16个时态(时态 = 时间+状态)
16 时态=4个时间*4个状态=16个时态
① 4个时间:现在,过去,将来,过去将来(= 过去和现在之间)
did
(过去式)would+do
do
(人称变化)will+do
② 4个状态:一般,进行,完成,完成进行
时态难点
时态(主动) 时间↓、状态→ |
一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
---|---|---|---|---|
现在 | ① 现在一般 :do/does ❶ 表 事实(并不特指出 动作状态、时间状态): 例: 我吃胡萝卜:I eat carrots.(不指定正在进行、还是完成了,只说明这个事实;表示事实时,普通名词一般用复数,一般不会只跟某一个有关系) 例: 太阳从东边升起:The sun rises in the east.(现在、过去、将来 都会从东边升起,跟时间关系也不大) ❷ 表 习惯/重复的动作: 例: 我打篮球:I play basketball.(我有这个习惯,不特指 动作的时间、状态) ❸ 表达 预计发生的事: 例: 公交今晚8点离站:The bus leaves at 8pm tonight. 例: 公交每晚 8点离站:The bus leaves at 8pm every day.(每天:由预计 变习惯/重复性 动作) ❹ 表 将来/条件(副词从句 中的将来/条件 用现在一般时): 例:等我有钱了,我就买车: When I havevt money, I will buy a car.(从句现在+主句将来,从句的“等以后有钱”,这个将来 用现在时来表达,主句还用将来时) |
② 现在进行 :am/is/areaux+ doing 现在分词 正在做… ❶ 表 现在 正在做的动作: 例: 我正在吃一根胡萝卜:I am eating a carrot. 例: 她正在跳舞:She is dancing. ❷ 表 即将发生的 动作: 例:他今天会来:He is coming today. = He will be coming today. 例:他马上就要走了:He is leaving soon. = He will be leaving soon. |
③ 现在完成 :has/haveaux + done 过去分词❶ 表 目前 已完成的动作: 例: 我已经吃了 一根胡萝卜了:I have eaten a carrot.(一种已完成的动作,动词完成,影响/言下之意:我已经吃了东西,现在可能不饿了,普通名词 一般用单数) ❷ 表 目前 的经验: 例: 我吃过 胡萝卜:I have eaten carrots.(一种经验,影响/言下之意:我是吃过胡萝卜的人,普通名词 一般是复数。) ❸ 表 已做,且目前仍在继续的 动作、状态: 例: 她已经在这住了十年了:She has lived here for ten years. |
④ 现在完成进行 (一直做…:目前 已做完一部分,还将继续):has/haveaux been aux =be的过去分词 + doing 例: 我一直在吃胡萝卜:I have been eating carrots.(动作完成+进行,影响:我已经吃完了一部分,并且还会继续) |
过去 | ① 过去一般 :did 过去式❶ 表 过去的 动作、习惯、状态: 例: 我打了篮球:I played basketball. (注:过去 + 一般态, 只表示我做过某事,做了…,不能体现出 是不是某种习惯/重复性动作) 例: 他从前都很早起床:He used to get up early.(过去的习惯:used+to do ) = He always rose up early in the morning.(过去式+频率副词,表 过去习惯) 例:他生于1991年:He was born in 1991.(表示状态) ❷ 表 过去的经验(也可用现在完成时): 例:你以前见过她吗?:Did you ever see her before? = Have you ever seen her before? ❸ 过去一般 替代 过去完成:(搭配连词 after、before、until等) 例:我完成工作之后,就回家了:After I finished my work, I went home. = After I had finished my work, I went home.(两个动作有前后,先完成一个,再做的另一个) |
② 过去进行 :was/wereaux+ doing ❶表 过去某时 正在做的动作: 例: 当时,兔子正在吃胡萝卜:The rabbit was eating a carrot. (过去某个时间点,正在做某事) ❷ 表 过去某时 即将发生的动作: 例:当时/那时,他快要死了:He was dying. = He was to die. = He was about to die. |
③ 过去完成 :hadaux+done 例:昨天下午 他想找我,但我已经去上海了:He tried过去 to find me yesterday afternoon, but I had already gone过去完成 to Shanghai. (过去已经完成,影响:因为我已经走了,所以 他在之后找我 是找不到的。) |
④ 过去完成进行 : had been + doing 例: 当时,我一直在看你的视频:I hadaux beenaux watching your videos.(完成+进行:过去的某个时间点,已经完成了一部分,还将继续) |
将来 | ① 将来一般 (说话者十分确定的事):a. willaux,无人称变化 + do ;b. beaux+going/about+to do; c. be+to do; ❶ 表 将来会发生的 动作、状态: 例:明天太阳还会升起:The sun will rise again tomorrow.(将来的动作,十分确定会在将来发生的事,用 将来 一般时态,不太确定会不会发生,需要借助“动词的语气”) 例:他很快就是学生了: He will be a student soon .(将来的 状态) |
② 将来进行 (将来某时 正在进行的动作):will beaux+ doing 例:我明天午餐时 将会在吃胡萝卜: I will be eating a carrot for lunch tomorrow.(很确定的事) |
③ 将来完成 :will haveaux + done ❶ 表 将来某时间 已经完成的动作: 例:我将在明天下午4点之前 完成视频制作,所以我可以在那之后发布它: I will have finished making video by 4pm tomorrow,so I can publish it after that.(完成,将来的某个时间点 很确定 会完成,影响:之后就可以发布了) ❷ 表 将来某时间 已做过 且将继续做的动作: 例: 到月底,他就在这里住满10年了:By the end of the month, he will have lived here for ten years. |
④ 将来完成进行 :will have beenaux + doing 例: 到明天下午3点,这只兔子已经一直吃了两个小时的胡萝卜了:The rabbit will have been eating carrots for two hours by 3pm tomorrow. (将来的某个时间点,完成了一部分,还将继续,一直做…) 例:到今年年底,我教英语就满十年了:I will have been teaching English for ten years by the end of this year.(到年底满10年,但我还会继续) |
过去将来 | ① 过去将来一般 :wouldaux + do 例:我之前/当时说 我午饭要吃胡萝卜: I said I would eat a carrot for lunch. |
② 过去将来进行 :would beaux+ doing 例: 我之前说 我昨天午餐将要吃胡萝卜: I said I would be eating a carrot for lunch yesterday. |
③ 过去 将来完成 :would haveaux + done 例: 我说过 我将会在昨天下午4点之前 完成视频制作: I said I would have finished making video by 4pm yesterday. |
④ 过去将来完成进行 :would have beenaux + doing例: 到明天/昨天下午3点,这只兔子 将会已经一直吃了两个小时的胡萝卜了:I said the rabbit would have been eating carrots for two hours by 3pm tomorrow/yesterday. (站在过去 谈将来) |
主从句的时态 搭配
rises
现在时 in the east.时间短语 搭配 时态
特别句型:
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
---|---|---|
burst(突发) | burst | burst |
cost(花费) | cost | cost |
cast(丢;扔;掷) | cast | cast |
cut(切) | cut | cut |
hit(击打) | hit | hit |
hurt(伤害) | hurt | hurt |
let(让) | let | let |
read(读) | read | read |
set(放置) | set | set |
shut(关) | shut | shut |
upset(使…难过) | upset | upset |
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 变化规则 |
---|---|---|---|
say(说) | said | said | y 变 i,加 d |
lay(放置;生蛋) | laid | laid | y 变 i,加 d |
pay(付款) | paid | paid | y 变 i,加 d |
sell(卖) | sold | sold | ell 变 old |
tell(告诉) | told | told | ell 变 old |
catch(抓住) | caught | caught | 变 aught |
teach(教) | taught | taught | 变 aught |
buy(买) | bought | bought | 变 ought |
bring(带来) | brought | brought | 变 ought |
think(认为) | thought | thought | 变 ought |
have/has(有;吃;喝) | had | had | 变 d |
hear(听) | heard | heard | 加 d |
make(做) | made | made | k 变 d |
build(建造) | built | built | d 变 t |
lend(借) | lent | lent | d 变 t |
send(邮寄;送) | sent | sent | d 变 t |
spend(花费) | spent | spent | d 变 t |
sit(坐) | sat | sat | i 变 a |
get(得到) | got | got | e 变 o |
lose(失去;输) | lost | lost | e 变 t |
win(赢得) | won | won | i 变 o |
smell(闻) | smelt | smelt | l 变 t |
hold(抓住) | held | held | o 变 e |
meet(遇见) | met | met | 去 e |
feed(喂) | fed | fed | 去 e |
feel(感觉) | felt | felt | 去 e 加 t |
keep(保持) | kept | kept | 去 e 加 t |
sleep(睡) | slept | slept | 去 e 加 t |
lead(领导) | led | led | 去 a |
leave(离开) | left | left | ave 变 ft |
mean(意指) | meant | meant | 加 t |
stand(站;忍受) | stood | stood | an 变 oo |
understand(了解) | understood | understood | an 变 oo |
find(发现) | found | found | i 变 ou |
hang(挂) | hung | hung | a 变 u |
hang(vt.吊死) | hanged | hanged | 加 ed,与 上方区分 |
strike(打击) | struck | struck/stricken | i 变 u,过去分词 可加 en |
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 变化规则 |
---|---|---|---|
run(跑) | ran | run | 过去式 u 变 a |
come(来) | came | come | 过去式 o 变 a |
become(成为) | became | become | 过去式 o 变 a |
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 变化规则 |
---|---|---|---|
begin(开始) | began | begun | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
drink(喝) | drank | drunk | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
ring(鸣响) | rang | rung | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
sing(唱歌) | sang | sung | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
sink(下沉) | sank | sunk | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
swim(游泳) | swam | swum | i 变 a ;i 变 u |
break(打破) | broke | broken | ea 变 o,加 e;ea 变 o ,加 en |
speak(说话) | spoke | spoken | ea 变 o,加 e;ea 变 o ,加 en |
steal(偷) | stole | stolen | ea 变 o,加 e;ea 变 o ,加 en |
freeze(冻住) | froze | frozen | ee 变 o;ee 变 o,加 n |
choose(选择) | chose | chosen | 去 o;去 o ,加 n |
hide(藏) | hid | hidden | 去 e;去e,加 den |
bite(咬) | bit | bitten | 去 e;去 e,加 ten |
forget(忘记) | forgot | forgotten | e 变 o;e 变 o,加 ten |
tear(撕) | tore | torn | ea 变 o,加 e;ea 变 o,加 n |
wear(穿;戴) | wore | worn | ea 变 o,加 e;ea 变 o,加 n |
drive(驾驶) | drove | driven | i 变 o;加 n |
ride(骑) | rode | ridden | i 变 o;去e,加 den |
rise(升) | rose | risen | i 变 o;加 n |
write(写) | wrote | written | i 变 o;加 n |
take(带去) | took | taken | a 变 oo,去 e;加 n |
mistake(误会) | mistook | mistaken | a 变 oo,去 e;加 n |
shake(摇动) | shook | shaken | a 变 oo,去 e;加 n |
know(知道) | knew | known | o 变 e;加 n |
grow(生长) | grew | grown | o 变 e;加 n |
throw(扔) | threw | thrown | o 变 e;加 n |
blow(吹) | blew | blown | o 变 e;加 n |
draw(画;拉) | drew | drawn | a 变 e;加 n |
fly(飞) | flew | flown | y 变 ew;y 变 own |
do(做) | did | done | o 变 id;加 ne |
eat(吃) | ate | eaten | 去 e,后加 e;加 en |
fall(落下) | fell | fallen | a 变 e;加 en |
give(给) | gave | given | i 变 a;加 n |
go(去) | went | gone | 完全变形;加 ne |
lie(躺) | lay | lain | ie 变 ay;ie 变 ain |
see(看) | saw | seen | ee 变 aw;加 n |
show(展示) | showed | shown | 加 ed;加 n |
am/is(是/在/助动词 aux) | was | been | 完全变形;be+en |
are(是/在/助动词 aux) | were | been | 完全变形;be+en |
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 变化规则 |
---|---|---|---|
burn(燃烧) | burned、burnt | burned、burnt | 加 ed/ 加 t |
dream(梦见) | dreamed、dreamt | dreamed、dreamt | 加 ed/ 加 t |
learn(学习) | learned、learnt | learned、learnt | 加 ed/ 加 t |
spell(拼写) | spelled、spelt | spelled、spelt | 加 ed/ l 变 t |
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 变化规则 |
---|---|---|---|
shall | should | 无 | all 变 ould |
will | would | 无 | ill 变 ould |
can | could | 无 | an 变 ould |
may | might | 无 | ay 变 ight |
语态:❶ 主动语态、❷ 被动语态。
被动语态:
not
+ 过去分词 (否定词 not 放在助动词之后,如 be 之后)
not
loved by me.授予动词 的 2 种被动语态
虚拟语气:语气的一种。虚拟语气:表示 假设、难以实现的情况,并非客观事实,甚至完全与事实相反。此外如需表达主观愿望、强烈的感情时,也可用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气(subjunctivesəbˈdʒʌŋktɪv mood)
do
,主句 现在时助动词 will do
)
did
,主句 过去时助动词 would do
): ⇒ if …were…, 主句 would do)
were
。had done
,主句 过去助动词+have done would have done
)
should + do
,主句 助动词 would、will + do
都可以)
if/once...
+ ❶ 现在时一般用法/❷ 原形强调条件的重要性, 主句 + 现在时 助动词aux + do
will/may/must/can/shall/(ought to)/should
此时非过去时=应该
if
= in case
that,on condition
that ,provided
that,suppose
that,supposing
that (注:that 都可省略);一旦 once
、as soon as
;当 when
;在…之前 before
;只要 so long as,= as long as;这些词 一般只用在“纯条件”的虚拟句中,形成的条件句,用法与 if 一样,用现在时。
In case
he comes, let me know.
of
+ 名词provided
(that) he acknowledges his mistake.Suppose/Supposing
I meet him, what shall I tell him?as long as
it is interesting.would、could、might、should、ought to
(会、能、可能、应该)
were
,不管是第几人称。would、could、might、should、ought to
(会、能、可能、应该)were + to do
;主句+ 过去时助动词 + do
▲知识拓展:
⑴ 对过去的猜测 (一定/可能/不可能):must/may/cannot + have done
结构:一定/可能/不可能 must/may/cannot
+ have done
must
have received a higher education.may
have stayed up late last night.can't
have stolen Jack’s money.注:猜测的疑问句 同一用“可能…can...have done
”别用 may、must 等。
Can
he have done it? √⑵ didn't need + to do
和 needn't + have done
的区别
had/should/were
)放在主语前。had done
(过去完成时)it were not
+ >that 从句(现在时)/ for
+ 名词;主句+ 过去时 助动词+do
it were not that
he works现在时 hard, I wouldn’t like him.it were not for
his hard work名词, I wouldn’t like him.
But for
his hard work, I wouldn’t like him.it had not been
+ >that 从句(过去时)/ for
+ 名词;主句+ 过去时助动词+ have done
that
he lent me the money, I could not have bought that book.for
the money(which) he lent me, I could not have bought that book.
for
the money(which) he lent me, I could not have bought that book.But for
the money (which) he lent me, I could not have bought that book.should
) + do (should往往被省略,所以 lest的主语后面基本上都是原形)that
you may fail the exam.
of
failing the exam.that
he might make a mistake again.of
making a mistake again.as if/though
+ 句子,连词副词,引导副词从句;(as if = as though
)
to do
what if
: +should
+do sth;表示 与 “将来状况相反”的 虚拟语气;
about
time/(high
time)+(that) 过去时;= it is time+ for sb + to do sth
for
he to go to bed.for
our children to have some learning.did
/过去完成时 had done
(即 只用于 现在/过去相反事实的 虚拟语气)
did
与现在事实相反;+ (that) 过去完成时 had done
与过去事实相反;注:wish 后面 没有现在时(不是纯条件句)。
would rather
Would
+ thathope
和 wish
的异同wish+sb sth
wish sb+ to do sth
(不能换成 hope)
hope that + may do
⇒ 只留从句,may 提前,感叹号,may 放在从句的主语前。⇒ May sb + do sth
愿/祝 某人…wish/hope
+ to do sth
hope/wish
vt to travel abroad.wish/hope
+ for sth+ to do sth
hope/wish
vi for介词 a chance to try it.do
(should 一般省略,所以动词 一般是原形)
doing
sth
doing
that.doing
that.Ctrl+F
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