sql中union all、union、intersect、minus的区别图解，测试

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• sql 的 join、left join、full join的区别图解总结，测试，注意事项

1.结论示意图

• 对于intersect、minus，oracle支持，mysql不支持，可以变通（in或exists）实现

2.创建表和数据

-- 建表
drop table if exists student;   -- oralce 不支持 if exists 
create table student (
  id   int
);
-- 造数据4条
insert into student (id) values (1);
insert into student (id) values (2);
insert into student (id) values (3);
insert into student (id) values (4);

-- 查看表数据
select * from student;

3.查询

3.1. A集合

-- A集合
select * from student where id in (1,2,3);

3.2. B集合

-- B集合
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

3.3. 交集intersect(A ∩ B)

• oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- intersect(A ∩ B)。交集
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
intersect
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4));

3.4. 差集minus

• oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

3.4.1.左差集minus(A - B)

-- minus(A - A ∩ B)。左差集
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
minus
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4));

3.4.2 右差集minus(B - A)

-- minus(A - A ∩ B)。右差集
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
minus
select * from student where id in (1,2,3);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (1,2,3));

3.5. 并集union(A ∪ B)

-- union(A ∪ B)。并集（去重）
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union 
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

3.6. 和集 union all(A + B)

-- union all(A + B)。和集（不去重）
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union all
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

3.7. 补集(A minus B) union (B minus A)[(A - B) ∪ (B - A)]或 (A union B) minus (A intersect B)[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)] 。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。

• oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- 算法1：`(A minus  B) union (B minus A)`[(A - B) ∪ (B - A)]。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
minus
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
)
union 
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
minus
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
);
-- 算法1：变通实现
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4))
)
union 
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (1,2,3))
);

-- 算法2：`(A union B) minus (A intersect B)`[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)] 
--  `(union) minus (intersect)`[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)]。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
union
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
)
minus
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
intersect
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
);
-- 算法2：变通实现
select * from 
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union 
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
)
where id not in
(
select id from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4))
);