计算机视觉的五大应用
目前学术和工业界出现的目标检测算法分成3类:
Intersection over Union是一种测量在特定数据集中检测相应物体准确度的一个标准。
IoU是一个简单的测量标准,只要是在输出中得出一个预测范围(bounding boxex)的任务都可以用IoU来进行测量。
为了可以使IoU用于测量任意大小形状的物体检测,我们需要:
也就是说,这个标准用于测量真实和预测之间的相关度,相关度越高,该值越高。
TP TN FP FN里面一共出现了4个字母,分别是T F P N。
T是True;
F是False;
P是Positive;
N是Negative。
T或者F代表的是该样本 是否被正确分类。
P或者N代表的是该样本 原本是正样本还是负样本。
TP(True Positives)意思就是被分为了正样本,而且分对了。
TN(True Negatives)意思就是被分为了负样本,而且分对了,
FP(False Positives)意思就是被分为了正样本,但是分错了(事实上这个样本是负样本)。
FN(False Negatives)意思就是被分为了负样本,但是分错了(事实上这个样本是正样本)。
在mAP计算的过程中主要用到了,TP、FP、FN这三个概念。
TP是分类器认为是正样本而且确实是正样本的例子,FP是分类器认为是正样本但实际上不是正样本的例子,Precision翻译成中文就是“分类器认为是正类并且确实是正类的部分占所有分类器认为是正类的比例”。
TP是分类器认为是正样本而且确实是正样本的例子,FN是分类器认为是负样本但实际上不是负样本的例子,Recall翻译成中文就是“分类器认为是正类并且确实是正类的部分占所有确实是正类的比例”。
精度就是找得对,召回率就是找得全。
边框回归是什么?
我们的目标是寻找一种关系使得输入原始的窗口 P 经过映射得到一个跟真实窗口 G 更接近的回归窗口G^。
所以,边框回归的目的即是:
给定(Px,Py,Pw,Ph)寻找一种映射f, 使得:f(Px,Py,Pw,Ph)=(Gx,Gy,Gw,Gh)并且 (Gx,Gy,Gw,Gh)≈(Gx,Gy,Gw,Gh)
边框回归怎么做?
比较简单的思路就是: 平移+尺度缩放
Input:
P=(Px,Py,Pw,Ph)
(注:训练阶段输入还包括 Ground Truth)
Output:
需要进行的平移变换和尺度缩放 dx,dy,dw,dh ,或者说是Δx,Δy,Sw,Sh 。
有了这四个变换我们就可以直接得到 Ground Truth。
Faster RCNN可以分为4个主要内容:
1 Conv layers
Conv layers包含了conv,pooling,relu三种层。共有13个conv层,13个relu层,4个pooling层。
在Conv layers中:
在Faster RCNN Conv layers中对所有的卷积都做了pad处理( pad=1,即填充一圈0),导致原图变为 (M+2)x(N+2)大小,再做3x3卷积后输出MxN 。正是这种设置,导致Conv layers中的conv层不改变输入和输出矩阵大小。
类似的是,Conv layers中的pooling层kernel_size=2,stride=2。
这样每个经过pooling层的MxN矩阵,都会变为(M/2)x(N/2)大小。
综上所述,在整个Conv layers中,conv和relu层不改变输入输出大小,只有pooling层使输出长宽都变为输入的1/2。
那么,一个MxN大小的矩阵经过Conv layers固定变为(M/16)x(N/16)。
这样Conv layers生成的feature map都可以和原图对应起来。
2. 区域生成网络Region Proposal Networks(RPN)
经典的检测方法生成检测框都非常耗时。直接使用RPN生成检测框,是Faster R-CNN的巨大优势,能极大提升检测框的生成速度。
RPN网络在卷积后,对每个像素点,上采样映射到原始图像一个区域,找到这个区域的中心位置,然后基于这个中心位置按规则选取9种anchor box。
9个矩形共有3种面积:128,256,512; 3种形状:长宽比大约为1:1, 1:2, 2:1。 (不是固定比例,可调)
遍历Conv layers获得的feature maps,为每一个点都配备这9种anchors作为初始的检测框。
其实RPN最终就是在原图尺度上,设置了密密麻麻的候选Anchor。然后用cnn去判断哪些Anchor是里面有目标的positive anchor,哪些是没目标的negative anchor。所以,仅仅是个二分类而已。
可以看到其conv的num_output=18,也就是经过该卷积的输出图像为WxHx18大小。
这也就刚好对应了feature maps每一个点都有9个anchors,同时每个anchors又有可能是positive和negative,所有这些信息都保存在WxHx(9*2)大小的矩阵。
为何这样做?后面接softmax分类获得positive anchors,也就相当于初步提取了检测目标候选区域box(一般认为目标在positive anchors中)。
那么为何要在softmax前后都接一个reshape layer?其实只是为了便于softmax分类。
前面的positive/negative anchors的矩阵,其在caffe中的存储形式为[1, 18, H, W]。而在softmax分类时需要进行positive/negative二分类,所以reshape layer会将其变为[1, 2, 9xH, W]大小,即单独“腾空”出来一个维度以便softmax分类,之后再reshape回复原状。
综上所述,RPN网络中利用anchors和softmax初步提取出positive anchors作为候选区域。
可以看到conv的 num_output=36,即经过该卷积输出图像为WxHx36。这里相当于feature maps每个点都有9个anchors,每个anchors又都有4个用于回归的变换量:
Proposal Layer负责综合所有变换量和positive anchors,计算出精准的proposal,送入后续RoI Pooling Layer。
Proposal Layer有4个输入:
im_info:对于一副任意大小PxQ图像,传入Faster RCNN前首先reshape到固定MxN,im_info=[M, N, scale_factor]则保存了此次缩放的所有信息。
输入图像经过Conv Layers,经过4次pooling变为WxH=(M/16)x(N/16)大小,其中feature_stride=16则保存了该信息,用于计算anchor偏移量。
Proposal Layer 按照以下顺序依次处理:
严格意义上的检测应该到此就结束了,后续部分应该属于识别了。
RPN网络结构,总结起来:生成anchors -> softmax分类器提取positvie anchors -> bbox reg回归positive anchors -> Proposal Layer生成proposals
RoI Pooling层则负责收集proposal,并计算出proposal feature maps,送入后续网络。
Rol pooling层有2个输入:
为何需要RoI Pooling?
对于传统的CNN(如AlexNet和VGG),当网络训练好后输入的图像尺寸必须是固定值,同时网络输出也是固定大小的vector or matrix。如果输入图像大小不定,这个问题就变得比较麻烦。
有2种解决办法:
RoI Pooling原理
新参数pooled_w、pooled_h和spatial_scale(1/16)
RoI Pooling layer forward过程:
这样处理后,即使大小不同的proposal输出结果都是pooled_w * pooled_h固定大小,实现了固定长度输出。
再将每个proposal对应的feature map区 域水平分为pooled_w * pooled_h的网格;
对网格的每一份都进行max pooling处 理。
这样处理后,即使大小不同的proposal输 出结果都是pooled_w * pooled_h固定大小,实现了固定长度输出。
Classification部分利用已经获得的proposal feature maps,通过full connect层与softmax计算每个proposal具体属于那个类别(如人,车,电视等),输出cls_prob概率向量;
同时再次利用bounding box regression获得每个proposal的位置偏移量bbox_pred,用于回归更加精确的目标检测框。
从RoI Pooling获取到pooled_w * pooled_h大小的proposal feature maps后,送入后续网络,做了如下2件事:
全连接层InnerProduct layers:
import cv2
import keras
import numpy as np
import colorsys
import pickle
import os
import nets.frcnn as frcnn
from nets.frcnn_training import get_new_img_size
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Input
from keras.applications.imagenet_utils import preprocess_input
from PIL import Image,ImageFont, ImageDraw
from utils.utils import BBoxUtility
from utils.anchors import get_anchors
from utils.config import Config
import copy
import math
class FRCNN(object):
_defaults = {
"model_path": 'model_data/voc_weights.h5',
"classes_path": 'model_data/voc_classes.txt',
"confidence": 0.7,
}
@classmethod
def get_defaults(cls, n):
if n in cls._defaults:
return cls._defaults[n]
else:
return "Unrecognized attribute name '" + n + "'"
#---------------------------------------------------#
# 初始化faster RCNN
#---------------------------------------------------#
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
self.__dict__.update(self._defaults)
self.class_names = self._get_class()
self.sess = K.get_session()
self.config = Config()
self.generate()
self.bbox_util = BBoxUtility()
#---------------------------------------------------#
# 获得所有的分类
#---------------------------------------------------#
def _get_class(self):
classes_path = os.path.expanduser(self.classes_path)
with open(classes_path) as f:
class_names = f.readlines()
class_names = [c.strip() for c in class_names]
return class_names
#---------------------------------------------------#
# 获得所有的分类
#---------------------------------------------------#
def generate(self):
model_path = os.path.expanduser(self.model_path)
assert model_path.endswith('.h5'), 'Keras model or weights must be a .h5 file.'
# 计算总的种类
self.num_classes = len(self.class_names)+1
# 载入模型,如果原来的模型里已经包括了模型结构则直接载入。
# 否则先构建模型再载入
self.model_rpn,self.model_classifier = frcnn.get_predict_model(self.config,self.num_classes)
self.model_rpn.load_weights(self.model_path,by_name=True)
self.model_classifier.load_weights(self.model_path,by_name=True,skip_mismatch=True)
print('{} model, anchors, and classes loaded.'.format(model_path))
# 画框设置不同的颜色
hsv_tuples = [(x / len(self.class_names), 1., 1.)
for x in range(len(self.class_names))]
self.colors = list(map(lambda x: colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(*x), hsv_tuples))
self.colors = list(
map(lambda x: (int(x[0] * 255), int(x[1] * 255), int(x[2] * 255)),
self.colors))
def get_img_output_length(self, width, height):
def get_output_length(input_length):
# input_length += 6
filter_sizes = [7, 3, 1, 1]
padding = [3,1,0,0]
stride = 2
for i in range(4):
# input_length = (input_length - filter_size + stride) // stride
input_length = (input_length+2*padding[i]-filter_sizes[i]) // stride + 1
return input_length
return get_output_length(width), get_output_length(height)
#---------------------------------------------------#
# 检测图片
#---------------------------------------------------#
def detect_image(self, image):
image_shape = np.array(np.shape(image)[0:2])
old_width = image_shape[1]
old_height = image_shape[0]
old_image = copy.deepcopy(image)
width,height = get_new_img_size(old_width,old_height)
image = image.resize([width,height])
photo = np.array(image,dtype = np.float64)
# 图片预处理,归一化
photo = preprocess_input(np.expand_dims(photo,0))
preds = self.model_rpn.predict(photo)
# 将预测结果进行解码
anchors = get_anchors(self.get_img_output_length(width,height),width,height)
rpn_results = self.bbox_util.detection_out(preds,anchors,1,confidence_threshold=0)
R = rpn_results[0][:, 2:]
R[:,0] = np.array(np.round(R[:, 0]*width/self.config.rpn_stride),dtype=np.int32)
R[:,1] = np.array(np.round(R[:, 1]*height/self.config.rpn_stride),dtype=np.int32)
R[:,2] = np.array(np.round(R[:, 2]*width/self.config.rpn_stride),dtype=np.int32)
R[:,3] = np.array(np.round(R[:, 3]*height/self.config.rpn_stride),dtype=np.int32)
R[:, 2] -= R[:, 0]
R[:, 3] -= R[:, 1]
base_layer = preds[2]
delete_line = []
for i,r in enumerate(R):
if r[2] < 1 or r[3] < 1:
delete_line.append(i)
R = np.delete(R,delete_line,axis=0)
bboxes = []
probs = []
labels = []
for jk in range(R.shape[0]//self.config.num_rois + 1):
ROIs = np.expand_dims(R[self.config.num_rois*jk:self.config.num_rois*(jk+1), :], axis=0)
if ROIs.shape[1] == 0:
break
if jk == R.shape[0]//self.config.num_rois:
#pad R
curr_shape = ROIs.shape
target_shape = (curr_shape[0],self.config.num_rois,curr_shape[2])
ROIs_padded = np.zeros(target_shape).astype(ROIs.dtype)
ROIs_padded[:, :curr_shape[1], :] = ROIs
ROIs_padded[0, curr_shape[1]:, :] = ROIs[0, 0, :]
ROIs = ROIs_padded
[P_cls, P_regr] = self.model_classifier.predict([base_layer,ROIs])
for ii in range(P_cls.shape[1]):
if np.max(P_cls[0, ii, :]) < self.confidence or np.argmax(P_cls[0, ii, :]) == (P_cls.shape[2] - 1):
continue
label = np.argmax(P_cls[0, ii, :])
(x, y, w, h) = ROIs[0, ii, :]
cls_num = np.argmax(P_cls[0, ii, :])
(tx, ty, tw, th) = P_regr[0, ii, 4*cls_num:4*(cls_num+1)]
tx /= self.config.classifier_regr_std[0]
ty /= self.config.classifier_regr_std[1]
tw /= self.config.classifier_regr_std[2]
th /= self.config.classifier_regr_std[3]
cx = x + w/2.
cy = y + h/2.
cx1 = tx * w + cx
cy1 = ty * h + cy
w1 = math.exp(tw) * w
h1 = math.exp(th) * h
x1 = cx1 - w1/2.
y1 = cy1 - h1/2.
x2 = cx1 + w1/2
y2 = cy1 + h1/2
x1 = int(round(x1))
y1 = int(round(y1))
x2 = int(round(x2))
y2 = int(round(y2))
bboxes.append([x1,y1,x2,y2])
probs.append(np.max(P_cls[0, ii, :]))
labels.append(label)
if len(bboxes)==0:
return old_image
# 筛选出其中得分高于confidence的框
labels = np.array(labels)
probs = np.array(probs)
boxes = np.array(bboxes,dtype=np.float32)
boxes[:,0] = boxes[:,0]*self.config.rpn_stride/width
boxes[:,1] = boxes[:,1]*self.config.rpn_stride/height
boxes[:,2] = boxes[:,2]*self.config.rpn_stride/width
boxes[:,3] = boxes[:,3]*self.config.rpn_stride/height
results = np.array(self.bbox_util.nms_for_out(np.array(labels),np.array(probs),np.array(boxes),self.num_classes-1,0.4))
top_label_indices = results[:,0]
top_conf = results[:,1]
boxes = results[:,2:]
boxes[:,0] = boxes[:,0]*old_width
boxes[:,1] = boxes[:,1]*old_height
boxes[:,2] = boxes[:,2]*old_width
boxes[:,3] = boxes[:,3]*old_height
font = ImageFont.truetype(font='model_data/simhei.ttf',size=np.floor(3e-2 * np.shape(image)[1] + 0.5).astype('int32'))
thickness = (np.shape(old_image)[0] + np.shape(old_image)[1]) // width
image = old_image
for i, c in enumerate(top_label_indices):
predicted_class = self.class_names[int(c)]
score = top_conf[i]
left, top, right, bottom = boxes[i]
top = top - 5
left = left - 5
bottom = bottom + 5
right = right + 5
top = max(0, np.floor(top + 0.5).astype('int32'))
left = max(0, np.floor(left + 0.5).astype('int32'))
bottom = min(np.shape(image)[0], np.floor(bottom + 0.5).astype('int32'))
right = min(np.shape(image)[1], np.floor(right + 0.5).astype('int32'))
# 画框框
label = '{} {:.2f}'.format(predicted_class, score)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
label_size = draw.textsize(label, font)
label = label.encode('utf-8')
print(label)
if top - label_size[1] >= 0:
text_origin = np.array([left, top - label_size[1]])
else:
text_origin = np.array([left, top + 1])
for i in range(thickness):
draw.rectangle(
[left + i, top + i, right - i, bottom - i],
outline=self.colors[int(c)])
draw.rectangle(
[tuple(text_origin), tuple(text_origin + label_size)],
fill=self.colors[int(c)])
draw.text(text_origin, str(label,'UTF-8'), fill=(0, 0, 0), font=font)
del draw
return image
def close_session(self):
self.sess.close()
from __future__ import division
from nets.frcnn import get_model
from nets.frcnn_training import cls_loss,smooth_l1,Generator,get_img_output_length,class_loss_cls,class_loss_regr
from utils.config import Config
from utils.utils import BBoxUtility
from utils.roi_helpers import calc_iou
from keras.utils import generic_utils
from keras.callbacks import TensorBoard, ModelCheckpoint, ReduceLROnPlateau, EarlyStopping
import keras
import numpy as np
import time
import tensorflow as tf
from utils.anchors import get_anchors
def write_log(callback, names, logs, batch_no):
for name, value in zip(names, logs):
summary = tf.Summary()
summary_value = summary.value.add()
summary_value.simple_value = value
summary_value.tag = name
callback.writer.add_summary(summary, batch_no)
callback.writer.flush()
if __name__ == "__main__":
config = Config()
NUM_CLASSES = 21
EPOCH = 100
EPOCH_LENGTH = 2000
bbox_util = BBoxUtility(overlap_threshold=config.rpn_max_overlap,ignore_threshold=config.rpn_min_overlap)
annotation_path = '2007_train.txt'
model_rpn, model_classifier,model_all = get_model(config,NUM_CLASSES)
base_net_weights = "model_data/voc_weights.h5"
model_all.summary()
model_rpn.load_weights(base_net_weights,by_name=True)
model_classifier.load_weights(base_net_weights,by_name=True)
with open(annotation_path) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
np.random.seed(10101)
np.random.shuffle(lines)
np.random.seed(None)
gen = Generator(bbox_util, lines, NUM_CLASSES, solid=True)
rpn_train = gen.generate()
log_dir = "logs"
# 训练参数设置
logging = TensorBoard(log_dir=log_dir)
callback = logging
callback.set_model(model_all)
model_rpn.compile(loss={
'regression' : smooth_l1(),
'classification': cls_loss()
},optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=1e-5)
)
model_classifier.compile(loss=[
class_loss_cls,
class_loss_regr(NUM_CLASSES-1)
],
metrics={'dense_class_{}'.format(NUM_CLASSES): 'accuracy'},optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=1e-5)
)
model_all.compile(optimizer='sgd', loss='mae')
# 初始化参数
iter_num = 0
train_step = 0
losses = np.zeros((EPOCH_LENGTH, 5))
rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor = []
rpn_accuracy_for_epoch = []
start_time = time.time()
# 最佳loss
best_loss = np.Inf
# 数字到类的映射
print('Starting training')
for i in range(EPOCH):
if i == 20:
model_rpn.compile(loss={
'regression' : smooth_l1(),
'classification': cls_loss()
},optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=1e-6)
)
model_classifier.compile(loss=[
class_loss_cls,
class_loss_regr(NUM_CLASSES-1)
],
metrics={'dense_class_{}'.format(NUM_CLASSES): 'accuracy'},optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=1e-6)
)
print("Learning rate decrease")
progbar = generic_utils.Progbar(EPOCH_LENGTH)
print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(i + 1, EPOCH))
while True:
if len(rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor) == EPOCH_LENGTH and config.verbose:
mean_overlapping_bboxes = float(sum(rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor))/len(rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor)
rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor = []
print('Average number of overlapping bounding boxes from RPN = {} for {} previous iterations'.format(mean_overlapping_bboxes, EPOCH_LENGTH))
if mean_overlapping_bboxes == 0:
print('RPN is not producing bounding boxes that overlap the ground truth boxes. Check RPN settings or keep training.')
X, Y, boxes = next(rpn_train)
loss_rpn = model_rpn.train_on_batch(X,Y)
write_log(callback, ['rpn_cls_loss', 'rpn_reg_loss'], loss_rpn, train_step)
P_rpn = model_rpn.predict_on_batch(X)
height,width,_ = np.shape(X[0])
anchors = get_anchors(get_img_output_length(width,height),width,height)
# 将预测结果进行解码
results = bbox_util.detection_out(P_rpn,anchors,1, confidence_threshold=0)
R = results[0][:, 2:]
X2, Y1, Y2, IouS = calc_iou(R, config, boxes[0], width, height, NUM_CLASSES)
if X2 is None:
rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor.append(0)
rpn_accuracy_for_epoch.append(0)
continue
neg_samples = np.where(Y1[0, :, -1] == 1)
pos_samples = np.where(Y1[0, :, -1] == 0)
if len(neg_samples) > 0:
neg_samples = neg_samples[0]
else:
neg_samples = []
if len(pos_samples) > 0:
pos_samples = pos_samples[0]
else:
pos_samples = []
rpn_accuracy_rpn_monitor.append(len(pos_samples))
rpn_accuracy_for_epoch.append((len(pos_samples)))
if len(neg_samples)==0:
continue
if len(pos_samples) < config.num_rois//2:
selected_pos_samples = pos_samples.tolist()
else:
selected_pos_samples = np.random.choice(pos_samples, config.num_rois//2, replace=False).tolist()
try:
selected_neg_samples = np.random.choice(neg_samples, config.num_rois - len(selected_pos_samples), replace=False).tolist()
except:
selected_neg_samples = np.random.choice(neg_samples, config.num_rois - len(selected_pos_samples), replace=True).tolist()
sel_samples = selected_pos_samples + selected_neg_samples
loss_class = model_classifier.train_on_batch([X, X2[:, sel_samples, :]], [Y1[:, sel_samples, :], Y2[:, sel_samples, :]])
write_log(callback, ['detection_cls_loss', 'detection_reg_loss', 'detection_acc'], loss_class, train_step)
losses[iter_num, 0] = loss_rpn[1]
losses[iter_num, 1] = loss_rpn[2]
losses[iter_num, 2] = loss_class[1]
losses[iter_num, 3] = loss_class[2]
losses[iter_num, 4] = loss_class[3]
train_step += 1
iter_num += 1
progbar.update(iter_num, [('rpn_cls', np.mean(losses[:iter_num, 0])), ('rpn_regr', np.mean(losses[:iter_num, 1])),
('detector_cls', np.mean(losses[:iter_num, 2])), ('detector_regr', np.mean(losses[:iter_num, 3]))])
if iter_num == EPOCH_LENGTH:
loss_rpn_cls = np.mean(losses[:, 0])
loss_rpn_regr = np.mean(losses[:, 1])
loss_class_cls = np.mean(losses[:, 2])
loss_class_regr = np.mean(losses[:, 3])
class_acc = np.mean(losses[:, 4])
mean_overlapping_bboxes = float(sum(rpn_accuracy_for_epoch)) / len(rpn_accuracy_for_epoch)
rpn_accuracy_for_epoch = []
if config.verbose:
print('Mean number of bounding boxes from RPN overlapping ground truth boxes: {}'.format(mean_overlapping_bboxes))
print('Classifier accuracy for bounding boxes from RPN: {}'.format(class_acc))
print('Loss RPN classifier: {}'.format(loss_rpn_cls))
print('Loss RPN regression: {}'.format(loss_rpn_regr))
print('Loss Detector classifier: {}'.format(loss_class_cls))
print('Loss Detector regression: {}'.format(loss_class_regr))
print('Elapsed time: {}'.format(time.time() - start_time))
curr_loss = loss_rpn_cls + loss_rpn_regr + loss_class_cls + loss_class_regr
iter_num = 0
start_time = time.time()
write_log(callback,
['Elapsed_time', 'mean_overlapping_bboxes', 'mean_rpn_cls_loss', 'mean_rpn_reg_loss',
'mean_detection_cls_loss', 'mean_detection_reg_loss', 'mean_detection_acc', 'total_loss'],
[time.time() - start_time, mean_overlapping_bboxes, loss_rpn_cls, loss_rpn_regr,
loss_class_cls, loss_class_regr, class_acc, curr_loss],i)
if config.verbose:
print('The best loss is {}. The current loss is {}. Saving weights'.format(best_loss,curr_loss))
if curr_loss < best_loss:
best_loss = curr_loss
model_all.save_weights(log_dir+"/epoch{:03d}-loss{:.3f}-rpn{:.3f}-roi{:.3f}".format(i,curr_loss,loss_rpn_cls+loss_rpn_regr,loss_class_cls+loss_class_regr)+".h5")
break
from keras.layers import Input
from frcnn import FRCNN
from PIL import Image
frcnn = FRCNN()
while True:
img = input('img/street.jpg')
try:
image = Image.open('img/street.jpg')
except:
print('Open Error! Try again!')
continue
else:
r_image = frcnn.detect_image(image)
r_image.show()
frcnn.close_session()
two-stage:two-stage算法会先使用一个网络生成proposal,如selective search和RPN网络, RPN出现后,ss方法基本就被摒弃了。RPN网络接在图像特征提取网络backbone后,会设置RPN loss(bbox regression loss+classification loss)对RPN网络进行训练,RPN生成的proposal再送到 后面的网络中进行更精细的bbox regression和classification。
one-stage :One-stage追求速度舍弃了two-stage架构,即不再设置单独网络生成proposal,而 是直接在feature map上进行密集抽样,产生大量的先验框,如YOLO的网格方法。这些先验框没 有经过两步处理,且框的尺寸往往是人为规定。
two-stage算法主要是RCNN系列,包括RCNN, Fast-RCNN,Faster-RCNN。之后的Mask-RCNN 融合了Faster-RCNN架构、ResNet和FPN(Feature Pyramid Networks)backbone,以及FCN里的 segmentation方法,在完成了segmentation的同时也提高了detection的精度。
one-stage算法最典型的是YOLO,该算法速度极快。
行人检测-Yolo3
YOLO算法采用一个单独的CNN模型实现end-to-end的目标检测:
关于标定框
一般情况下,YOLO 不会预测边界框中心的确切坐标。它预测:
例如:
以上图为例,如果中心的预测是 (0.4, 0.7),则中心在 13 x 13 特征图上的坐标是 (6.4, 6.7)(红色单元的左上角坐标是 (6,6))。
但是,如果预测到的 x,y 坐标大于 1,比如 (1.2, 0.7)。那么预测的中心坐标是 (7.2, 6.7)。注意该中心在红色单元右侧的单元中。这打破了 YOLO 背后的理论,因为如果我们假设红色框负责预测目标狗,那么狗的中心必须在红色单元中,不应该在它旁边的网格单元中。
因此,为了解决这个问题,我们对输出执行 sigmoid 函数,将输出压缩到区间 0 到 1 之间,有效确保中心处于执行预测的网格单元中。
每个标定框的置信度以及标定框的准确度信息:
左边代表包含这个标定框的格子里是否有目标。有=1没有=0。
右边代表标定框的准确程度, 右边的部分是把两个标定框(一个是Ground truth,一个是预测的标定框)进行一个IOU操作,即两个标定框的交集比并集,数值越大,即标定框重合越多,越准确。
我们可以计算出各个标定框的类别置信度(class-specific confidence scores/ class scores): 表达的是该标定框中目标属于各个类别的可能性大小以及标定框匹配目标的好坏。
每个网格预测的class信息和bounding box预测的confidence信息相乘,就得到每个bounding box 的class-specific confidence score。
对每一个网格的每一个bbox执行同样操作: 7x7x2 = 98 bbox (每个bbox既有对应的class信息又有坐标信息)
得到每个bbox的class-specific confidence score以后,设置阈值,滤掉得分低的boxes,对保留的boxes进行NMS处理,就得到最终的检测结果。
排序后,不同位置的框内,概率不同:
以最大值作为bbox_max,并与比它小的非0值(bbox_cur)做比较:IOU
递归,以下一个非0 bbox_cur(0.2)作为bbox_max继续比较IOU:
最终,剩下n个框
得到每个bbox的class-specific confidence score以后,设置阈值,滤掉得分低的boxes,对保留的boxes进行NMS处理,就得到最终的检测结果。
对bb3(20×1)类别的分数,找分数对应最大类别的索引.---->class bb3(20×1)中最大的分---->score
Yolo的缺点:
使用kmeans聚类获取先验框的信息:
之前先验框都是手工设定的,YOLO2尝试统计出更符合样本中对象尺寸的先验框,这样就可以减少网络微调先验框到实际位置的难度。YOLO2的做法是对训练集中标注的边框进行聚类分析,以寻找尽可能匹配样本的边框尺寸。
聚类算法最重要的是选择如何计算两个边框之间的“距离”,对于常用的欧式距离,大边框会产生更大的误差,但我们关心的是边框的IOU。所以,YOLO2在聚类时采用以下公式来计算两个边框之间的“距离”。
在选择不同的聚类k值情况下,得到的k个centroid边框,计算样本中标注的边框与各centroid的Avg IOU。
显然,边框数k越多,Avg IOU越大。
YOLO2选择k=5作为边框数量与IOU的折中。对比手工选择的先验框,使用5个聚类框即可达到61 Avg IOU,相当于9个手工设置的先验框60.9 Avg IOU
作者最终选取5个聚类中心作为先验框。对于两个数据集,5个先验框的width和height如下:
COCO: (0.57273, 0.677385), (1.87446, 2.06253), (3.33843, 5.47434), (7.88282, 3.52778), (9.77052, 9.16828)
VOC: (1.3221, 1.73145), (3.19275, 4.00944), (5.05587, 8.09892), (9.47112, 4.84053), (11.2364, 10.0071)
YOLOv3相比于之前的yolo1和yolo2,改进较大,主要改进方向有:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import os
class yolo:
def __init__(self, norm_epsilon, norm_decay, anchors_path, classes_path, pre_train):
"""
Introduction
------------
初始化函数
Parameters
----------
norm_decay: 在预测时计算moving average时的衰减率
norm_epsilon: 方差加上极小的数,防止除以0的情况
anchors_path: yolo anchor 文件路径
classes_path: 数据集类别对应文件
pre_train: 是否使用预训练darknet53模型
"""
self.norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon
self.norm_decay = norm_decay
self.anchors_path = anchors_path
self.classes_path = classes_path
self.pre_train = pre_train
self.anchors = self._get_anchors()
self.classes = self._get_class()
#---------------------------------------#
# 获取种类和先验框
#---------------------------------------#
def _get_class(self):
"""
Introduction
------------
获取类别名字
Returns
-------
class_names: coco数据集类别对应的名字
"""
classes_path = os.path.expanduser(self.classes_path)
with open(classes_path) as f:
class_names = f.readlines()
class_names = [c.strip() for c in class_names]
return class_names
def _get_anchors(self):
"""
Introduction
------------
获取anchors
"""
anchors_path = os.path.expanduser(self.anchors_path)
with open(anchors_path) as f:
anchors = f.readline()
anchors = [float(x) for x in anchors.split(',')]
return np.array(anchors).reshape(-1, 2)
#---------------------------------------#
# 用于生成层
#---------------------------------------#
# l2 正则化
def _batch_normalization_layer(self, input_layer, name = None, training = True, norm_decay = 0.99, norm_epsilon = 1e-3):
'''
Introduction
------------
对卷积层提取的feature map使用batch normalization
Parameters
----------
input_layer: 输入的四维tensor
name: batchnorm层的名字
trainging: 是否为训练过程
norm_decay: 在预测时计算moving average时的衰减率
norm_epsilon: 方差加上极小的数,防止除以0的情况
Returns
-------
bn_layer: batch normalization处理之后的feature map
'''
bn_layer = tf.layers.batch_normalization(inputs = input_layer,
momentum = norm_decay, epsilon = norm_epsilon, center = True,
scale = True, training = training, name = name)
return tf.nn.leaky_relu(bn_layer, alpha = 0.1)
# 这个就是用来进行卷积的
def _conv2d_layer(self, inputs, filters_num, kernel_size, name, use_bias = False, strides = 1):
"""
Introduction
------------
使用tf.layers.conv2d减少权重和偏置矩阵初始化过程,以及卷积后加上偏置项的操作
经过卷积之后需要进行batch norm,最后使用leaky ReLU激活函数
根据卷积时的步长,如果卷积的步长为2,则对图像进行降采样
比如,输入图片的大小为416*416,卷积核大小为3,若stride为2时,(416 - 3 + 2)/ 2 + 1, 计算结果为208,相当于做了池化层处理
因此需要对stride大于1的时候,先进行一个padding操作, 采用四周都padding一维代替'same'方式
Parameters
----------
inputs: 输入变量
filters_num: 卷积核数量
strides: 卷积步长
name: 卷积层名字
trainging: 是否为训练过程
use_bias: 是否使用偏置项
kernel_size: 卷积核大小
Returns
-------
conv: 卷积之后的feature map
"""
conv = tf.layers.conv2d(
inputs = inputs, filters = filters_num,
kernel_size = kernel_size, strides = [strides, strides], kernel_initializer = tf.glorot_uniform_initializer(),
padding = ('SAME' if strides == 1 else 'VALID'), kernel_regularizer = tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(scale = 5e-4), use_bias = use_bias, name = name)
return conv
# 这个用来进行残差卷积的
# 残差卷积就是进行一次3X3的卷积,然后保存该卷积layer
# 再进行一次1X1的卷积和一次3X3的卷积,并把这个结果加上layer作为最后的结果
def _Residual_block(self, inputs, filters_num, blocks_num, conv_index, training = True, norm_decay = 0.99, norm_epsilon = 1e-3):
"""
Introduction
------------
Darknet的残差block,类似resnet的两层卷积结构,分别采用1x1和3x3的卷积核,使用1x1是为了减少channel的维度
Parameters
----------
inputs: 输入变量
filters_num: 卷积核数量
trainging: 是否为训练过程
blocks_num: block的数量
conv_index: 为了方便加载预训练权重,统一命名序号
weights_dict: 加载预训练模型的权重
norm_decay: 在预测时计算moving average时的衰减率
norm_epsilon: 方差加上极小的数,防止除以0的情况
Returns
-------
inputs: 经过残差网络处理后的结果
"""
# 在输入feature map的长宽维度进行padding
inputs = tf.pad(inputs, paddings=[[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0], [0, 0]], mode='CONSTANT')
layer = self._conv2d_layer(inputs, filters_num, kernel_size = 3, strides = 2, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
layer = self._batch_normalization_layer(layer, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
for _ in range(blocks_num):
shortcut = layer
layer = self._conv2d_layer(layer, filters_num // 2, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
layer = self._batch_normalization_layer(layer, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
layer = self._conv2d_layer(layer, filters_num, kernel_size = 3, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
layer = self._batch_normalization_layer(layer, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
layer += shortcut
return layer, conv_index
#---------------------------------------#
# 生成_darknet53
#---------------------------------------#
def _darknet53(self, inputs, conv_index, training = True, norm_decay = 0.99, norm_epsilon = 1e-3):
"""
Introduction
------------
构建yolo3使用的darknet53网络结构
Parameters
----------
inputs: 模型输入变量
conv_index: 卷积层数序号,方便根据名字加载预训练权重
weights_dict: 预训练权重
training: 是否为训练
norm_decay: 在预测时计算moving average时的衰减率
norm_epsilon: 方差加上极小的数,防止除以0的情况
Returns
-------
conv: 经过52层卷积计算之后的结果, 输入图片为416x416x3,则此时输出的结果shape为13x13x1024
route1: 返回第26层卷积计算结果52x52x256, 供后续使用
route2: 返回第43层卷积计算结果26x26x512, 供后续使用
conv_index: 卷积层计数,方便在加载预训练模型时使用
"""
with tf.variable_scope('darknet53'):
# 416,416,3 -> 416,416,32
conv = self._conv2d_layer(inputs, filters_num = 32, kernel_size = 3, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
# 416,416,32 -> 208,208,64
conv, conv_index = self._Residual_block(conv, conv_index = conv_index, filters_num = 64, blocks_num = 1, training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
# 208,208,64 -> 104,104,128
conv, conv_index = self._Residual_block(conv, conv_index = conv_index, filters_num = 128, blocks_num = 2, training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
# 104,104,128 -> 52,52,256
conv, conv_index = self._Residual_block(conv, conv_index = conv_index, filters_num = 256, blocks_num = 8, training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
# route1 = 52,52,256
route1 = conv
# 52,52,256 -> 26,26,512
conv, conv_index = self._Residual_block(conv, conv_index = conv_index, filters_num = 512, blocks_num = 8, training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
# route2 = 26,26,512
route2 = conv
# 26,26,512 -> 13,13,1024
conv, conv_index = self._Residual_block(conv, conv_index = conv_index, filters_num = 1024, blocks_num = 4, training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
# route3 = 13,13,1024
return route1, route2, conv, conv_index
# 输出两个网络结果
# 第一个是进行5次卷积后,用于下一次逆卷积的,卷积过程是1X1,3X3,1X1,3X3,1X1
# 第二个是进行5+2次卷积,作为一个特征层的,卷积过程是1X1,3X3,1X1,3X3,1X1,3X3,1X1
def _yolo_block(self, inputs, filters_num, out_filters, conv_index, training = True, norm_decay = 0.99, norm_epsilon = 1e-3):
"""
Introduction
------------
yolo3在Darknet53提取的特征层基础上,又加了针对3种不同比例的feature map的block,这样来提高对小物体的检测率
Parameters
----------
inputs: 输入特征
filters_num: 卷积核数量
out_filters: 最后输出层的卷积核数量
conv_index: 卷积层数序号,方便根据名字加载预训练权重
training: 是否为训练
norm_decay: 在预测时计算moving average时的衰减率
norm_epsilon: 方差加上极小的数,防止除以0的情况
Returns
-------
route: 返回最后一层卷积的前一层结果
conv: 返回最后一层卷积的结果
conv_index: conv层计数
"""
conv = self._conv2d_layer(inputs, filters_num = filters_num, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = filters_num * 2, kernel_size = 3, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = filters_num, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = filters_num * 2, kernel_size = 3, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = filters_num, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
route = conv
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = filters_num * 2, kernel_size = 3, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training = training, norm_decay = norm_decay, norm_epsilon = norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
conv = self._conv2d_layer(conv, filters_num = out_filters, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index), use_bias = True)
conv_index += 1
return route, conv, conv_index
# 返回三个特征层的内容
def yolo_inference(self, inputs, num_anchors, num_classes, training = True):
"""
Introduction
------------
构建yolo模型结构
Parameters
----------
inputs: 模型的输入变量
num_anchors: 每个grid cell负责检测的anchor数量
num_classes: 类别数量
training: 是否为训练模式
"""
conv_index = 1
# route1 = 52,52,256、route2 = 26,26,512、route3 = 13,13,1024
conv2d_26, conv2d_43, conv, conv_index = self._darknet53(inputs, conv_index, training = training, norm_decay = self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
with tf.variable_scope('yolo'):
#--------------------------------------#
# 获得第一个特征层
#--------------------------------------#
# conv2d_57 = 13,13,512,conv2d_59 = 13,13,255(3x(80+5))
conv2d_57, conv2d_59, conv_index = self._yolo_block(conv, 512, num_anchors * (num_classes + 5), conv_index = conv_index, training = training, norm_decay = self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
#--------------------------------------#
# 获得第二个特征层
#--------------------------------------#
conv2d_60 = self._conv2d_layer(conv2d_57, filters_num = 256, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv2d_60 = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv2d_60, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index),training = training, norm_decay = self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
# unSample_0 = 26,26,256
unSample_0 = tf.image.resize_nearest_neighbor(conv2d_60, [2 * tf.shape(conv2d_60)[1], 2 * tf.shape(conv2d_60)[1]], name='upSample_0')
# route0 = 26,26,768
route0 = tf.concat([unSample_0, conv2d_43], axis = -1, name = 'route_0')
# conv2d_65 = 52,52,256,conv2d_67 = 26,26,255
conv2d_65, conv2d_67, conv_index = self._yolo_block(route0, 256, num_anchors * (num_classes + 5), conv_index = conv_index, training = training, norm_decay = self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
#--------------------------------------#
# 获得第三个特征层
#--------------------------------------#
conv2d_68 = self._conv2d_layer(conv2d_65, filters_num = 128, kernel_size = 1, strides = 1, name = "conv2d_" + str(conv_index))
conv2d_68 = self._batch_normalization_layer(conv2d_68, name = "batch_normalization_" + str(conv_index), training=training, norm_decay=self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
conv_index += 1
# unSample_1 = 52,52,128
unSample_1 = tf.image.resize_nearest_neighbor(conv2d_68, [2 * tf.shape(conv2d_68)[1], 2 * tf.shape(conv2d_68)[1]], name='upSample_1')
# route1= 52,52,384
route1 = tf.concat([unSample_1, conv2d_26], axis = -1, name = 'route_1')
# conv2d_75 = 52,52,255
_, conv2d_75, _ = self._yolo_block(route1, 128, num_anchors * (num_classes + 5), conv_index = conv_index, training = training, norm_decay = self.norm_decay, norm_epsilon = self.norm_epsilon)
return [conv2d_59, conv2d_67, conv2d_75]
num_parallel_calls = 4
input_shape = 416
max_boxes = 20
jitter = 0.3
hue = 0.1
sat = 1.0
cont = 0.8
bri = 0.1
norm_decay = 0.99
norm_epsilon = 1e-3
pre_train = True
num_anchors = 9
num_classes = 80
training = True
ignore_thresh = .5
learning_rate = 0.001
train_batch_size = 10
val_batch_size = 10
train_num = 2800
val_num = 5000
Epoch = 50
obj_threshold = 0.5
nms_threshold = 0.5
gpu_index = "0"
log_dir = './logs'
data_dir = './model_data'
model_dir = './test_model/model.ckpt-192192'
pre_train_yolo3 = True
yolo3_weights_path = './model_data/yolov3.weights'
darknet53_weights_path = './model_data/darknet53.weights'
anchors_path = './model_data/yolo_anchors.txt'
classes_path = './model_data/coco_classes.txt'
image_file = "./img/img.jpg"
import os
import config
import argparse
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from yolo_predict import yolo_predictor
from PIL import Image, ImageFont, ImageDraw
from utils import letterbox_image, load_weights
# 指定使用GPU的Index
os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = config.gpu_index
def detect(image_path, model_path, yolo_weights = None):
"""
Introduction
------------
加载模型,进行预测
Parameters
----------
model_path: 模型路径,当使用yolo_weights无用
image_path: 图片路径
"""
#---------------------------------------#
# 图片预处理
#---------------------------------------#
image = Image.open(image_path)
# 对预测输入图像进行缩放,按照长宽比进行缩放,不足的地方进行填充
resize_image = letterbox_image(image, (416, 416))
image_data = np.array(resize_image, dtype = np.float32)
# 归一化
image_data /= 255.
# 转格式,第一维度填充
image_data = np.expand_dims(image_data, axis = 0)
#---------------------------------------#
# 图片输入
#---------------------------------------#
# input_image_shape原图的size
input_image_shape = tf.placeholder(dtype = tf.int32, shape = (2,))
# 图像
input_image = tf.placeholder(shape = [None, 416, 416, 3], dtype = tf.float32)
# 进入yolo_predictor进行预测,yolo_predictor是用于预测的一个对象
predictor = yolo_predictor(config.obj_threshold, config.nms_threshold, config.classes_path, config.anchors_path)
with tf.Session() as sess:
#---------------------------------------#
# 图片预测
#---------------------------------------#
if yolo_weights is not None:
with tf.variable_scope('predict'):
boxes, scores, classes = predictor.predict(input_image, input_image_shape)
# 载入模型
load_op = load_weights(tf.global_variables(scope = 'predict'), weights_file = yolo_weights)
sess.run(load_op)
# 进行预测
out_boxes, out_scores, out_classes = sess.run(
[boxes, scores, classes],
feed_dict={
# image_data这个resize过
input_image: image_data,
# 以y、x的方式传入
input_image_shape: [image.size[1], image.size[0]]
})
else:
boxes, scores, classes = predictor.predict(input_image, input_image_shape)
saver = tf.train.Saver()
saver.restore(sess, model_path)
out_boxes, out_scores, out_classes = sess.run(
[boxes, scores, classes],
feed_dict={
input_image: image_data,
input_image_shape: [image.size[1], image.size[0]]
})
#---------------------------------------#
# 画框
#---------------------------------------#
# 找到几个box,打印
print('Found {} boxes for {}'.format(len(out_boxes), 'img'))
font = ImageFont.truetype(font = 'font/FiraMono-Medium.otf', size = np.floor(3e-2 * image.size[1] + 0.5).astype('int32'))
# 厚度
thickness = (image.size[0] + image.size[1]) // 300
for i, c in reversed(list(enumerate(out_classes))):
# 获得预测名字,box和分数
predicted_class = predictor.class_names[c]
box = out_boxes[i]
score = out_scores[i]
# 打印
label = '{} {:.2f}'.format(predicted_class, score)
# 用于画框框和文字
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
# textsize用于获得写字的时候,按照这个字体,要多大的框
label_size = draw.textsize(label, font)
# 获得四个边
top, left, bottom, right = box
top = max(0, np.floor(top + 0.5).astype('int32'))
left = max(0, np.floor(left + 0.5).astype('int32'))
bottom = min(image.size[1]-1, np.floor(bottom + 0.5).astype('int32'))
right = min(image.size[0]-1, np.floor(right + 0.5).astype('int32'))
print(label, (left, top), (right, bottom))
print(label_size)
if top - label_size[1] >= 0:
text_origin = np.array([left, top - label_size[1]])
else:
text_origin = np.array([left, top + 1])
# My kingdom for a good redistributable image drawing library.
for i in range(thickness):
draw.rectangle(
[left + i, top + i, right - i, bottom - i],
outline = predictor.colors[c])
draw.rectangle(
[tuple(text_origin), tuple(text_origin + label_size)],
fill = predictor.colors[c])
draw.text(text_origin, label, fill=(0, 0, 0), font=font)
del draw
image.show()
image.save('./img/result1.jpg')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 当使用yolo3自带的weights的时候
if config.pre_train_yolo3 == True:
detect(config.image_file, config.model_dir, config.yolo3_weights_path)
# 当使用模型的时候
else:
detect(config.image_file, config.model_dir)
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def convert_coco_bbox(size, box):
"""
Introduction
------------
计算box的长宽和原始图像的长宽比值
Parameters
----------
size: 原始图像大小
box: 标注box的信息
Returns
x, y, w, h 标注box和原始图像的比值
"""
dw = 1. / size[0]
dh = 1. / size[1]
x = (box[0] + box[2]) / 2.0 - 1
y = (box[1] + box[3]) / 2.0 - 1
w = box[2]
h = box[3]
x = x * dw
w = w * dw
y = y * dh
h = h * dh
return x, y, w, h
def box_iou(boxes, clusters):
"""
Introduction
------------
计算每个box和聚类中心的距离值
Parameters
----------
boxes: 所有的box数据
clusters: 聚类中心
"""
box_num = boxes.shape[0]
cluster_num = clusters.shape[0]
box_area = boxes[:, 0] * boxes[:, 1]
#每个box的面积重复9次,对应9个聚类中心
box_area = box_area.repeat(cluster_num)
box_area = np.reshape(box_area, [box_num, cluster_num])
cluster_area = clusters[:, 0] * clusters[:, 1]
cluster_area = np.tile(cluster_area, [1, box_num])
cluster_area = np.reshape(cluster_area, [box_num, cluster_num])
#这里计算两个矩形的iou,默认所有矩形的左上角坐标都是在原点,然后计算iou,因此只需取长宽最小值相乘就是重叠区域的面积
boxes_width = np.reshape(boxes[:, 0].repeat(cluster_num), [box_num, cluster_num])
clusters_width = np.reshape(np.tile(clusters[:, 0], [1, box_num]), [box_num, cluster_num])
min_width = np.minimum(clusters_width, boxes_width)
boxes_high = np.reshape(boxes[:, 1].repeat(cluster_num), [box_num, cluster_num])
clusters_high = np.reshape(np.tile(clusters[:, 1], [1, box_num]), [box_num, cluster_num])
min_high = np.minimum(clusters_high, boxes_high)
iou = np.multiply(min_high, min_width) / (box_area + cluster_area - np.multiply(min_high, min_width))
return iou
def avg_iou(boxes, clusters):
"""
Introduction
------------
计算所有box和聚类中心的最大iou均值作为准确率
Parameters
----------
boxes: 所有的box
clusters: 聚类中心
Returns
-------
accuracy: 准确率
"""
return np.mean(np.max(box_iou(boxes, clusters), axis =1))
def Kmeans(boxes, cluster_num, iteration_cutoff = 25, function = np.median):
"""
Introduction
------------
根据所有box的长宽进行Kmeans聚类
Parameters
----------
boxes: 所有的box的长宽
cluster_num: 聚类的数量
iteration_cutoff: 当准确率不再降低多少轮停止迭代
function: 聚类中心更新的方式
Returns
-------
clusters: 聚类中心box的大小
"""
boxes_num = boxes.shape[0]
best_average_iou = 0
best_avg_iou_iteration = 0
best_clusters = []
anchors = []
np.random.seed()
# 随机选择所有boxes中的box作为聚类中心
clusters = boxes[np.random.choice(boxes_num, cluster_num, replace = False)]
count = 0
while True:
distances = 1. - box_iou(boxes, clusters)
boxes_iou = np.min(distances, axis=1)
# 获取每个box距离哪个聚类中心最近
current_box_cluster = np.argmin(distances, axis=1)
average_iou = np.mean(1. - boxes_iou)
if average_iou > best_average_iou:
best_average_iou = average_iou
best_clusters = clusters
best_avg_iou_iteration = count
# 通过function的方式更新聚类中心
for cluster in range(cluster_num):
clusters[cluster] = function(boxes[current_box_cluster == cluster], axis=0)
if count >= best_avg_iou_iteration + iteration_cutoff:
break
print("Sum of all distances (cost) = {}".format(np.sum(boxes_iou)))
print("iter: {} Accuracy: {:.2f}%".format(count, avg_iou(boxes, clusters) * 100))
count += 1
for cluster in best_clusters:
anchors.append([round(cluster[0] * 416), round(cluster[1] * 416)])
return anchors, best_average_iou
def load_cocoDataset(annfile):
"""
Introduction
------------
读取coco数据集的标注信息
Parameters
----------
datasets: 数据集名字列表
"""
data = []
coco = COCO(annfile)
cats = coco.loadCats(coco.getCatIds())
coco.loadImgs()
base_classes = {cat['id'] : cat['name'] for cat in cats}
imgId_catIds = [coco.getImgIds(catIds = cat_ids) for cat_ids in base_classes.keys()]
image_ids = [img_id for img_cat_id in imgId_catIds for img_id in img_cat_id ]
for image_id in image_ids:
annIds = coco.getAnnIds(imgIds = image_id)
anns = coco.loadAnns(annIds)
img = coco.loadImgs(image_id)[0]
image_width = img['width']
image_height = img['height']
for ann in anns:
box = ann['bbox']
bb = convert_coco_bbox((image_width, image_height), box)
data.append(bb[2:])
return np.array(data)
def process(dataFile, cluster_num, iteration_cutoff = 25, function = np.median):
"""
Introduction
------------
主处理函数
Parameters
----------
dataFile: 数据集的标注文件
cluster_num: 聚类中心数目
iteration_cutoff: 当准确率不再降低多少轮停止迭代
function: 聚类中心更新的方式
"""
last_best_iou = 0
last_anchors = []
boxes = load_cocoDataset(dataFile)
box_w = boxes[:1000, 0]
box_h = boxes[:1000, 1]
plt.scatter(box_h, box_w, c = 'r')
anchors = Kmeans(boxes, cluster_num, iteration_cutoff, function)
plt.scatter(anchors[:,0], anchors[:, 1], c = 'b')
plt.show()
for _ in range(100):
anchors, best_iou = Kmeans(boxes, cluster_num, iteration_cutoff, function)
if best_iou > last_best_iou:
last_anchors = anchors
last_best_iou = best_iou
print("anchors: {}, avg iou: {}".format(last_anchors, last_best_iou))
print("final anchors: {}, avg iou: {}".format(last_anchors, last_best_iou))
if __name__ == '__main__':
process('./annotations/instances_train2014.json', 9)
import json
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from PIL import Image
from collections import defaultdict
def load_weights(var_list, weights_file):
"""
Introduction
------------
加载预训练好的darknet53权重文件
Parameters
----------
var_list: 赋值变量名
weights_file: 权重文件
Returns
-------
assign_ops: 赋值更新操作
"""
with open(weights_file, "rb") as fp:
_ = np.fromfile(fp, dtype=np.int32, count=5)
weights = np.fromfile(fp, dtype=np.float32)
ptr = 0
i = 0
assign_ops = []
while i < len(var_list) - 1:
var1 = var_list[i]
var2 = var_list[i + 1]
# do something only if we process conv layer
if 'conv2d' in var1.name.split('/')[-2]:
# check type of next layer
if 'batch_normalization' in var2.name.split('/')[-2]:
# load batch norm params
gamma, beta, mean, var = var_list[i + 1:i + 5]
batch_norm_vars = [beta, gamma, mean, var]
for var in batch_norm_vars:
shape = var.shape.as_list()
num_params = np.prod(shape)
var_weights = weights[ptr:ptr + num_params].reshape(shape)
ptr += num_params
assign_ops.append(tf.assign(var, var_weights, validate_shape=True))
# we move the pointer by 4, because we loaded 4 variables
i += 4
elif 'conv2d' in var2.name.split('/')[-2]:
# load biases
bias = var2
bias_shape = bias.shape.as_list()
bias_params = np.prod(bias_shape)
bias_weights = weights[ptr:ptr + bias_params].reshape(bias_shape)
ptr += bias_params
assign_ops.append(tf.assign(bias, bias_weights, validate_shape=True))
# we loaded 1 variable
i += 1
# we can load weights of conv layer
shape = var1.shape.as_list()
num_params = np.prod(shape)
var_weights = weights[ptr:ptr + num_params].reshape((shape[3], shape[2], shape[0], shape[1]))
# remember to transpose to column-major
var_weights = np.transpose(var_weights, (2, 3, 1, 0))
ptr += num_params
assign_ops.append(tf.assign(var1, var_weights, validate_shape=True))
i += 1
return assign_ops
def letterbox_image(image, size):
"""
Introduction
------------
对预测输入图像进行缩放,按照长宽比进行缩放,不足的地方进行填充
Parameters
----------
image: 输入图像
size: 图像大小
Returns
-------
boxed_image: 缩放后的图像
"""
image_w, image_h = image.size
w, h = size
new_w = int(image_w * min(w*1.0/image_w, h*1.0/image_h))
new_h = int(image_h * min(w*1.0/image_w, h*1.0/image_h))
resized_image = image.resize((new_w,new_h), Image.BICUBIC)
boxed_image = Image.new('RGB', size, (128, 128, 128))
boxed_image.paste(resized_image, ((w-new_w)//2,(h-new_h)//2))
return boxed_image
def draw_box(image, bbox):
"""
Introduction
------------
通过tensorboard把训练数据可视化
Parameters
----------
image: 训练数据图片
bbox: 训练数据图片中标记box坐标
"""
xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, label = tf.split(value = bbox, num_or_size_splits = 5, axis=2)
height = tf.cast(tf.shape(image)[1], tf.float32)
weight = tf.cast(tf.shape(image)[2], tf.float32)
new_bbox = tf.concat([tf.cast(ymin, tf.float32) / height, tf.cast(xmin, tf.float32) / weight, tf.cast(ymax, tf.float32) / height, tf.cast(xmax, tf.float32) / weight], 2)
new_image = tf.image.draw_bounding_boxes(image, new_bbox)
tf.summary.image('input', new_image)
def voc_ap(rec, prec):
"""
--- Official matlab code VOC2012---
mrec=[0 ; rec ; 1];
mpre=[0 ; prec ; 0];
for i=numel(mpre)-1:-1:1
mpre(i)=max(mpre(i),mpre(i+1));
end
i=find(mrec(2:end)~=mrec(1:end-1))+1;
ap=sum((mrec(i)-mrec(i-1)).*mpre(i));
"""
rec.insert(0, 0.0) # insert 0.0 at begining of list
rec.append(1.0) # insert 1.0 at end of list
mrec = rec[:]
prec.insert(0, 0.0) # insert 0.0 at begining of list
prec.append(0.0) # insert 0.0 at end of list
mpre = prec[:]
for i in range(len(mpre) - 2, -1, -1):
mpre[i] = max(mpre[i], mpre[i + 1])
i_list = []
for i in range(1, len(mrec)):
if mrec[i] != mrec[i - 1]:
i_list.append(i)
ap = 0.0
for i in i_list:
ap += ((mrec[i] - mrec[i - 1]) * mpre[i])
return ap, mrec, mpre
import os
import config
import random
import colorsys
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from model.yolo3_model import yolo
class yolo_predictor:
def __init__(self, obj_threshold, nms_threshold, classes_file, anchors_file):
"""
Introduction
------------
初始化函数
Parameters
----------
obj_threshold: 目标检测为物体的阈值
nms_threshold: nms阈值
"""
self.obj_threshold = obj_threshold
self.nms_threshold = nms_threshold
# 预读取
self.classes_path = classes_file
self.anchors_path = anchors_file
# 读取种类名称
self.class_names = self._get_class()
# 读取先验框
self.anchors = self._get_anchors()
# 画框框用
hsv_tuples = [(x / len(self.class_names), 1., 1.)for x in range(len(self.class_names))]
self.colors = list(map(lambda x: colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(*x), hsv_tuples))
self.colors = list(map(lambda x: (int(x[0] * 255), int(x[1] * 255), int(x[2] * 255)), self.colors))
random.seed(10101)
random.shuffle(self.colors)
random.seed(None)
def _get_class(self):
"""
Introduction
------------
读取类别名称
"""
classes_path = os.path.expanduser(self.classes_path)
with open(classes_path) as f:
class_names = f.readlines()
class_names = [c.strip() for c in class_names]
return class_names
def _get_anchors(self):
"""
Introduction
------------
读取anchors数据
"""
anchors_path = os.path.expanduser(self.anchors_path)
with open(anchors_path) as f:
anchors = f.readline()
anchors = [float(x) for x in anchors.split(',')]
anchors = np.array(anchors).reshape(-1, 2)
return anchors
#---------------------------------------#
# 对三个特征层解码
# 进行排序并进行非极大抑制
#---------------------------------------#
def boxes_and_scores(self, feats, anchors, classes_num, input_shape, image_shape):
"""
Introduction
------------
将预测出的box坐标转换为对应原图的坐标,然后计算每个box的分数
Parameters
----------
feats: yolo输出的feature map
anchors: anchor的位置
class_num: 类别数目
input_shape: 输入大小
image_shape: 图片大小
Returns
-------
boxes: 物体框的位置
boxes_scores: 物体框的分数,为置信度和类别概率的乘积
"""
# 获得特征
box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs = self._get_feats(feats, anchors, classes_num, input_shape)
# 寻找在原图上的位置
boxes = self.correct_boxes(box_xy, box_wh, input_shape, image_shape)
boxes = tf.reshape(boxes, [-1, 4])
# 获得置信度box_confidence * box_class_probs
box_scores = box_confidence * box_class_probs
box_scores = tf.reshape(box_scores, [-1, classes_num])
return boxes, box_scores
# 获得在原图上框的位置
def correct_boxes(self, box_xy, box_wh, input_shape, image_shape):
"""
Introduction
------------
计算物体框预测坐标在原图中的位置坐标
Parameters
----------
box_xy: 物体框左上角坐标
box_wh: 物体框的宽高
input_shape: 输入的大小
image_shape: 图片的大小
Returns
-------
boxes: 物体框的位置
"""
box_yx = box_xy[..., ::-1]
box_hw = box_wh[..., ::-1]
# 416,416
input_shape = tf.cast(input_shape, dtype = tf.float32)
# 实际图片的大小
image_shape = tf.cast(image_shape, dtype = tf.float32)
new_shape = tf.round(image_shape * tf.reduce_min(input_shape / image_shape))
offset = (input_shape - new_shape) / 2. / input_shape
scale = input_shape / new_shape
box_yx = (box_yx - offset) * scale
box_hw *= scale
box_mins = box_yx - (box_hw / 2.)
box_maxes = box_yx + (box_hw / 2.)
boxes = tf.concat([
box_mins[..., 0:1],
box_mins[..., 1:2],
box_maxes[..., 0:1],
box_maxes[..., 1:2]
], axis = -1)
boxes *= tf.concat([image_shape, image_shape], axis = -1)
return boxes
# 其实是解码的过程
def _get_feats(self, feats, anchors, num_classes, input_shape):
"""
Introduction
------------
根据yolo最后一层的输出确定bounding box
Parameters
----------
feats: yolo模型最后一层输出
anchors: anchors的位置
num_classes: 类别数量
input_shape: 输入大小
Returns
-------
box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs
"""
num_anchors = len(anchors)
anchors_tensor = tf.reshape(tf.constant(anchors, dtype=tf.float32), [1, 1, 1, num_anchors, 2])
grid_size = tf.shape(feats)[1:3]
predictions = tf.reshape(feats, [-1, grid_size[0], grid_size[1], num_anchors, num_classes + 5])
# 这里构建13*13*1*2的矩阵,对应每个格子加上对应的坐标
grid_y = tf.tile(tf.reshape(tf.range(grid_size[0]), [-1, 1, 1, 1]), [1, grid_size[1], 1, 1])
grid_x = tf.tile(tf.reshape(tf.range(grid_size[1]), [1, -1, 1, 1]), [grid_size[0], 1, 1, 1])
grid = tf.concat([grid_x, grid_y], axis = -1)
grid = tf.cast(grid, tf.float32)
# 将x,y坐标归一化,相对网格的位置
box_xy = (tf.sigmoid(predictions[..., :2]) + grid) / tf.cast(grid_size[::-1], tf.float32)
# 将w,h也归一化
box_wh = tf.exp(predictions[..., 2:4]) * anchors_tensor / tf.cast(input_shape[::-1], tf.float32)
box_confidence = tf.sigmoid(predictions[..., 4:5])
box_class_probs = tf.sigmoid(predictions[..., 5:])
return box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs
def eval(self, yolo_outputs, image_shape, max_boxes = 20):
"""
Introduction
------------
根据Yolo模型的输出进行非极大值抑制,获取最后的物体检测框和物体检测类别
Parameters
----------
yolo_outputs: yolo模型输出
image_shape: 图片的大小
max_boxes: 最大box数量
Returns
-------
boxes_: 物体框的位置
scores_: 物体类别的概率
classes_: 物体类别
"""
# 每一个特征层对应三个先验框
anchor_mask = [[6, 7, 8], [3, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2]]
boxes = []
box_scores = []
# inputshape是416x416
# image_shape是实际图片的大小
input_shape = tf.shape(yolo_outputs[0])[1 : 3] * 32
# 对三个特征层的输出获取每个预测box坐标和box的分数,score = 置信度x类别概率
#---------------------------------------#
# 对三个特征层解码
# 获得分数和框的位置
#---------------------------------------#
for i in range(len(yolo_outputs)):
_boxes, _box_scores = self.boxes_and_scores(yolo_outputs[i], self.anchors[anchor_mask[i]], len(self.class_names), input_shape, image_shape)
boxes.append(_boxes)
box_scores.append(_box_scores)
# 放在一行里面便于操作
boxes = tf.concat(boxes, axis = 0)
box_scores = tf.concat(box_scores, axis = 0)
mask = box_scores >= self.obj_threshold
max_boxes_tensor = tf.constant(max_boxes, dtype = tf.int32)
boxes_ = []
scores_ = []
classes_ = []
#---------------------------------------#
# 1、取出每一类得分大于self.obj_threshold
# 的框和得分
# 2、对得分进行非极大抑制
#---------------------------------------#
# 对每一个类进行判断
for c in range(len(self.class_names)):
# 取出所有类为c的box
class_boxes = tf.boolean_mask(boxes, mask[:, c])
# 取出所有类为c的分数
class_box_scores = tf.boolean_mask(box_scores[:, c], mask[:, c])
# 非极大抑制
nms_index = tf.image.non_max_suppression(class_boxes, class_box_scores, max_boxes_tensor, iou_threshold = self.nms_threshold)
# 获取非极大抑制的结果
class_boxes = tf.gather(class_boxes, nms_index)
class_box_scores = tf.gather(class_box_scores, nms_index)
classes = tf.ones_like(class_box_scores, 'int32') * c
boxes_.append(class_boxes)
scores_.append(class_box_scores)
classes_.append(classes)
boxes_ = tf.concat(boxes_, axis = 0)
scores_ = tf.concat(scores_, axis = 0)
classes_ = tf.concat(classes_, axis = 0)
return boxes_, scores_, classes_
#---------------------------------------#
# predict用于预测,分三步
# 1、建立yolo对象
# 2、获得预测结果
# 3、对预测结果进行处理
#---------------------------------------#
def predict(self, inputs, image_shape):
"""
Introduction
------------
构建预测模型
Parameters
----------
inputs: 处理之后的输入图片
image_shape: 图像原始大小
Returns
-------
boxes: 物体框坐标
scores: 物体概率值
classes: 物体类别
"""
model = yolo(config.norm_epsilon, config.norm_decay, self.anchors_path, self.classes_path, pre_train = False)
# yolo_inference用于获得网络的预测结果
output = model.yolo_inference(inputs, config.num_anchors // 3, config.num_classes, training = False)
boxes, scores, classes = self.eval(output, image_shape, max_boxes = 20)
return boxes, scores, classes
SSD也是一个多特征层网络,其一共具有11层,前半部分结构是VGG16: