ARC
跟OC一样,Swift也是采取基于引用计数的ARC内存管理方案(针对堆空间)
Swift的ARC中有3种引用
- 强引用(strong reference):默认情况下,引用都是强引用
- 弱引用(weak reference):通过weak定义弱引用 。必须是可选类型的var,因为实例销毁后,ARC会自动将弱引用设置为nil ;ARC自动给弱引用设置nil时,不会触发属性观察器
- 无主引用(unowned reference):通过unowned定义无主引用 。 不会产生强引用,实例销毁后仍然存储着实例的内存地址(类似于OC中的unsafe_unretained) ;试图在实例销毁后访问无主引用,会产生运行时错误(野指针) Fatal error: Attempted to read an unowned reference but object 0x0 was already deallocated
weak、unowned的使用限制
weak、unowned只能用在类实例上面
Autoreleasepool
public func autoreleasepool(invoking body: () throws -> Result) rethrows -> Result
autoreleasepool {
let p = MJPerson(age: 20, name: "Jack")
p.run()
}
循环引用(Reference Cycle)
weak、unowned 都能解决循环引用的问题,unowned 要比 weak 少一些性能消耗
在生命周期中可能会变为 nil 的使用 weak
初始化赋值后再也不会变为 nil 的使用 unowned
闭包的循环引用
闭包表达式默认会对用到的外层对象产生额外的强引用(对外层对象进行了retain操作)
下面代码会产生循环引用,导致Person对象无法释放(看不到Person的deinit被调用)
class Person {
var fn: (() -> ())?
func run() { print("run") }
deinit { print("deinit") }
}
func test() {
let p = Person()
p.fn = { p.run() }
}
test()
解决:在闭包表达式的捕获列表声明weak或unowned引用,解决循环引用问题
p.fn = { [weak p] in p?.run() }
p.fn = { [unowned p] in p.run() }
如果想在定义闭包属性的同时引用self,这个闭包必须是lazy的(因为在实例初始化完毕之后才能引用self)
class Person {
lazy var fn: (() -> ()) = { [weak self] in self?.run() }
func run() { print("run") }
deinit { print("deinit") }
}
// 上边的闭包fn内部如果用到了实例成员(属性、方法) 编译器会强制要求明确写出self
如果lazy属性是闭包调用的结果,那么不用考虑循环引用的问题(因为闭包调用后,闭包的生命周期就结束了)
class Person {
var age: Int = 0
lazy var getAge: Int = { self.age }()
deinit { print("deinit") }
}
@escaping
非逃逸闭包、逃逸闭包,一般都是当做参数传递给函数
非逃逸闭包:闭包调用发生在函数结束前,闭包调用在函数作用域内
逃逸闭包:闭包有可能在函数结束后调用,闭包调用逃离了函数的作用域,需要通过@escaping声明
class Person {
var fn: Fn // fn是逃逸闭包
init(fn: @escaping Fn) {
self.fn = fn
}
func run() {
// DispatchQueue.global().async也是一个逃逸闭包
// 它用到了实例成员(属性、方法),编译器会强制要求明确写出self
DispatchQueue.global().async {
self.fn()
}
}
}
逃逸闭包不可以捕获inout参数
typealias Fn = () -> ()
func other1(_ fn: Fn) { fn() }
func other2(_ fn: @escaping Fn) { fn() }
func test(value: inout Int) -> Fn {
other1 { value += 1 }
// error: 逃逸闭包不能捕获inout参数
other2 { value += 1 }
func plus() { value += 1 }
// error: 逃逸闭包不能捕获inout参数
return plus
}
内存访问冲突(Conflicting Access to Memory)
内存访问冲突会在两个访问满足下列条件时发生:
- 至少一个是写入操作
- 它们访问的是同一块内存
- 它们的访问时间重叠(比如在同一个函数内)
struct Player {
var name: String
var health: Int
var energy: Int mutating
func shareHealth(with teammate: inout Player) {
balance(&teammate.health, &health)
}
}
var oscar = Player(name: "Oscar", health: 10, energy: 10)
var maria = Player(name: "Maria", health: 5, energy: 10)
oscar.shareHealth(with: &maria) // OK
oscar.shareHealth(with: &oscar) // Error
如果下面的条件可以满足,就说明重叠访问结构体的属性是安全的
- 你只访问实例存储属性,不是计算属性或者类属性
- 结构体是局部变量而非全局变量
- 结构体要么没有被闭包捕获要么只被非逃逸闭包捕获
// Ok
func test() {
var tulpe = (health: 10, energy: 20)
balance(&tulpe.health, &tulpe.energy)
var holly = Player(name: "Holly", health: 10, energy: 10)
balance(&holly.health, &holly.energy)
}
test()
指针
Swift中也有专门的指针类型,这些都被定性为“Unsafe”(不安全的),常见的有以下4种类型
- UnsafePointer
类似于 const Pointee * - UnsafeMutablePointer
类似于 Pointee * - UnsafeRawPointer 类似于 const void *
- UnsafeMutableRawPointer 类似于 void *
var age = 10
func test1(_ ptr: UnsafeMutablePointer) { ptr.pointee += 10 }
func test2(_ ptr: UnsafePointer) { print(ptr.pointee) }
test1(&age)
test2(&age) // 20
print(age) // 20
var age = 10
func test3(_ ptr: UnsafeMutableRawPointer) { ptr.storeBytes(of: 20, as: Int.self) }
func test4(_ ptr: UnsafeRawPointer) { print(ptr.load(as: Int.self)) }
test3(&age)
test4(&age) // 20
print(age) // 20
指针的应用示例
var arr = NSArray(objects: 11, 22, 33, 44)
arr.enumerateObjects { (obj, idx, stop) in
print(idx, obj)
if idx == 2 {
// 下标为2就停止遍历
stop.pointee = true
}
}
var arr = NSArray(objects: 11, 22, 33, 44)
for (idx, obj) in arr.enumerated() {
print(idx, obj)
if idx == 2 { break }
}
获得指向某个变量的指针
var age = 11
var ptr1 = withUnsafeMutablePointer(to: &age) { $0 }
var ptr2 = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { $0 }
ptr1.pointee = 22
print(ptr2.pointee) // 22
print(age) // 22
var ptr3 = withUnsafeMutablePointer(to: &age) { UnsafeMutableRawPointer($0) }
var ptr4 = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { UnsafeRawPointer($0) }
ptr3.storeBytes(of: 33, as: Int.self)
print(ptr4.load(as: Int.self)) // 33
print(age) // 33
获得指向堆空间实例的指针
class Person {}
var person = Person()
var ptr = withUnsafePointer(to: &person) { UnsafeRawPointer($0) }
var heapPtr = UnsafeRawPointer(bitPattern: ptr.load(as: UInt.self))
print(heapPtr!)
创建指针
var ptr = UnsafeRawPointer(bitPattern: 0x100001234)// 创建
var ptr = malloc(16)
// 存
ptr?.storeBytes(of: 11, as: Int.self)
ptr?.storeBytes(of: 22, toByteOffset: 8, as: Int.self)
// 取
print((ptr?.load(as: Int.self))!) // 11
print((ptr?.load(fromByteOffset: 8, as: Int.self))!) // 22
// 销毁
free(ptr)
var ptr = UnsafeMutableRawPointer.allocate(byteCount: 16, alignment: 1)
ptr.storeBytes(of: 11, as: Int.self)
ptr.advanced(by: 8).storeBytes(of: 22, as: Int.self)
print(ptr.load(as: Int.self)) // 11
print(ptr.advanced(by: 8).load(as: Int.self)) // 22
ptr.deallocate()
var ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer.allocate(capacity: 3)
ptr.initialize(to: 11)
ptr.successor().initialize(to: 22)
ptr.successor().successor().initialize(to: 33)
print(ptr.pointee) // 11
print((ptr + 1).pointee) // 22
print((ptr + 2).pointee) // 33
print(ptr[0]) // 11
print(ptr[1]) // 22
print(ptr[2]) // 33
ptr.deinitialize(count: 3)
ptr.deallocate()
class Person {
var age: Int
var name: String
init(age: Int, name: String) {
self.age = age
self.name = name
}
deinit { print(name, "deinit") }
}
var ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer.allocate(capacity: 3)
ptr.initialize(to: Person(age: 10, name: "Jack"))
(ptr + 1).initialize(to: Person(age: 11, name: "Rose"))
(ptr + 2).initialize(to: Person(age: 12, name: "Kate"))
// Jack deinit
// Rose deinit
// Kate deinit
ptr.deinitialize(count: 3)
ptr.deallocate()
指针之间的转换
var ptr = UnsafeMutableRawPointer.allocate(byteCount: 16, alignment: 1)
ptr.assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self).pointee = 11
(ptr + 8).assumingMemoryBound(to: Double.self).pointee = 22.0
print(unsafeBitCast(ptr, to: UnsafePointer.self).pointee) // 11
print(unsafeBitCast(ptr + 8, to: UnsafePointer.self).pointee) // 22.0
ptr.deallocate()
// unsafeBitCast是忽略数据类型的强制转换,不会因为数据类型的变化而改变原来的内存数据
// 类似于C++中的reinterpret_cast
class Person {}
var person = Person()
var ptr = unsafeBitCast(person, to: UnsafeRawPointer.self)
print(ptr)