nginx的配置文件详解

1. nginx的配置文件详解

主配置文件：/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

• 默认启动nginx时，使用的配置文件是：安装路径/conf/nginx.conf文件
• 可以在启动nginx时通过-c选项来指定要读取的配置文件

nginx常见的配置文件及其作用

配置文件	作用
nginx.conf	nginx的基本配置文件
mime.types	MIME类型关联的扩展文件
fastcgi.conf	与fastcgi相关的配置
proxy.conf	与proxy相关的配置
sites.conf	配置nginx提供的网站，包括虚拟主机常见的配置文件及其作用

2. nginx.conf配置详解

nginx.conf的内容分为以下几段：

• main配置段：全局配置段。其中main配置段中可能包含event配置段
• event {}：定义event模型工作特性
• http {}：定义http协议相关的配置

配置指令：要以分号结尾，语法格式如下：

derective value1 [value2 …];

支持使用变量：

• 内置变量：模块会提供内建变量定义
• 自定义变量：set var_name value

3. 用于调试、定位问题的配置参数

daemon {on|off};            //是否以守护进程方式运行nginx，调试时应设置为off
master_process {on|off};    //是否以master/worker模型来运行nginx，调试时可以设置为off
error_log 位置 级别;         //配置错误日志

error_log里的位置和级别能有以下可选项：

位置	级别
file stderr syslog:server=address[,parameter=value] memory:size	debug：若要使用debug级别，需要在编译nginx时使用–with-debug选项 info notice warn error crit alert emerg

4. 正常运行必备的配置参数

user USERNAME [GROUPNAME];  //指定运行worker进程的用户和组
pid /path/to/pid_file;         //指定nginx守护进程的pid文件
worker_rlimit_nofile number;     //设置所有worker进程最大可以打开的文件数，默认为1024
worker_rlimit_core size;       //指明所有worker进程所能够使用的总体的最大核心文件大小，保持默认即可

user USERNAME [GROUPNAME]; //指定运行worker进程的用户和组

user USERNAME [GROUPNAME];    //指定运行worker进程的用户和组
[root@nginx ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37811       1  0 14:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx      37812   37811  0 14:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       37815   15614  0 14:23 pts/1    00:00:00 vim nginx.conf
root       37845   37821  0 14:23 pts/2    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
修改指定运行worker进程的用户
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
...省略部分
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37858       1  0 14:26 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nobody     37859   37858  0 14:26 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       37862   37821  0 14:27 pts/2    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

pid /path/to/pid_file;         //指定nginx守护进程的pid文件

[root@nginx ~]# find / -name nginx.pid
/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

pid        /opt/nginx.pid;
...省略部分
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# find / -name nginx.pid
/opt/nginx.pid

worker_rlimit_nofile number;     //设置所有worker进程最大可以打开的文件数，默认为1024

[root@nginx ~]# ulimit -n
1024

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;


[root@nginx ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf 
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nofile 65535
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ulimit

//重新打开一个终端，后生效
[root@nginx ~]# ulimit -n
65535

...省略部分

5. 优化性能的配置参数

worker_processes n; //启动n个worker进程，这里的n为了避免上下文切换，通常设置为cpu总核心数-1或等于总核心数
worker_cpu_affinity cpumask …; //将进程绑定到某cpu中，避免频繁刷新缓存
//cpumask：使用8位二进制表示cpu核心，如：
0000 0001 //第一颗cpu核心
0000 0010 //第二颗cpu核心
0000 0100 //第三颗cpu核心
0000 1000 //第四颗cpu核心
0001 0000 //第五颗cpu核心
0010 0000 //第六颗cpu核心
0100 0000 //第七颗cpu核心
1000 0000 //第八颗cpu核心
timer_resolution interval; //计时器解析度。降低此值，可减少gettimeofday()系统调用的次数
worker_priority number; //指明worker进程的nice值

top - 14:58:02 up 9 min,  3 users,  load average: 0.16, 0.10, 0.03
Tasks: 171 total,   1 running, 170 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   3709.6 total,   3260.0 free,    219.1 used,    230.5 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.   3264.8 avail Mem 

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND P
   1649 nobody    20   0  114308   6232   4652 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   1
   1650 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.06 kworke+ 3
   1651 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworke+ 3
   1653 root      20   0   65428   4436   3772 R   0.0   0.1   0:00.07 top     3
   1654 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworke+ 0
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  2;
worker_cpu_affinity 01 10;
...省略部分
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
top - 14:56:02 up 7 min,  3 users,  load average: 0.03, 0.03, 0.00
Tasks: 169 total,   1 running, 168 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.1 us,  0.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   3709.6 total,   3259.6 free,    219.5 used,    230.5 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.   3264.3 avail Mem 

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND P
   1634 nobody    20   0  114228   5840   4516 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   0
   1635 nobody    20   0  114228   5840   4516 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   1
   1636 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.01 kworke+ 0
   1638 root      20   0   65428   4496   3832 R   0.0   0.1   0:00.11 top     3

//worker_priority number; //指明worker进程的nice值
[root@nginx ~]# ps -elf | grep nginx
1 S root        1648       1  0  80   0 - 20407 -      14:56 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
5 S nobody      1649    1648  0  80   0 - 28577 do_epo 14:56 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
0 S root        1656    1563  0  80   0 - 11757 core_s 15:00 pts/0    00:00:00 vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
0 S root        1677    1591  0  80   0 -  3034 -      15:01 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
worker_priority -10;
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ps -elf | grep nginx
1 S root        1695       1  0  80   0 - 20407 -      15:04 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
5 S nobody      1696    1695  0  70 -10 - 28555 do_epo 15:04 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
0 S root        1698    1591  0  80   0 -  3034 -      15:04 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

6. 事件相关的配置：event{}段中的配置参数

accept_mutex {off|on};         //master调度用户请求至各worker进程时使用的负载均衡锁；on表示能让多个worker轮流地、序列化地去响应新请求
lock_file file;             //accept_mutex用到的互斥锁锁文件路径
use [epoll | rtsig | select | poll];     //指明使用的事件模型，建议让nginx自行选择
worker_connections #;         //每个进程能够接受的最大连接数

7. 网络连接相关的配置参数

keepalive_timeout number;          //长连接的超时时长，默认为65s
keepalive_requests number;        //在一个长连接上所能够允许请求的最大资源数
keepalive_disable [msie6|safari|none];  //为指定类型的UserAgent禁用长连接
tcp_nodelay on|off;           //是否对长连接使用TCP_NODELAY选项，为了提升用户体验，通常设为on
client_header_timeout number;      //读取http请求报文首部的超时时长
client_body_timeout number;         //读取http请求报文body部分的超时时长
send_timeout number;         //发送响应报文的超时时长

8. fastcgi的相关配置参数

LNMP：php要启用fpm模型
配置示例如下：

location ~ .php$ {
  root html;
  fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; //定义反向代理
  fastcgi_index index.php;
  fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
  include fastcgi_params;
}

9. 常需要进行调整的参数

• worker_processes
• worker_connections
• worker_cpu_affinity
• worker_priority

10. nginx作为web服务器时使用的配置：http{}段的配置参数

http{…}：配置http相关，由ngx_http_core_module模块引入。nginx的HTTP配置主要包括四个区块，结构如下：

http {//协议级别
  include mime.types;
  default_type application/octet-stream;
  keepalive_timeout 65;
  gzip on;
  upstream {//负载均衡配置
  …
  }
  server {//服务器级别，每个server类似于httpd中的一个
   listen 80;
    server_name localhost;
    location / {//请求级别，类似于httpd中的，用于定义URL与本地文件系统的映射关系
      root html;
     index index.html index.htm;
   }
  }
}

http{}段配置指令：
server {}：定义一个虚拟主机，示例如下：

server {
 listen 80;
 server_name www.idfsoft.com;
 root “/vhosts/web”;
}

listen：指定监听的地址和端口

listen address[:port];
listen port;

实例：

[root@nginx conf]# mkdir /opt/test
[root@nginx conf]# echo 'test-test-test' > index.html
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
server {
        listen 8081;
        server_name yxt.example.com;
        root /opt/test;
    }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx conf]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process   
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:80            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:8081          0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*  
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132:8081
test-test-test

server_name NAME […]; 后面可跟多个主机，名称可使用正则表达式或通配符

当有多个server时，匹配顺序如下：
1.先做精确匹配检查
2.左侧通配符匹配检查，如*.idfsoft.com
3.右侧通配符匹配检查，如mail.*
4.正则表达式匹配检查，如~ ^.*.idfsoft.com$
5.default_server

root path; 设置资源路径映射，用于指明请求的URL所对应的资源所在的文件系统上的起始路径

alias path; 用于location配置段，定义路径别名

index file; 默认主页面

index index.php index.html;

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html 
hello world

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132
hello world

[root@host ~]# vim /opt/yxt/index.html 
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /yxt {
            alias /opt/yxt;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/yxt/
yexiaotian

error_page code […] [=code] URI | @name根据http响应状态码来指明特用的错误页面，例如 error_page 404 /404_customed.html

[=code]: 以指定的响应码进行响应，而不是默认的原来的响应，默认表示以新资源的响应码为其响应码，例如 error_page 404 =200 /404_customed.html

log_format 定义日志格式

log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log  logs/access.log  main;

//注意：此处可用变量为nginx各模块内建变量

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /gy {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

[root@host ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@host html]# mkdir gy
[root@host html]# cd gy/
[root@host gy]# curl -o index.html http://cncharity.com.cn/
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 38258  100 38258    0     0  76363      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 76211

//当显示错误页面报错404时，调转为自定义的公益界面
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /gy {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        error_page  404              /404.html;

[root@host ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@host html]# mv gy/ 404.html
[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx

location区段，通过指定模式来与客户端请求的URI相匹配

//功能：允许根据用户请求的URI来匹配定义的各location，匹配到时，此请求将被相应的location配置块中的配置所处理，例如做访问控制等功能

//语法：location [ 修饰符 ] pattern {......}

常用修饰符说明：

修饰符	功能
=	精确匹配
~	正则表达式模式匹配，区分大小写
~*	正则表达式模式匹配，不区分大小写
^~	前缀匹配，类似于无修饰符的行为，也是以指定模块开始，不同的是，如果模式匹配，那么就停止搜索其他模式了，不支持正则表达式
@	定义命名location区段，这些区段客户端不能访问，只可以由内部产生的请求来访问，如try_files或error_page等

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        
        #charset koi8-r;
        
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        
        location = / {
            echo "[ configuration A]";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "[ configuration B]";
        }
        location = /documents {
            echo "[ configuration C]";
        }
        location = ^~ /images/ {
            echo "[ configuration D]";
        }
        location = ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {
            echo "[ configuration E]";
        }
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132
[ configuration A]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/asdlnasjkd asklwqeq
[ configuration B]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/documents
[ configuration C]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132//documents/asiodaskjdaskldnaskdbasjkdnlqwd
[ configuration C]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/images/1.gif
[ configuration D]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132//documents/1.jpg
[ configuration E]

没有修饰符表示必须以指定模式开始，如：

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location /abc {
    ......
  }
}

[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        
        #charset koi8-r;
        
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        
        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
那么如下内容就可正确匹配：
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc/
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc?salkjsnskdns93jskdndsfs
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
hello world

=：表示必须与指定的模式精确匹配，如：

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location = /abc {
    ......
  }
}

[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location   /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
         location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc/
hehe
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abcdasdasdasdwqqwe
hehe

~：表示指定的正则表达式要区分大小写，如

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location ~ ^/abc$ {
  ......
  }
}

[root@host  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
        location  ~ ^/abc$ {
            echo "xixixi";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }

[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
xixixi
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abcde
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/ABC
hehe

~*：表示指定的正则表达式不区分大小写，如：

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location ~* ^/abc$ {
    ......
  }
}

[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
        location  ~* ^/abc$ {
            echo "xixixi";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
xixixi
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/ABC
xixixi

~：类似于无修饰符的行为，也是以指定模式开始，不同的是，如果模式匹配，则停止搜索其他模式

查找顺序和优先级：由高到底依次为

1、带有=的精确匹配优先
2、正则表达式按照他们在配置文件中定义的顺序
3、带有^~修饰符的，开头匹配
4、带有~或~*修饰符的，如果正则表达式与URI匹配
5、没有修饰符的精确匹配

优先级次序如下：

( location = 路径 ) --> ( location ^~ 路径 ) --> ( location ~ 正则 ) --> ( location ~* 正则 ) --> ( location 路径 )

11. 访问控制

用于location段

allow：设定允许哪台或哪些主机访问，多个参数间用空格隔开
deny：设定禁止哪台或哪些主机访问，多个参数间用空格隔开

示例：

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        location  / {
            deny 192.168.160.132/32;
            echo "hehehe";
        }
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.22.0</center>
</body>
</html>

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location    /abc {
            deny all;
            echo "hehehe";
        }

        location  ~* ^/abc$ {
            allow 192.168.160.132/32;
            echo "lalala";
        }
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
lalala

12. 基于用户认证

auth_basic "欢迎信息";
auth_basic_user_file "/path/to/user_auth_file"

user_auth_file内容格式为：

username:password

这里的密码为加密后的密码串，建议用htpasswd来创建此文件：

htpasswd -c -m /path/to/.user_auth_file USERNAME

[root@nginx ~]# yum -y install httpd-tools
[root@nginx ~]# htpasswd -c -m /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd yxt
New password: 
Re-type new password: 
Adding password for user yxt
[root@nginx ~]# cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd 
yxt:$apr1$widaKKMg$KkKj4hXFizBF2/Fb89fP.0
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
   server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location   / {
            auth_basic "yexiaotian";
            auth_basic_user_file "/usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd";
            echo "hehehe";
        }

13. https配置

生成私钥，生成证书签署请求并获得证书

//CA生成一对密钥
[root@nginx ~]# mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA
[root@nginx ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir private
[root@nginx CA]# ls
private
[root@nginx CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
........................................+++++
.........................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@nginx CA]# ls private/
cakey.pem
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@nginx CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial
//CA生成自签署证书
[root@nginx CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yxt.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yxt.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.yxt.com
Email Address []:[email protected]
[root@nginx CA]# ls
cacert.pem  private
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@nginx CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial

//客户端生成密钥
[root@nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@nginx nginx]# mkdir ssl
[root@nginx nginx]# cd ssl
[root@nginx ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out nginx.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
................................................................+++++
....................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.key


//客户端生成证书签署请求
[root@nginx ssl]# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -days 365 -out nginx.csr
Ignoring -days; not generating a certificate
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yxt.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yxt.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.yxt.com
Email Address []:[email protected]

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.csr  nginx.key

//CA签署客户端提交上来的证书
[root@nginx ssl]# openssl ca -in nginx.csr -out nginx.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Validity
            Not Before: Oct 13 07:37:16 2022 GMT
            Not After : Oct 13 07:37:16 2023 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = CN
            stateOrProvinceName       = HB
            organizationName          = www.yxt.com
            organizationalUnitName    = www.yxt.com
            commonName                = www.yxt.com
            emailAddress              = 1@2.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment: 
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                23:E2:E9:C3:74:34:F8:2E:10:9E:F2:FF:32:9A:0E:E4:A8:6C:45:02
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:A3:97:92:68:D9:9C:70:86:E7:55:F7:E4:2C:68:B9:6A:3B:FA:62:9E

Certificate is to be certified until Oct 13 07:37:16 2023 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y


1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@nginx ssl]# rm -rf nginx.csr 
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.crt  nginx.key

然后在nginx.conf中配置如下内容：

    server {
        listen       443 ssl;
        server_name  www.yxt.com;

        ssl_certificate      /usr/local/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  /usr/local/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;

        ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        ssl_session_timeout  5m;

        ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx conf]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process   
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:80            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:443           0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*   

14. 开启状态界面

开启status：

location /status {
  stub_status {on | off};
  allow 172.16.0.0/16;
  deny all;
}

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location = /status{
            stub_status;
        }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ssl]# curl 192.168.160.132/status
Active connections: 3 
server accepts handled requests
 3 3 3 
Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 2 

状态页面信息详解：

状态码	表示的意义
Active connections 2	当前所有处于打开状态的连接数
accepts	总共处理了多少个连接
handled	成功创建多少握手
requests	总共处理了多少个请求
Reading	nginx读取到客户端的Header信息数，表示正处于接收请求状态的连接数
Writing	nginx返回给客户端的Header信息数，表示请求已经接收完成，且正处于处理请求或发送响应的过程中的连接数
Waiting	开启keep-alive的情况下，这个值等于active - (reading + writing)，意思就是Nginx已处理完正在等候下一次请求指令的驻留连接

15. rewrite

语法：rewrite regex replacement flag;，如：

rewrite ^/images/(.*.jpg)$ /imgs/$1 break;

演示：

//上传一张图片
[root@nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@nginx html]# mkdir images
[root@nginx html]# cd images/
[root@nginx images]# ls
1.jpg
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
           root html;
           index index.html index.htm;
        }

//当我们改变路径,使用rewrite进行重定向，也能匹配到
[root@nginx html]# mv images/ imgs
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ /imgs/$1 break;
        }

此处的$1用于引用(.*.jpg)匹配到的内容，又如：

rewrite ^/bbs/(.*)$ http://www.idfsoft.com/index.html redirect;

如上例所示，replacement可以是某个路径，也可以是某个URL

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ https://scpic.chinaz.net/files/pic/pic9/202009/apic27858.jpg break;
        }
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl  restart nginx

常见的flag

flag	作用
last	基本上都用这个flag，表示当前的匹配结束，继续下一个匹配，最多匹配10个到20个一旦此rewrite规则重写完成后，就不再被后面其它的rewrite规则进行处理 而是由UserAgent重新对重写后的URL再一次发起请求，并从头开始执行类似的过程
break	中止Rewrite，不再继续匹配 一旦此rewrite规则重写完成后，由UserAgent对新的URL重新发起请求， 且不再会被当前location内的任何rewrite规则所检查
redirect	以临时重定向的HTTP状态302返回新的URL
permanent	以永久重定向的HTTP状态301返回新的URL

rewrite模块的作用是用来执行URL重定向。这个机制有利于去掉恶意访问的url，也有利于搜索引擎优化（SEO）

nginx使用的语法源于Perl兼容正则表达式（PCRE）库，基本语法如下：

标识符	意义
^	必须以^后的实体开头
$	必须以$前的实体结尾
.	匹配任意字符
[]	匹配指定字符集内的任意字符
[^]	匹配任何不包括在指定字符集内的任意字符串
|	匹配 |之前或之后的实
()	分组，组成一组用于匹配的实体，通常会有

^(hello|sir)$       //字符串为“hi sir”捕获的结果：$1=hi$2=sir

//这些被捕获的数据，在后面就可以当变量一样使用了

16 if

语法：if (condition) {…}

应用场景：

• server段
• location段

常见的condition

• 变量名（变量值为空串，或者以“0”开始，则为false，其它的均为true）
• 以变量为操作数构成的比较表达式（可使用=，!=类似的比较操作符进行测试）
• 正则表达式的模式匹配操作
  • ~：区分大小写的模式匹配检查
  • ~*：不区分大小写的模式匹配检查
  • !~和 !~*：对上面两种测试取反
• 测试指定路径为文件的可能性（-f，!-f)
• 测试指定路径为目录的可能性（-d，!-d）
• 测试文件的存在性（-e，!-e）
• 检查文件是否有执行权限（-x，!-x）

基于浏览器实现分离案例

if ($http_user_agent ~ Firefox) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /firefox/$1 break;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ Chrome) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /chrome/$1 break;
}

防盗链案例

location ~* \.(jpg|gif|jpeg|png)$ {
  valid_referers none blocked www.idfsoft.com;
  if ($invalid_referer) {
    rewrite ^/ http://www.idfsoft.com/403.html;
  }
}