kvm

kvm虚拟化

文章目录

  • kvm虚拟化
    • 1. 虚拟化介绍
    • 2. kvm介绍
    • 3. kvm部署
      • 3.1 kvm安装
      • 3.2 kvm web管理界面安装
      • 3.3 kvm web界面管理

1. 虚拟化介绍

虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说,虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机,虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源,但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。

物理机我们一般称为宿主机(Host),宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机(Guest)。

那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化,并提供给 Guest 使用的呢?
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。

根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置,虚拟化又分为两种:

  • 全虚拟化
  • 半虚拟化

全虚拟化:
Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上,多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型
kvm_第1张图片

半虚拟化:
物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统,比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行,并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型
kvm_第2张图片

理论上讲:
全虚拟化一般对硬件虚拟化功能进行了特别优化,性能上比半虚拟化要高;
半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统,会比较灵活,比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。

2. kvm介绍

kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko,只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。

那 IO 的虚拟化,比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。

作为一个 Hypervisor,KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。

大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。

Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。

其实,Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor,还能管理 Xen,VirtualBox 等。

Libvirt 包含 3 个东西:后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh

  • libvirtd是服务程序,接收和处理 API 请求;
  • API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具,比如 virt-manager,这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具;
  • virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具

3. kvm部署

环境说明:

系统类型 IP
RHEL7 192.168.100.100

3.1 kvm安装

部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况:

  • 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
  • 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
关闭防火墙与SELINUX
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@hyc ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@hyc ~]# setenforce 0
[root@hyc ~]# reboot

配置网络源
[root@hyc ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hyc ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS7-Base-163.repo  redhat.repo  xiaoxiong.repo
[root@hyc ~]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hyc ~]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hyc ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++


验证CPU是否支持KVM;如果结果中有vmx(Intel)或svm(AMD)字样,就说明CPU的支持的
[root@hyc ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx

kvm安装
[root@hyc ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-tools qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools


因为虚拟机中网络,我们一般都是和公司的其他服务器是同一个网段,所以我们需要把 \
KVM服务器的网卡配置成桥接模式。这样的话KVM的虚拟机就可以通过该桥接网卡和公司内部 \
其他服务器处于同一网段
此处我的网卡是ens33,所以用br0来桥接ens33网卡

[root@hyc ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@hyc network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33  ifdown-ppp       ifup-ib      ifup-Team
ifcfg-lo     ifdown-routes    ifup-ippp    ifup-TeamPort
ifdown       ifdown-sit       ifup-ipv6    ifup-tunnel
ifdown-bnep  ifdown-Team      ifup-isdn    ifup-wireless
ifdown-eth   ifdown-TeamPort  ifup-plip    init.ipv6-global
ifdown-ib    ifdown-tunnel    ifup-plusb   network-functions
ifdown-ippp  ifup             ifup-post    network-functions-ipv6
ifdown-ipv6  ifup-aliases     ifup-ppp
ifdown-isdn  ifup-bnep        ifup-routes
ifdown-post  ifup-eth         ifup-sit


[root@hyc network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@hyc network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0 
TYPE=Bridge
BOOTPROTO=static
NM_CONTROLLED=no
NAME=br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.100.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.100.2
DNS1=192.168.100.2
[root@hyc network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
NM_CONTROLLED=no

[root@hyc ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@hyc ~]# ip a
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:0f:f1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed9:ff1/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: br0:  mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:0f:f1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.100.100/24 brd 192.168.30.255 scope global br0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed9:ff1/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

启动服务
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl start libvirtd
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd

验证安装结果
[root@hyc ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
 Id    名称                         状态
----------------------------------------------------


[root@hyc ~]# virsh --version
4.5.0
[root@hyc ~]# virt-install --version
1.5.0
[root@hyc ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@hyc ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 8月  31 12:11 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm


查看网桥信息
[root@hyc ~]# brctl show
bridge name	bridge id		STP enabled	interfaces
br0		8000.000c29d90ff1	no		ens33
virbr0		8000.52540066e34d	yes		virbr0-nic

3.2 kvm web管理界面安装

kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的。

安装依赖包
[root@hyc ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel

升级pip
[root@hyc ~]# pip install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/30/db/9e38760b32e3e7f40cce46dd5fb107b8c73840df38f0046d8e6514e675a1/pip-19.2.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.4MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.4MB 273kB/s 
Installing collected packages: pip
  Found existing installation: pip 8.1.2
    Uninstalling pip-8.1.2:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-8.1.2
Successfully installed pip-19.2.3


从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@hyc ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@hyc src]# git clone git://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.98 MiB | 297.00 KiB/s, done.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3602/3602), done.

安装webvirtmgr
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt
DEPRECATION: Python 2.7 will reach the end of its life on January 1st, 2020. Please upgrade your Python as Python 2.7 won't be maintained after that date. A future version of pip will drop support for Python 2.7. More details about Python 2 support in pip, can be found at https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/development/release-process/#python-2-support
Collecting django==1.5.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/49/93511c5d3367b6b21fc2995a0e53399721afc15e4cd6eb57be879ae13ad4/Django-1.5.5.tar.gz (8.1MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 8.1MB 302kB/s 
Collecting gunicorn==19.5.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f9/4e/f4076a1a57fc1e75edc0828db365cfa9005f9f6b4a51b489ae39a91eb4be/gunicorn-19.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (113kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 122kB 190kB/s 
Collecting lockfile>=0.9 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5))
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c8/22/9460e311f340cb62d26a38c419b1381b8593b0bb6b5d1f056938b086d362/lockfile-0.12.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: django, gunicorn, lockfile
  Running setup.py install for django ... done
Successfully installed django-1.5.5 gunicorn-19.5.0 lockfile-0.12.2

检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Jun 20 2019, 20:27:34) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()

初始化帐号信息
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor

You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes  //问你是否创建超级管理员帐号 
Username (leave blank to use 'root'):   //指定超级管理员帐号用户名,默认留空为root
Email address: [email protected]  //设置超级管理员邮箱
Password:     //设置超级管理员密码
Password (again):    //再次输入超级管理员密码
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)


拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/src/webvirtmgr /var/www/
[root@hyc webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/

生成密钥
[root@hyc ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:8CZ36rhJfEZVxvAdHxtx9TfZI7T5xy2sLdKIUFeXMJ0 root@hyc
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|          .o*+o*=|
|           =o+EoO|
|      . . o .+.==|
|       + o   .o.=|
|      o S .   o.+|
|     . * + o o ..|
|      o = o + .  |
|     . *   . .   |
|      +..        |
+----[SHA256]-----+

由于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署在同一台机器,所以这里本地信任。如果kvm部署在其他机器,那么这个是它的ip

[root@hyc ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.100.100
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.30.133 (192.168.30.133)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:xR06Xjszg7vkgpO8qKatC0MjW1xJ6c8seKK3JY1o0SU.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a0:db:ec:6e:6d:9a:dc:04:5f:0b:cf:59:90:20:df:6e.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
[email protected]'s password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh '192.168.30.133'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

配置端口转发
[root@hyc ~]# ssh 192.168.100.100 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Sat Aug 31 16:07:10 2019 from 192.168.30.1


[root@hyc ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128     *:111                 *:*                  
LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:6080                *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:8000                *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::111                :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100       ::1:25                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128       ::1:6080               :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128       ::1:8000               :::*          


配置nginx
[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

        location / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

        error_page 404 /404.html;
            location = /40x.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
        }
    }
}


[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
    listen 80 default_server;

    server_name $hostname;
    #access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;

    location /static/ {
        root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
        expires max;
    }

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
        proxy_connect_timeout 600;
        proxy_read_timeout 600;
        proxy_send_timeout 600;
        client_max_body_size 1024M;
    }
}

确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@hyc ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
.....此处省略N行
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000'     //确保此处绑定的是本机的8000端口,这个在nginx配置中定义了,被代理的端口
backlog = 2048
.....此处省略N行


重启nginx
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@hyc ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128     *:111                 *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128     *:80                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:6080                *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:8000                *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::111                :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100       ::1:25                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128       ::1:6080               :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128       ::1:8000               :::*            

设置supervisor
[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf
.....此处省略上面的内容,在文件最后加上以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx

[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx

启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl start supervisord
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl enable supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.

配置nginx用户
[root@hyc ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:ys+LTfr9/1L/mEmNAvokzbDE82j9QZzatOvVizzx8Ww nginx@hyc
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|                 |
|                 |
|                 |
|       .   . .   |
|        S . =    |
|     . o @ * o =.|
|      o B B = *o*|
|       O = ..Bo=E|
|      o.*.oo=+*=+|
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id [email protected]
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.30.133' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh '[email protected]'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

-bash-4.2$ exit
登出


[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@hyc ~]# cat /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes

[root@hyc ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@hyc ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd

3.3 kvm web界面管理

**第一次通过web访问kvm时可能会一直访问不了,一直转圈,而命令行界面一直报错(too many open files)

此时需要对nginx进行配置**

[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
....此处省略N行
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 655350;    //添加此行配置

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
....此处省略N行

[root@hyc ~]# systemctl restart nginx

然后对系统参数进行设置

[root@hyc ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
....此处省略N行
# End of file
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350

访问web页面

kvm_第3张图片
kvm_第4张图片

kvm_第5张图片

kvm_第6张图片

kvm_第7张图片

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web界面配置完成后可能会出现以下错误界面

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解决方法是安装novnc并通过novnc_server启动一个vnc ## 默认是安装好的

[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.local
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Aug  6  2018 /etc/rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 513 Mar 11 22:35 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 513 Mar 11 22:35 /etc/rc.d/rc.local

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
......此处省略N行
# that this script will be executed during boot.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local
nohup novnc_server 172.16.12.128:5920 &

[root@localhost ~]# . /etc/rc.d/rc.local

做完以上操作后再次访问即可正常访问

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