K近邻算法的理论与基于python实现

K近邻算法理论

K近邻算法是一个有监督学习，需要提供有标签的样本进行训练，才能去预测新的样本。

K近邻算法，应该是最简单的一个机器学习算法，即是给定一个训练数据集，对新的输入实例，在训练数据集中找到与该实例最邻近的K个实例，这K个实例的多数属于某个类，就把该输入实例分类到这个类中。（这就类似于现实生活中少数服从多数的思想）

在训练集中找寻距离测试样本最近的K个样本。通过统计这K个样本的类别，来判断测试样本的类别

如图所示，先已有三簇带有标签的数据，现在来了几个新的数据，这些数据的标签未知，k近邻算法的思想就是，选择离我当前样本最近的k个样本，选取k个样本中数量最多的样本标签作为我当前样本的标签。

图中的k=3，即当一个新的样本输入进来后，选择与当前样本最近的三个样本，选择这三个样本中数量最多的样本标签作为该样本的标签。

这里的距离度量使用最简单的欧式距离，即设point₁(x₁,y₁), point₂(x₂,y₂)：
point1 和 point2 之间的距离 $R=\sqrt{(x_1-x_2{)}^2+(y_1-y_2{)}^2}$

注意事项

K值得选取对模型的训练和结果的准确性有着很重要的影响，k选取得太小会导致模型的复杂性升高，训练模型过拟合，例如当k=1时，每次只会判断离它最近得一个点，计算的复杂性升高，而且噪声得干扰性也会升高，导致模型过拟合；当k值选取得很大时，模型得表达能力又会减弱，如果k取得很大，就相当于在统计当前总样本中哪个标签得数量最多，然后赋给新的标签，这就没有任何意义了，模型过于欠拟合。

样本数据需要做标准化和归一化，消除不同量纲之间的影响。比如一组数据集统计的是你的年龄和收入，年龄的取值一般只会在1-100，而工资的取值在1-50000可能更多，此时如果直接去算欧式距离，那么年龄对距离的影响微乎其微，距离完全就取决于收入的差距，这不是我们想要的结果，就需要对这两组数据做标准化和归一化，标准化和归一化的公式这里不列举。

下面的demo假设是在同一量纲下的数据，仅仅为了演示k近邻算法的工作流程

代码实现

导入需要使用的包

import numpy as np
import operator

knn算法的定义

'''
    trainData - 训练集  N
    testData - 测试   1
    labels - 训练集标签
'''
def knn(trainData, testData, labels, k):
    # 计算训练样本的行数
    rowSize = trainData.shape[0]
    # 计算训练样本和测试样本的差值
    diff = np.tile(testData, (rowSize, 1)) - trainData
    # 计算差值的平方和
    sqrDiff = diff ** 2
    sqrDiffSum = sqrDiff.sum(axis=1)
    # 计算距离
    distances = sqrDiffSum ** 0.5
    # 对所得的距离从低到高进行排序
    sortDistance = distances.argsort()
    count = {}
    for i in range(k):
        vote = labels[sortDistance[i]]
        # print(vote)
        count[vote] = count.get(vote, 0) + 1
    # 对类别出现的频数从高到低进行排序
    sortCount = sorted(count.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
    
    # 返回出现频数最高的类别
    return sortCount[0][0]

加载数据集（用到的是鸢尾花的数据集，放到文章末尾）

def load_DataSet(data_path):
	file_data = data_path
	# 数据读取
	data = np.loadtxt(file_data,dtype = float, delimiter = ',',usecols=(0,1,2,3))
	lab = np.loadtxt(file_data,dtype = str, delimiter = ',',usecols=(4))
	# 分为训练集和测试集和
	N = 150
	N_train = 100
	N_test = 50
	perm = np.random.permutation(N)
	index_train = perm[:N_train]
	index_test = perm[N_train:]
	data_train = data[index_train,:]
	lab_train = lab[index_train]
	data_test = data[index_test,:]
	lab_test = lab[index_test]
	return data_train,lab_train,data_test,lab_test

主函数

if __name__ == '__main__':
	# 参数设定
	k= 5
	n_right =  0
	data_train,lab_train,data_test,lab_test = load_DataSet('iris.data')
	for i in range(N_test):
	    test = data_test[i,:]
	    det = knn(data_train, test, lab_train, k)
	    if det == lab_test[i]:
	        n_right = n_right+1
	    print('Sample %d  lab_ture = %s  lab_det = %s'%(i,lab_test[i],det))
	# 结果分析
	print('Accuracy = %.2f %%'%(n_right*100/N_test))

运行结果

数据集：（直接复制内容，放到和当前py文件的同级目录下，命名为iris.data）

5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,Iris-versicolor
4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6,Iris-versicolor
5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7,Iris-virginica
7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1,Iris-virginica
5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6,Iris-virginica
7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.2,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.1,2.6,5.6,1.4,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.0,6.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,3.4,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.1,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.0,3.0,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.4,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.1,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.2,5.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.0,5.2,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.5,5.0,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.2,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.2,3.4,5.4,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.9,3.0,5.1,1.8,Iris-virginica