Cases of the Day
今天跟著Dr Cheng的診,看到了好多好多很新穎或是台灣很少見的cases,真的是邊跟診邊學習哇!就來介紹滿滿的Syndrome吧 ღවꇳවღ
(真的滿滿的症狀描述、Criteria、鑑別診斷哦,晚上因為念書看paper就沒什麼特別活動)
Cluster Headache 叢集式頭痛
這位病人是回來複診頭痛的,據他所言,12年前開始發生Cluster Headache、每四天發生一次,身為工程師的他常常打電腦打到一半就犯頭痛的毛病,目前治療方式為:Vagus nerve Stimulator (gammaCore)、Sumatriptan (-triptan系列藥物),以下來深入認識Cluster Headache吧~
1. 症狀描述 (取自ICHD-3)
- Attacks of severe, strictly unilateral(單側) pain which is orbital(眼匡), supraorbital(上眼眶), temporal(顳側) or in any combination of these sites
-Lasting 15-180 minutes and occurring from once every other day to eight times a day
-The pain is associated with ipsilateral conjunctival injection(結膜充血), lacrimation(分泌淚水), nasal congestion(鼻塞), rhinorrhoea(流鼻水), forehead and facial sweating, miosis(瞳孔縮小), ptosis and/or eyelid edema(眼皮下垂/眼皮水腫), and/or with restlessness or agitation.
2. Diagnosis Criteria
3. Differential Diagnosis— vs. Migraine:
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (W-K syndrome)
這位病人是因頭痛回來複診,他除了有W-K synfdrome以外亦有睡眠障障礙,在2017年的7月發生交通事故後頸椎有椎間盤突出的現象,也開始產生頭痛的症狀。以下就來說說W-K Syndrome是什麼~
1. 成因: Thiamine(VitB1) deficiency,常見於酒精高度沉癮者
Thiamine功能簡述:
- Thiamine is converted to its active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, in neuronal and glial cells.
-Thiamine pyrophosphate serves as a cofactor for several enzymes, including transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and alpha ketoglutarate, that function in glucose use. The main function of these enzymes in the brain is lipid (myelin sheath) and carbohydrate metabolism, production of amino acids, and production of glucose-derived neurotransmitters.
哇有沒有很眼熟...就是生化哇....
2. 症狀:首先要知道病程為:因Thiamine deficiency造成Wernicke Encephalopathy➡️長期的Wernicke Encephalopathy➡️Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome
Wernicke Encephalopathy
由於上述Thiamine deficiency,造成神經元新陳代謝發生問題、細胞死亡,因而產生腦病變(encephalopathy)的症狀,其Triad of Symptom為:
- Ocular Disturbance 視力障礙
- Change in mental state 心智狀態改變
- Ataxia 步伐不穩、平衡失調
Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome
症狀有Amnesia(健忘)以及Aphasia(失語症)/Apraxia(失用症:無法依指示完成特定工作)/Agnosia(辨別缺陷) 三者其中之一,並伴隨Deficit in Executive Function(做出決策性任務)
B12 Deficiency
這一位病人回來複診Small Fiber Neuropathy(SFN)的控制狀況,由於天生患有B12 Deficiency,造成神經元凋亡。不過複診時,該病患先前做的皮膚切片中的small fiber數量是有增加的!原來是初診時做血液檢查,有及時發現Vit B12的缺乏,才找到導致SFN的病因。ps. Vit B12又稱為cobalamin
為什麼B12 Deficiency者會容易出現周邊神經病變(peripheral neuropathy)呢?
VitB12對於髓鞘(myelin sheath)的維持具相當重要角色,他參與甲硫氨酸(methionine)的合成,進一步維護神經軸突上的髓鞘細胞們。若缺乏Vit B12則會造成去髓鞘化(demyelination)在美國,超過80歲的人約有10-25%具有B12 Deficiency症狀。
Autonomic Neuropathy(AN) & Sjogren's Syndrome
這位病人與上述較不同,同時具有Autonomic Neuropathy以及Small Fiber Neuropathy兩症狀,因此有低血糖、瞳孔兩邊不一(英文稱anisocoria,其中一側瞳孔縮小)、四肢末端麻木的現象,先來認識一下AN的定義與相關症狀!
Def:a type of peripheral neuropathy that affects the nerves that control involuntary body functions like heart rate心跳, blood pressure血壓, digestion消化 and perspiration流汗.
Symptom:
Dizziness and fainting (orthostatic hypertension姿勢性低血壓)、Urinary problems、Sexual difficulties、Difficulty digesting food、Inability to recognize low blood sugar (無法偵測出低血糖狀態)、Sweating abnormalities (affect the ability to regulate body temperature)、Sluggish pupil reaction、Exercise intolerance
除此之外,血液檢查也測出ANA(+)、RF(+),可知道該患者具有自體免疫疾病,臨床症狀中他沒有關節疼痛變形,可排除類風濕性關節炎RA的可能,然而他有乾眼、乾口的症狀,此時就要想到Sjogren's Syndrome了!來複習一下威宇的上課講義唄~~
- also called SICCA syndrome, an immunological destruction of lacrimal andsalivary glands
- 90% are women, especially in 50-60 y.o.
- AutoAntibody:Anti SS-A(Ro) and anti SS-B(La), 75% with RF (with/without RA)
- 症狀:Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (blurring of vision, burning,itching)、Xerostomia(口乾症)、Kidney:Defects of renal tubules (common, tubular acidosis)
- 檢測:Schirmer’s test for tear function、Biopsy of the lip
An Impressive Case
最後一位病人為初診,年紀70多歲,主訴為其右下臉有麻木感、右邊咀嚼肌無法正常運動,一兩年前曾皰疹病毒復發,症狀結束後逐漸產商主訴症狀,且先前因為手術傷到反喉神經造成沙啞。進行神經學檢查時發現雖無法咀嚼但可正常吞嚥,做出咬東西的動作時右眼會一起閉上。
從目前的檢查即可確認應該與三叉神經病變有關(吞嚥造成右眼閉上可被推測為:神經在degeneration與regeneration時接到錯誤肌肉Obicularis oculi上)。因此,我們再進一步看MRI影像,居然發現
右半邊的三叉神經粗度不如左邊的一半!!!
這實在太顯著、太令人印象深刻了...醫師推測這條三叉神經的退化原因爲post-herpetic trigeminal neurapathy,而如此嚴重的神經病變似乎已來不及及時治療,且患者年事已高,醫師後來決定的治療分針為保守治療、阻止惡化,除了提供一些對神經元有養分幫助的補品名單之外,也告知患者及其家屬可適當的進行針灸或復健治療,避免右邊咀嚼肌萎縮。
因此因此,若家裡有年紀大的家人,通常他們的免疫狀況都不如年輕人好,就要注意其身體狀況,若有不正常的症狀就要有危機意識呀...