Application of mixed-model techniques to fish breed improvement: analysis of breeding-value selec...

Application of mixed-model techniques to fish breed improvement: analysis of breeding-value selection to increase 98-day body weight in tilapia
（Application of ··· to ··· improvement: analysis of to ··· in ···· ）

文章来源：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848602000248
前言解析

The primary intent of many breeding experiments is to demonstrate the feasibility of selection to improve the traits of economic importance. In this context, it makes little sense to use methods that are likely to be less efficient than the most effective ones used routinely in the field.
许多育种实验的主要目的是证明选择的可行性，以改善重要的经济性状。在这种情况下，使用可能不如实地常规使用的最有效方法有效的方法没有什么意义。
（水产主要目的是改变经济性状，如果一种方式不如实际使用的有效那是没有意义的，看似是废话）
Truncation selection on individual phenotype, either adjusted or unadjusted for non-genetic effects, dominates the selection effort in fish due to its simplicity and low cost.
无论是否针对非遗传效应进行了调整，对个体表型的截断选择，都由于其简单性和低成本，在鱼类的选择中占据了主导地位。
（承接上文，无论是否好，截断都已经占据了地位）
Within-family selection to avoid common environmental effects has been recommended (Uraiwan and Doyle, 1986) but only one-half of the available genetic variance is utilizable with this method, and combined among-family and within-family selection was utilized by Bondari.
为了避免常见的环境影响采用了家系内选择的方法，但这种方法只能利用一半的可用遗传变异，邦达里利用了家系间和家系内的组合选择。
（介绍方法）
However, results reported for within-family and combined selection have been inconsistent.
然而，家系内选择和组合选择的结果不一致。
（不理解为什么这么说，可能是为了引出下面BLUP的方法）
The body weight of fish at a specific age is low to moderately heritable.
鱼在特定日龄的体重是低到中度遗传力。
（第二段开头，提出特定日龄，遗传力低到中，是可遗传的。很重要的一句话，对应标题日龄，可选。）
Gall and Huang recommended the use of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP;Henderson, 1975)as an alternative to phenotypic selection.
（recommended ··· as an alternative to ··· . This sentence proposes the BLUP, and transitions from truncation selection (phenotypic selection ) to BLUP. ）
This approach, combined with mixed-model methods, is more efficient than phenotypic selection because it utilizes all available information on relatives to estimate breeding values (BLUP-EBV) while correcting for fixed, non-genetic effects and genetic trends in the population
(a good job, This approach is more efficient than phenotypic selection because is utilizes all available information on relatives to estimate breeding values(EBV) while correcting for fixed, non-genetic effects and genetic trends in the population. )
phenotypic selection relies solely on the correlation between phenotype and additive genotype. Mixed-model, BLUP-EBV methods are routinely applied in livestock industries. Belonsky and Kennedy (1988), using simulation studies, have shown that the selection based on mixed-model estimation is superior to all phenotypic selection methods, particularly for traits with a low to moderate heritability.
(In the first sentence, the limitations of phenotypic selection are described. These methods are routinely applied in livestock industries. )
Belonsky and Kennedy (1988), using simulation studies, have shown that the selection based on mixed model estimation is superior to all phenotypic selection methods, particularly for traits with a low to moderate heritability. Similar observations were made by Keele et al. (1988) and Mabry and See (1990).
(Representative example provided. To improve the persuasiveness a similar result was provided. )
The possibility of using mixed-model estimation as a tool in fish breeding has been addressed by Gall et al. (1993).
( ··· as a tool in ···· has been addressed by ````)
The potential benefits to breed improvement programs with fish could be very large, particularly when combined with the flexibility of mating made possible by external fertilization and cryopreservation technology
（breed improvement program with fish could be very large, particularly ···· ）
The objective of this study was to statistically assess the outcome of an application of mixed-model-based selection criteria using data from a three-generation selection experiment with two replicate lines of tilapia derived from a common base population.
（The objective of this study was to ···· of an application of ··· using data form ··· of ··· derived from ··· The objective is different from purpose, it is primarily intended to illustrate the study that exists objectively. Next, the aim is to inform the reader of the author's purpose in this study. ）
The purpose of the paper is to present a post-selection analysis of response to demonstrate, for the aquacultural community, the effectiveness of the approach and the importance of identifiable
fixed-effect factors on performance; this is accomplished through the presentation of extensive summary tables.
(The last sentence, the purpose of the paper is to ··· to demonstrate, for the aquacultural community, the effectiveness of the approach and the importance of identifiable fixed-effect factors on performance; this is accomplished through the presentation of ···· )