content: as per law

An agreement is made on certain ‘terms and conditions’
协议是根据某些“条款和条件”达成的。

T&Cs(terms and conditions): legal requirement

1. Must meet rules 必须符合规定

• Terms must be freely negotiated, make correct representations, must be definite, be fair, not for an illegal purpose etc
• 条款必须自由谈判，做出正确的陈述，必须明确，公平，不能用于非法目的等
• 对“Terms must be freely negotiated”的解释：
• Generally, parties to a contract can agree to anything they like: agree to any ‘terms and conditions’ … ‘freedom of contract’
  一般来说，合同双方可以同意任何他们喜欢的内容:同意任何“条款和条件”……“合同自由”
• Art.3-4也是对于保证freedom of contract的条款

2. Must be properly made known 必须正确地知道

• Terms must be brought to the notice of the party accepting them and their acceptance shown
• 条款必须提请接受条款的一方注意，并显示其接受

Terms to be certain

A. 14 (2) Offer:……the content indicated shall be concrete and definite
A.30: Acceptance to content as indicated by offer. If terms varied: counter offer!
【就是规定terms必须清晰明确】

Terms of the Contract (Art.12)

Article 12 Terms of Contract
The terms of a contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following:
(i) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;
(ii) subject matter;
(iii) quantity;
(iv) quality;
(v) price or remuneration;
(vi) time, place and method of performance;
(vii) liabilities for breach of contract;
(viii) method of dispute resolution.
合同的条款由当事人约定，一般包括以下内容:
(一)当事人姓名和住所;
(二)主题;
(三)数量;
(四)质量;
(五)价款或者报酬;
(六)履行的时间、地点和方式;
(七)违约责任;
(八)争议解决方法。

【可以发现，和Art.30所规定的substantial changes的要素一样】
{The content of a contract is determined by the parties and generally
includes the following clauses:
(1) designations or names and addresses of the parties;
(2) the targeted matter;
(3) quantity;
(4) quality;
(5) price or remuneration;
(6) time, place and mode of fulfillment;
(7) liability for breach of contract; and
(8) dispute settlement.}

‘made known’ – 2 requirements for ‘incorporation’ into contract

“已知”-“纳入”合同的2项要求

1. Give an opportunity to review
   给一个阅读条款的机会
2. Show accepted
   显示接受

Special rules for Standard Terms and Conditions

Many contracts contain terms and conditions that cannot be individually negotiated each time, not efficient (most b2c contracts)
许多合同包含的条款和条件不能每次单独协商，效率不高(大多数b2c合同)

• e.g. buying seats on a plane or train, automated contracts on websites
• 在飞机或火车上购买座位，在网站上自动签订合同

The definition of “standard terms”(Art.39)

Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call Attention

Where a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party’s attention to the provision(s) whereby such party’s liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.

Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of concluding the contract.
采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人的权利和义务，并以合理的方式提请对方注意排除或者限制其责任的条款，并应对方要求对该条款作出解释。

格式条款是指当事人一方事先拟定并重复使用，在订立合同过程中未与另一方协商的合同条款。
{ If standard clauses are used in making a contract, the party that provides the standard clauses shall determine the rights and obligations between the parties in accordance with the principle of fairness, and shall call in a reasonable manner the other party’s attention to the exemptible and restrictive clauses regarding its liability, and give explanations of such clauses at the request of the other party.
“Standard clauses” means the clauses that are formulated in anticipation by a party for the purpose of repeated usage and that are not a result of consultation with the other party in the making of the contract.}
【简而言之，standard terms就是一般买东西的时候看到的制式条款】

Give an opportunity to review

在这块的ppt后面给了好几个案例，整体强调的就是一点：你签了就是代表你阅读过了，必须履行责任，你没阅读过是不能用这个理由上诉的。所以签订合同的时候必须review

Law as developed over the years suggests that :
多年来发展起来的法律表明:

• Standard Terms ‘incorporated’ into contract • When a reasonable opportunity to review is given
• 合同中“纳入”的标准条款•给予合理的审查机会
• If ‘signed’ to show acceptance (whether read or not)
• 如果“签名”表示接受(无论是否阅读)

manner of presentation of all T&Cs in web contracts

网络合同中所有T&Cs的呈现方式

1. Click-wrap 点选即视为同意

• Consumer presented with terms and to click I Agree button or sign electronically
• 消费者会看到条款，并点击“我同意”按钮或以电子签名方式签署

2. Browser-wrap 包装在浏览器中

• Consumer given opportunity to review terms while browsing web site but not presented the terms
• 消费者有机会在浏览网站时审查条款，但没有显示条款

【对于这两个wrap，举个例子解释一下。click-wrap就是安装东西或者注册东西的时候会给你弹出一堆协议，然后你需要点击“我同意什么什么”才能继续流程，browser-wrap指的是你在某个网页上会看到用户协议、使用条款这样的超链接，点进去可以看到相应的条款，但它不会自主弹出来和强制要求你看，比如苹果官网的最底下那几个协议】

接下来的案例就是说一个公司的Browser-wrap只在home page，而不在所有的子网页中，如果用户跳过了home page直接进了子网页，那么将无法看见协议，自然也就无法阅读和同意协议。

Court’s decision中指出了这一点：
【Ticketmaster failed to give conspicuous notice of the terms of the agreement, and without such notice, an unambiguous manifestation of assent to such terms could not occur.】
【Ticketmaster未能对协议条款作出明显的通知，而如果没有该等通知，就无法明确表示同意该等条款。】
【Ticketmaster could not verify assent to its agreement because it could not verify that its users had knowledge, constructive or otherwise, of the agreement’s terms. 】
【Ticketmaster无法核实用户是否同意其协议，因为它无法核实用户是否了解协议条款的建设性内容。】
【Courts not comfortable with ‘browser wrap’ contracts】
【法院不喜欢“浏览器包装”合同】

Standard terms legal requirements（Art.39）

Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call Attention
Where a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party’s attention to the provision(s) whereby such party’s liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.
Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of concluding the contract.
采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人的权利和义务，并以合理的方式提请对方注意排除或者限制其责任的条款，并应对方要求对该条款作出解释。
格式条款是指当事人一方事先拟定并重复使用，在订立合同过程中未与另一方协商的合同条款。
{If standard clauses are used in making a contract, the party that
provides the standard clauses shall determine the rights and obligations between the parties in accordance with the principle of fairness, and shall call in a reasonable manner the other party’s attention to the exemptible and restrictive clauses regarding its liability, and give explanations of such clauses at the request
of the other party.
“Standard clauses” means the clauses that are formulated in anticipation by a party for the purpose of repeated usage and that are not a result of consultation with the other party in the making of the contract.}

【先主要说这个“reasonable manner”，意思是在重要条款中要以一个合适的形式来引起读者的注意，ppt中给了两个案例对比，一个是AIR CHINA，它的条款中都是很正常的排版，没有突出的地方，让人找不到重点，这就是不reasonable的，第二个是wechat，它的条款中在重要的地方采用了全大写字母（capital letters），能够引起读者的注意】

• 这里用Standard Clauses. PRC SC Interpretation II（标准条款。PRC SC解释II）来补充
• Standard form clauses are valid if, at the time of concluding a contract, the party providing the standard form clauses adopted special characters, symbols, fonts, and/or other signs sufficient to arouse the other party’s attention to the content of the standard form clauses regarding liability exemptions or restrictions in favor of the party providing the standard form clauses. The same applies if the first party made an explanation of the standard form clauses according to the requirements of the other party
• 如果提供标准格式条款的一方在订立合同时采用了特殊的文字、符号、字体和/或其他标志，足以引起另一方对标准格式条款中有关免责或限制责任的内容的注意，有利于提供标准格式条款的一方，则标准格式条款有效。如果一方根据另一方的要求对标准格式条款作出解释，同样适用

e-Contract formation

电子合同成立

在这一part就讲了一个问题，在网上买东西的时候，我们是属于make offer 还是 invite offer呢？答案是invite offer。
以在Amazon上买东西为例，当你下单付款时，这是invite offer的过程，当Amazon收到了你的invitation，并且发给你确认邮件（包括什么订单信息之类的），当邮件发出后，才算它accept the offer.