--查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员,同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J
mysql> select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER')and ename like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序
mysql> select * from emp order by deptno, sal desc;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--使用年薪进行降序排序
mysql> select ename,sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) as 年薪 from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename | 年薪 |
+--------+----------+
| KING | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
| WARD | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位
mysql> select ename,job from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job |
+-------+-----------+
| KING | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
--显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息
mysql> select * from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
mysql> select deptno,format(avg(sal),2),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+--------------------+----------+
| deptno | format(avg(sal),2) | max(sal) |
+--------+--------------------+----------+
| 10 | 2,916.67 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 2,175.00 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 1,566.67 | 2850.00 |
+--------+--------------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
--显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) as avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg_sal |
+--------+-------------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
--显示每种岗位的雇员总数,平均工资
mysql> select job,count(*),format(avg(sal),2) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
| job | count(*) | format(avg(sal),2) |
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
| ANALYST | 2 | 3,000.00 |
| CLERK | 4 | 1,037.50 |
| MANAGER | 3 | 2,758.33 |
| PRESIDENT | 1 | 5,000.00 |
| SALESMAN | 4 | 1,400.00 |
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表,所以需要多表查询。本节我们用一个简单的公司管理系统,有三张表EMP,DEPT,SALGRADE来演示如何进行多表查询。(笛卡尔积)
案例:
--显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT表,因此要联合查询
mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename | sal | dname |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 显示部门号为10的部门名,员工名和工资
mysql> select dept.deptno,dname,ename,sal from emp,dept where dept.deptno=emp.deptno and dept.deptno=10;
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
| deptno | dname | ename | sal |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | CLARK | 2450.00 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | KING | 5000.00 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 显示各个员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别
mysql> select ename,sal,grade,losal,hisal from salgrade,emp where emp.sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade | losal | hisal |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上述的笛卡尔积是两个不同的表进行的查询,自连接是指在同一张表连接查询
案例:
显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号–empno)
mysql> select ename,empno from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename='FORD');
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select t2.ename,t2.empno from emp as t1,emp as t2 where t1.ename='FORD' and t1.mgr=t2.empno;
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询
返回一行记录的子查询
mysql> select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
返回多行记录的子查询
in关键字:
查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含10自己的
mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in(select distinct job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno!=10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job | sal | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 30 |
| SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 20 |
| JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门名字,但是不包含10自己的
首先将上述的查询结构当做一张临时表,再和dept表做笛卡尔积
mysql> select ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname from(select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in(select diistinct job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno!=10) as tmp,dept where tmp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+----------+
| ename | job | sal | deptno | dname |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+----------+
| SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 20 | RESEARCH |
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 20 | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 20 | RESEARCH |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 30 | SALES |
| JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 30 | SALES |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
all关键字:
显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
mysql> select * from emp where sal>(select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where sal > all(select distinct sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
any关键字;显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
mysql> select * from emp where sal>any(select distinct sal from emp where deptno=30 );
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列,单行数据;
多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据,都是针对单列而言的;
多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句
mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job)=(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename!='SMITHH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧,把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用
显示每个高于【自己】部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
1.首先查出每个部门的平均工资,并将查询结果当做临时表tmp
2.联合查询emp表与tmp表
mysql> select emp.ename,emp.deptno,sal,avgsal from emp,(select deptno,avg(sal)avgsal from emp group by deptno) t1 where emp.depttno=t1.deptno and emp.sal>t1.avgsal;
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename | deptno | sal | avgsal |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ALLEN | 30 | 1600.00 | 1566.666667 |
| JONES | 20 | 2975.00 | 2175.000000 |
| BLAKE | 30 | 2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
| SCOTT | 20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
| KING | 10 | 5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
| FORD | 20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
mysql> select emp.ename,emp.sal,emp.deptno,t1.maxsal from(select deptno,max(sal)maxsal from emp group by deptno) t1,emp where emp.sal=t1.maxsal and emp.deptno=t1.deptno;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal | deptno | maxsal |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量
--多表
mysql> select dept.dname,dept.deptno,dept.loc,count(*) 部门人数 from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dept.deptno,dept.dname,dept.loc;
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| dname | deptno | loc | 部门人数 |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| ACCOUNTING | 10 | NEW YORK | 3 |
| RESEARCH | 20 | DALLAS | 5 |
| SALES | 30 | CHICAGO | 6 |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--子查询
mysql> select dept.deptno,dname,cnt,loc from dept,(select count(*)cnt,deptno from emp group by deptno)tmp where dept.deptno=tmp.deptno;
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
| deptno | dname | cnt | loc |
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | 3 | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | 5 | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | 6 | CHICAGO |
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在实际应用中,为了合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union,union all
union:该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行
将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500 union select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
union all:该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,不会去掉结果集中的重复行。
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500 union all select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
select s.emp_no,s.salary
from salaries s,employees e
where e.emp_no=s.emp_no and e.hire_date=s.from_date
order by e.emp_no desc;
获取所有非manager的员工emp_no
select emp_no from employees
where emp_no not in(select emp_no from dept_manager);