1. gdisk磁盘分区
大于2T的磁盘,需要使用gdisk进行分区
- 1.1 安装gdisk
[root@ennan ~]# yum install gdisk
- 1.2 通过gdisk对磁盘进行分区
[root@ennan ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc
Command (? for help): n # 新建分区
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (2048-8589934558, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-8589934558, default = 8589934558) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +2T #创建2T的分区
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): n # 新建分区
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (4294969344-8589934558, default = 4294969344) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (4294969344-8589934558, default = 8589934558) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): w
# 保存分区信息
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
- 1.3 查看分区信息
[root@ennan ~]# lsblk
sdc 8:32 0 4T 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 2T 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 2T 0 part
- 1.4 格式化分区
[root@ennan ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc1
meta-data=/dev/sdc1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=134217728 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=536870912, imaxpct=5
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=262144, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@ennan ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc2
meta-data=/dev/sdc2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=134217663 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=536870651, imaxpct=5
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=262143, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
- 1.5 创建挂载点,并将分区挂载到指定的目录
[root@ennan ~]# mkdir -p /data/sdc1 /data/sdc2
[root@ennan ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /data/sdc1
[root@ennan ~]# mount /dev/sdc2 /data/sdc2
- 1.6 检查挂在详情
[root@ennan ~]# df -h
/dev/sdc1 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc1
/dev/sdc2 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc2
2. mount挂载
- 2.1 通过设备名称或者UUID挂载设备
# 通过设备名称挂载
[root@ennan ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /data/sdc1
# 通过UUID称挂载
[root@ennan ~]# blkid /dev/sdc2
/dev/sdc2: UUID="a78ece78-4570-4555-bbd5-7f3c723a5f56" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="569cd012-bb0a-4a87-8471-e056ced2d214"
[root@ennan ~]# mount UUID="a78ece78-4570-4555-bbd5-7f3c723a5f56" /data/sdc2
[root@ennan ~]# df -h
/dev/sdc1 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc1
/dev/sdc2 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc2
- 2.2 卸载设备
[root@ennan ~]# umount /dev/sdc1
[root@ennan ~]# umount /data/sdc2
- 2.3 设置开机自动挂载
2.3.1 查看设备的UUID
[root@ennan ~]# blkid /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1: UUID="fb268812-69fc-4b4f-b4e6-1dd60351059e" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="e176d454-9b18-49d9-873b-477ab33943e5"
[root@ennan ~]# blkid /dev/sdc2
/dev/sdc2: UUID="a78ece78-4570-4555-bbd5-7f3c723a5f56" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="569cd012-bb0a-4a87-8471-e056ced2d214"
2.3.2 编辑/etc/fstab文件,添加要挂载的设备信息
[root@ennan ~]# tail -2 /etc/fstab
UUID=fb268812-69fc-4b4f-b4e6-1dd60351059e /data/sdc1 xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=a78ece78-4570-4555-bbd5-7f3c723a5f56 /data/sdc2 xfs defaults 0 0
2.3.3 加载/etc/fstab文件,并同时检验语法是否存在错误
[root@ennan ~]# mount -a
2.3.4 重启服务器,验证结果
[root@ennan ~]# reboot
[root@ennan ~]# df -h
/dev/sdc1 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc1
/dev/sdc2 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /data/sdc2
- 2.4 /etc/fstab文件含义
要挂载的设备 | 挂载点 | 文件系统 | 挂载参数 | 是否备份 | 是否检查 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UUID= | /data/sdc2 | xfs | defaults | 0 | 0 |
3. swap交换分区
3.1 当内存不够时,会出现什么情况?
若有swap分区:
1. 会使用swap充当内存,防止系统出现oom(out of memroy)故障。
2. 如果使用了swap分区,系统会变的特别卡。
若没有swap分区:
系统会随机结束掉一个进程。3.2 对swap分区进行操作
3.2.1 创建分区,并格式化为swap格式
[root@ennan ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
[root@ennan ~]# lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 300G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
[root@ennan ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1
mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: wiping old xfs signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=ff384ce5-9132-4f52-8af8-be2c8724057a
3.2.2 扩展swap分区
[root@ennan ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 95 739 7 137 718
Swap: 799 0 799
[root@ennan ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1
[root@ennan ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 95 738 7 137 717
Swap: 1823 0 1823
3.23 缩小swap分区
[root@ennan ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 103 691 7 177 688
Swap: 1823 0 1823
[root@ennan ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb1
[root@ennan ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 102 692 7 177 689
Swap: 799 0 799
3.24 关闭所有的swap
[root@ennan ~]# swapoff -a
[root@ennan ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 103 691 7 177 688
Swap: 0 0 0
- 3.3 检查当前swap分区有哪些设备
[root@ennan ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1
[root@ennan ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 819196 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
4. 磁盘阵列
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4.1 RAID0:条带卷,最少需要两块硬盘,读写性能好,但是没有容错机制。
-
4.2 RAID1:镜像卷,读写性能一般,有容错机制,磁盘利用率为50%。
-
4.3 RAID5:校验卷,至少3块硬盘,仅允许坏一块硬盘,硬盘的利用率为(n-1)/n,读写较快。
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4.4 RAID10:RAID0和RAID1的组合,具有RAID0的读写速度和RAID1的容错机制,但是磁盘利用率为50%。
RAID1和RAID5需要热备盘。