七、python基础（socket、socketserver、堡垒机模块paramiko）

 socket概念

socket本质上就是在2台网络互通的电脑之间，架设一个通道，两台电脑通过这个通道来实现数据的互相传递。 我们知道网络 通信 都 是基于 ip+port 方能定位到目标的具体机器上的具体服务，操作系统有0-65535个端口，每个端口都可以独立对外提供服务，如果把一个公司比做一台电脑 ，那公司的总机号码就相当于ip地址， 每个员工的分机号就相当于端口， 你想找公司某个人，必须 先打电话到总机，然后再转分机 。

建立一个socket必须至少有2端， 一个服务端，一个客户端， 服务端被动等待并接收请求，客户端主动发起请求， 连接建立之后，双方可以互发数据。 

 

A network socket is an endpoint of a connection across a computer network. Today, most communication between computers is based on the Internet Protocol; therefore most network sockets are Internet sockets. More precisely, a socket is a handle (abstract reference) that a local program can pass to the networking application programming interface (API) to use the connection, for example "send this data on this socket". Sockets are internally often simply integers, which identify which connection to use.

For example, to send "Hello, world!" via TCP to port 80 of the host with address 1.2.3.4, one might get a socket, connect it to the remote host, send the string, then close the socket:

Socket socket  =  getSocket( type  =  "TCP" )
connect(socket, address  =  "1.2.3.4" , port  =  "80" )
send(socket,  "Hello, world!" )
close(socket)

A socket API is an application programming interface (API), usually provided by the operating system, that allows application programs to control and use network sockets. Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file descriptor (a file handle), due to the Unix philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files: you can read, write, open, and close both. In practice the differences mean the analogy is strained, and one instead use different interfaces (send and receive) on a socket. In inter-process communication, each end will generally have its own socket, but these may use different APIs: they are abstracted by the network protocol.

A socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number, much like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone number and a particular extension. Sockets need not have an address (for example for only sending data), but if a program binds a socket to an address, the socket can be used to receive data sent to that address. Based on this address, internet sockets deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread.

Socket Families(地址簇)

socket.AF_UNIX unix本机进程间通信 

socket.AF_INET　IPV4　

socket.AF_INET6  IPV6

These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.

Socket Types

socket.SOCK_STREAM  #for tcp

socket.SOCK_DGRAM   #for udp 

socket.SOCK_RAW     #原始套接字，普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文，而SOCK_RAW可以；其次，SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文；此外，利用原始套接字，可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。

socket.SOCK_RDM  #是一种可靠的UDP形式，即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问，在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用，如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。

socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET #废弃了

These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to socket(). More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_DGRAM appear to be generally useful.)

Socket 方法

socket.socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)

Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be AF_INET (the default), AF_INET6, AF_UNIX, AF_CAN or AF_RDS. The socket type should beSOCK_STREAM (the default), SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_RAW or perhaps one of the other SOCK_ constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the case where the address family is AF_CAN the protocol should be one of CAN_RAW or CAN_BCM. If fileno is specified, the other arguments are ignored, causing the socket with the specified file descriptor to return. Unlike socket.fromfd(), fileno will return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using socket.close().

socket.socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])

Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the socket() function above. The default family is AF_UNIX if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is AF_INET.

socket.create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]])

Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple (host, port)), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than socket.connect(): if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both AF_INET and AF_INET6, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.

Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by getdefaulttimeout() is used.

If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.

socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0) #获取要连接的对端主机地址

sk.bind(address)

　　s.bind(address) 将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下，以元组（host,port）的形式表示地址。

sk.listen(backlog)

　　开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，可以挂起的最大连接数量。

      backlog等于5，表示内核已经接到了连接请求，但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
      这个值不能无限大，因为要在内核中维护连接队列

sk.setblocking(bool)

　　是否阻塞（默认True），如果设置False，那么accept和recv时一旦无数据，则报错。

sk.accept()

　　接受连接并返回（conn,address）,其中conn是新的套接字对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。

　　接收TCP 客户的连接（阻塞式）等待连接的到来

sk.connect(address)

　　连接到address处的套接字。一般，address的格式为元组（hostname,port）,如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。

sk.connect_ex(address)

　　同上，只不过会有返回值，连接成功时返回 0 ，连接失败时候返回编码，例如：10061

sk.close()

　　关闭套接字

sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])

　　接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息，通常可以忽略。

sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])

　　与recv()类似，但返回值是（data,address）。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串，address是发送数据的套接字地址。

sk.send(string[,flag])

　　将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量，该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即：可能未将指定内容全部发送。

sk.sendall(string[,flag])

　　将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。

      内部通过递归调用send，将所有内容发送出去。

sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)

　　将数据发送到套接字，address是形式为（ipaddr，port）的元组，指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。

sk.settimeout(timeout)

　　设置套接字操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般，超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置，因为它们可能用于连接的操作（如 client 连接最多等待5s ）

sk.getpeername()

　　返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组（ipaddr,port）。

sk.getsockname()

　　返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)

sk.fileno()

　　套接字的文件描述符

socket.sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)

　　发送文件 ，但目前多数情况下并无什么卵用。

 示例：

客户端、

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# _Auther_:Xiao Zhi
# Date:2018/7/31

import socket
client=socket.socket() #声明socket类型，同时生成socket链接对象
client.connect(('localhost',6969))
client.send(b'hello world')
data=client.recv(1024)
print('recv:',data)
client.close()

服务器端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# _Auther_:Xiao Zhi
# Date:2018/7/31

import socket
server=socket.socket()
server.bind(('localhost',6969))   #绑定要监听的端口
server.listen() #监听
print('开始等电话')
conn,addr=server.accept()     #等电话打进来
#conn就是客户端连过来而在服务器端为其生成的一个链接实例
# print(conn,addr)
print('电话来了')
data=conn.recv(1024)
print('recv:',data)
conn.send(data.upper())
server.close()

注意：

1、send的时候不能传送int型数据，必须先将其转成str字符串型数据

2、在传送数据长度的时候，由于编码问题，英文和中文长度不一样，所以尽量都转成系统默认编码encode一下，然后再计算长度，这样，客户端和服务器端接受的长度参数才能相等。

3、当接受大数据或者大文件的时候，就需要计算文件大小，并且必须把文件大小发给客户端，较方便的方式是在客户端while+判断条件循环接收数据。

 补充知识：

大数据socket：（tips：linux系统下拷贝大文件命令示例：sudo dd if=/dev/sda1 of=test.dd）

粘包：

服务器端两条send语句一起执行，在系统里面会认为是一条语句一起执行，造成错误，主要是recv可能接受两条send内容，解决办法：

• 1、在服务器端，在两条send语句中间加上client.ack=conn.recv(1024) #wait client to confirm，在客户端，在两条send语句中间（上例中的print(''命令结果大小：",cmd_res_size)）下面加上语句：client.send('...'.encode())
• 2、传文件的时候不必第一种方法，可以将传送的1024参数修改为变量size，同时判断最后一次发送的时候将size计算出剩余要发送的大小size2，name最后一次接受的大小参数size就变成了size2了，刚好接收完文件的大小，不会粘包。

 文件传输：

客户器端

服务器端

 

 SocketServer

The socketserver module simplifies the task of writing network servers.

There are four basic concrete server classes:

class socketserver.TCPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)

This uses the Internet TCP protocol, which provides for continuous streams of data between the client and server. If bind_and_activate is true, the constructor automatically attempts to invoke server_bind() andserver_activate(). The other parameters are passed to the BaseServer base class.

class socketserver.UDPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)

This uses datagrams, which are discrete packets of information that may arrive out of order or be lost while in transit. The parameters are the same as for TCPServer.

class socketserver.UnixStreamServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True) class socketserver.UnixDatagramServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass,bind_and_activate=True)

These more infrequently used classes are similar to the TCP and UDP classes, but use Unix domain sockets; they’re not available on non-Unix platforms. The parameters are the same as for TCPServer.

These four classes process requests synchronously; each request must be completed before the next request can be started. This isn’t suitable if each request takes a long time to complete, because it requires a lot of computation, or because it returns a lot of data which the client is slow to process. The solution is to create a separate process or thread to handle each request; the ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn mix-in classes can be used to support asynchronous behaviour.

There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent synchronous servers of four types:

+------------+
| BaseServer |
+------------+
      | v +-----------+ +------------------+ | TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer | +-----------+ +------------------+ | v +-----------+ +--------------------+ | UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer | +-----------+ +--------------------+ 

Note that UnixDatagramServer derives from UDPServer, not from UnixStreamServer — the only difference between an IP and a Unix stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both Unix server classes.

class socketserver.ForkingMixIn class socketserver.ThreadingMixIn

Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created using these mix-in classes. For instance, ThreadingUDPServer is created as follows:

class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass 

The mix-in class comes first, since it overrides a method defined in UDPServer. Setting the various attributes also changes the behavior of the underlying server mechanism.

class socketserver.ForkingTCPServer class socketserver.ForkingUDPServer class socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer class socketserver.ThreadingUDPServer

These classes are pre-defined using the mix-in classes.

Request Handler Objects

class socketserver.BaseRequestHandler

This is the superclass of all request handler objects. It defines the interface, given below. A concrete request handler subclass must define a new handle() method, and can override any of the other methods. A new instance of the subclass is created for each request.

setup()

Called before the handle() method to perform any initialization actions required. The default implementation does nothing.

handle()

This function must do all the work required to service a request. The default implementation does nothing. Several instance attributes are available to it; the request is available as self.request; the client address as self.client_address; and the server instance as self.server, in case it needs access to per-server information.

The type of self.request is different for datagram or stream services. For stream services,self.request is a socket object; for datagram services, self.request is a pair of string and socket.

finish()

　　Called after the handle() method to perform any clean-up actions required. The default implementation does nothing. If setup() raises an exception, this function will not be called.

　　socketserver.TCPServer Example

fgdfg  server side

import  socketserver

class  MyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
    """
    The request handler class for our server.

    It is instantiated once per connection to the server, and must
    override the handle() method to implement communication to the
    client.
    """

    def  handle( self ):
        # self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client
        self .data  =  self .request.recv( 1024 ).strip()
        print ( "{} wrote:" . format ( self .client_address[ 0 ]))
        print ( self .data)
        # just send back the same data, but upper-cased
        self .request.sendall( self .data.upper())

if  __name__  = =  "__main__" :
    HOST, PORT  =  "localhost" ,  9999

    # Create the server, binding to localhost on port 9999
    server  =  socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)

    # Activate the server; this will keep running until you
    # interrupt the program with Ctrl-C
    server.serve_forever()

client side

import  socket
import  sys

HOST, PORT  =  "localhost" ,  9999
data  =  " " .join(sys.argv[ 1 :])

# Create a socket (SOCK_STREAM means a TCP socket)
sock  =  socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

try :
    # Connect to server and send data
    sock.connect((HOST, PORT))
    sock.sendall(bytes(data  +  "\n" ,  "utf-8" ))

    # Receive data from the server and shut down
    received  =  str (sock.recv( 1024 ),  "utf-8" )
finally :
    sock.close()

print ( "Sent:     {}" . format (data))
print ( "Received: {}" . format (received))

上面这个例子你会发现，依然不能实现多并发，哈哈，在server端做一下更改就可以了

server  =  socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)
改成
server  =  socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)

 paramiko模块
参考博客：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5095821.html

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/daemon-czk/p/9398878.html