linux File Handling commands 'ls'.
ref:Linux / Unix Command: ls
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
- -a, --all
- do not hide entries starting with .
- -A, --almost-all
- do not list implied . and ..
- --author
- print the author of each file
- -b, --escape
- print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
- --block-size= SIZE
- use SIZE-byte blocks
- -B, --ignore-backups
- do not list implied entries ending with ~
- -c
- with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime
- -C
- list entries by columns
- --color[= WHEN]
- control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
- -d, --directory
- list directory entries instead of contents
- -D, --dired
- generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
- -f
- do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
- -F, --classify
- append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
- --format= WORD
- across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
- --full-time
- like -l --time-style= full-iso
- -g
- like -l, but do not list owner
- -G, --no-group
- inhibit display of group information
- -h, --human-readable
- print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
- --si
- likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
- -H, --dereference-command-line
- follow symbolic links on the command line
- --indicator-style= WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
- none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p)
- -i, --inode
- print index number of each file
- -I, --ignore= PATTERN
- do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
- -k
- like --block-size= 1K
- -l
- use a long listing format
- -L, --dereference
- when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself
- -m
- fill width with a comma separated list of entries
- -n, --numeric-uid-gid
- like -l, but list numeric UIDs and GIDs
- -N, --literal
- print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)
- -o
- like -l, but do not list group information
- -p, --file-type
- append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
- -q, --hide-control-chars
- print ? instead of non graphic characters
- --show-control-chars
- show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
- -Q, --quote-name
- enclose entry names in double quotes
- --quoting-style= WORD
- use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
- -r, --reverse
- reverse order while sorting
- -R, --recursive
- list subdirectories recursively
- -s, --size
- print size of each file, in blocks
- -S
- sort by file size
- --sort= WORD
- extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v
- status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
- --time= WORD
- show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort= time
- --time-style= STYLE
- show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT
- FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
- -t
- sort by modification time
- -T, --tabsize= COLS
- assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
- -u
- with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
- -U
- do not sort; list entries in directory order
- -v
- sort by version
- -w, --width= COLS
- assume screen width instead of current value
- -x
- list entries by lines instead of by columns
- -X
- sort alphabetically by entry extension
- -1
- list one file per line
- --help
- display this help and exit
- --version
- output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty).
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command
- info ls
should give you access to the complete manual.
Important: Use the man command (% man) to see how a command is used on your particular computer.