ArrayList(JDK1.8)源码+底层数据结构分析
文章目录
- 前言
- 一、Arraylist 和 Vector 的区别?
- 二、Arraylist 与 LinkedList 区别?
- 三、ArrayList 核心源码解读
- 四、ArrayList 扩容机制分析
-
- 1. 先从 ArrayList 的构造函数说起
- 2. 一步一步分析 ArrayList 扩容机制
- 3. 再来看看 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法
- 4. ensureExplicitCapacity() 方法
- 5. grow() 方法
- 6. hugeCapacity() 方法。
- 7. ensureCapacity 方法
前言
ArrayList 简介
ArrayList 的底层数据结构是一维数组，而且是动态数组。与 Java 中的数组相比，它的容量能动态增长。在添加大量元素前，应用程序可以使用 ensureCapacity 操作来增加 ArrayList实例的容量。这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。
ArrayList 继承于 AbstractList ，实现了 List , RandomAccess , Cloneable , java.io.Serializable 这些接口。
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable{ }
1.RandomAccess 是一个标志接口，表明实现这个这个接口的 List 集合是支持快速随机 访问的。在 ArrayList 中，我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象，这就是快速随机访问。
2.ArrayList 实现了 Cloneable 接口 ，即覆盖了函数 clone() ，能被克隆。
3.ArrayList 实现了 java.io.Serializable 接口，这意味着 ArrayList 支持序列化，能通过序列化去传输。
一、Arraylist 和 Vector 的区别?
-
ArrayList 是 List 的主要实现类，底层使用 Object[ ] 存储，适用于频繁的查找工作，线程不安全 ；
-
Vector 是 List 的古老实现类，底层使用 Object[ ] 存储，线程安全的。
二、Arraylist 与 LinkedList 区别?
- 是否保证线程安全： ArrayList 和 LinkedList 都是不同步的，也就是不保证线程安全；
- 底层数据结构： Arraylist 底层使用的是 Object 数组； LinkedList 底层使用的是 双向链表 数据结构（JDK1.6 之前为循环链表，JDK1.7 取消了循环。注意双向链表和双向循环链表的区别，下面有介绍到！）
- 插入和删除是否受元素位置的影响： ① ArrayList 采用数组存储，所以插入和删 除元素的时间复杂度受元素位置的影响。 比如：执行 add(E e) 方法的时候，ArrayList 会默认在将指定的元素追加到此列表的末尾，这种情况时间复杂度就是O(1)。但是如果要在指定位置 i 插入和删除元素的话（ add(int index, E element) ）时间复杂度就为 O(n-i)。因为在进行上述操作的时候集合中第 i 和第 i 个元素之后的(n-i)个元素都要执行向后位/向前移一位的操作。 ② LinkedList 采用链 表存储，所以对于 add(E e) 方法的插入，删除元素时间复杂度不受元素位置的影 响，近似 O(1)，如果是要在指定位置 i 插入和删除元素的话（ (add(int index, E element) ） 时间复杂度近似为 o(n)) 因为需要先移动到指定位置再插入。
- 是否支持快速随机访问： LinkedList 不支持高效的随机元素访问，而 ArrayList支持。快速随机访问就是通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象(对应于 get(int index)方法)。
- 内存空间占用： ArrayList 的空 间浪费主要体现在在 list 列表的结尾会预留一定的容量空间，而LinkedList 的空间花费则体现在它的每一个元素都需要消耗比ArrayList 更多的空间（因为要存放直接后继和直接前驱以及数据) 。
三、ArrayList 核心源码解读
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* 默认初始容量大小
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* 空数组（用于空实例）。
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
//用于默认大小空实例的共享空数组实例。
//我们把它从EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA数组中区分出来，以知道在添加第一个元素时容量需要增加
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* 保存ArrayList数据的数组
*/
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains)
* ArrayList 所包含的元素个数
*/
private int size;
/**
* 带初始容量参数的构造函数（用户可以在创建ArrayList对象时自己指定集合的初始大小）
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
//如果传入的参数大于0，创建initialCapacity大小的数组
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
//如果传入的参数等于0，创建空数组
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
//其他情况，抛出异常
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
/**
*默认无参构造函数 *DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 为0初始化为10，也就是说初始其实是空数 组当添加元素时数组容量初始化为10
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* 构造一个包含指定集合的元素的列表，按照它们由集合的迭代器返回的顺序。
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
//将指定集合转换为数组
elementData = c.toArray();
//如果elementData数组的长度不为0
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// 如果elementData不是Object类型数据（c.toArray可能返回的不是Object类型的
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
//将原来不是Object类型的elementData数组的内容，赋值给新的Object类型的
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// 其他情况，用空数组代替
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* 修改这个ArrayList实例的容量是列表的当前大小。 应用程序可以使用此操作来最小化Arra
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
//下面是ArrayList的扩容机制
//ArrayList的扩容机制提高了性能，如果每次只扩充一个，
//那么频繁的插入会导致频繁的拷贝，降低性能，而ArrayList的扩容机制避免了这种情况。
/**
* 如有必要，增加此ArrayList实例的容量，以确保它至少能容纳元素的数量
* @param minCapacity 所需的最小容量
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
//如果是true，minExpand的值为0，如果是false,minExpand的值为10
int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if not default element table
? 0
// larger than default for default empty table. It's already
// supposed to be at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
//如果最小容量大于已有的最大容量
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
//得到最小扩容量
private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
// 获取“默认的容量”和“传入参数”两者之间的最大值
return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
return minCapacity;
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
}
//判断是否需要扩容
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
//调用grow方法进行扩容，调用此方法代表已经开始扩容了
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* 要分配的最大数组大小
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
/**
* ArrayList扩容的核心方法。
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// oldCapacity为旧容量，newCapacity为新容量
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
//将oldCapacity 右移一位，其效果相当于oldCapacity /2，
//我们知道位运算的速度远远快于整除运算，整句运算式的结果就是将新容量更新为旧容量
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
//然后检查新容量是否大于最小需要容量，若还是小于最小需要容量，那么就把最小需要容
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
//再检查新容量是否超出了ArrayList所定义的最大容量，
//若超出了，则调用hugeCapacity()来比较minCapacity和 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE，
//如果minCapacity大于MAX_ARRAY_SIZE，则新容量则为Interger.MAX_VALUE，否则，新
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
//比较minCapacity和 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
/**
*返回此列表中的元素数。
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* 如果此列表不包含元素，则返回 true 。
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
//注意=和==的区别
return size == 0;
}
/**
* 如果此列表包含指定的元素，则返回true 。
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index i such that
* (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))),
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index i such that
* (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))),
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance. (The
* elements themselves are not copied.)
*
* @return a clone of this ArrayList instance
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
*
This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper
* sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned
* array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the
* specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is
* allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of
* this list.
*
* If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in
* the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
* null. (This is useful in determining the length of the
* list only if the caller knows that the list does not contain
* any null elements.)
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
* @return an array containing the elements of the list
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
// Positional Access Operations
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E elementData(int index) {
return (E) elementData[index];
}
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return true (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* i such that
* (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))
* (if such an element exists). Returns true if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return true if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return true if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
* specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return true if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
* (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex} or
* {@code toIndex} is out of range
* ({@code fromIndex < 0 ||
* fromIndex >= size() ||
* toIndex > size() ||
* toIndex < fromIndex})
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - toIndex;
System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
numMoved);
// clear to let GC do its work
int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = null;
}
size = newSize;
}
/**
* Checks if the given index is in range. If not, throws an appropriate
* runtime exception. This method does *not* check if the index is
* negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
* which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
*/
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
/**
* A version of rangeCheck used by add and addAll.
*/
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
/**
* Constructs an IndexOutOfBoundsException detail message.
* Of the many possible refactorings of the error handling code,
* this "outlining" performs best with both server and client VMs.
*/
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the
* specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (optional)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (optional),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
/**
* Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the
* specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all
* of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (optional)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (optional),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
/**
* Save the state of the ArrayList instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The length of the array backing the ArrayList
* instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
* (each an Object) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
/**
* Reconstitute the ArrayList instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in capacity
s.readInt(); // ignored
if (size > 0) {
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
int capacity = calculateCapacity(elementData, size);
SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, capacity);
ensureCapacityInternal(size);
Object[] a = elementData;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
}
四、ArrayList 扩容机制分析
1. 先从 ArrayList 的构造函数说起
（JDK8）ArrayList 有三种方式来初始化，构造方法源码如下:
/**
* 默认初始容量大小
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
*默认构造函数，使用初始容量10构造一个空列表(无参数构造)
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
// 带初始容量参数的构造函数。（用户自己指定容量）
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
//初始容量等于0
//创建initialCapacity大小的数组
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
//创建空数组
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
//初始容量小于0，抛出异常
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
// 构造包含指定collection元素的列表，这些元素利用该集合的迭代器按顺序返回 如果指定的集合为null，throws NullPointerException。
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
细心的同学一定会发现 ：以无参数构造方法创建 ArrayList 时，实际上初始化赋值的是 一个空数组。当真正对数组进行添加元素操作时，才真正分配容量。即向数组中添加 第一个元素时，数组容量扩为 10。 下面在我们分析 ArrayList 扩容时会讲到这一点内容！
补充：JDK7 new无参构造的ArrayList对象时，直接创建了长度是10的Object[]数组elementData 。jdk7中的ArrayList的对象的创建类似于单例的饿汉式，而jdk8中的ArrayList的对象的创建类似于单例的懒汉式。JDK8的内存优化也值得我们在平时开发中学习。
2. 一步一步分析 ArrayList 扩容机制
这里以无参构造函数创建的 ArrayList 为例分析，先来看 add 方法
//将指定的元素追加到此列表的末尾。
public boolean add(E e) {
//添加元素之前，先调用ensureCapacityInternal方法
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);
// Increments modCount!!
//这里看到ArrayList添加元素的实质就相当于为数组赋值
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
注意 ：JDK11 移除了 ensureCapacityInternal() 和 ensureExplicitCapacity() 方 法
3. 再来看看 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法
（JDK7）可以看到 add 方法 首先调用了 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1)
//得到最小扩容量
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
// 获取默认的容量和传入参数的较大值
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
当 要 add 进第 1 个元素时，minCapacity 为 1，在 Math.max()方法比较后，minCapacity 为 10。此处和后续 JDK8 代码格式化略有不同，核心代码基本一样。
4. ensureExplicitCapacity() 方法
如果调用 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法就一定会进入（执行）这个方法，下面我们来研究一下这个方法的源码！
//判断是否需要扩容
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
//调用grow方法进行扩容，调用此方法代表已经开始扩容了
grow(minCapacity);
}
我们来仔细分析一下：
1.当我们要 add 进第 1 个元素到 ArrayList 时，elementData.length 为 0 （因为还是一个空的 list），因为执行了 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法 ，所以 minCapacity此时为 10。此时， minCapacity - elementData.length > 0 成立，所以会进入grow(minCapacity) 方法。
2.当 add 第 2 个元素时，minCapacity 为 2，此时 e lementData.length(容量)在添加第一个元素后扩容成 10 了。此时， minCapacity - elementData.length > 0 不成立，所以不会进入 grow(minCapacity) 方法。
添加第 3、4···到第 10 个元素时，依然不会执行 grow 方法，数组容量都为 10。直到添加第 11 个元素，minCapacity(为 11)比 elementData.length（为 10）要大。进入grow 方法进行扩容。
5. grow() 方法
// ArrayList扩容的核心方法。
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// oldCapacity为旧容量，newCapacity为新容量
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
//将oldCapacity 右移一位，其效果相当于oldCapacity /2，
//我们知道位运算的速度远远快于整除运算，整句运算式的结果就是将新容量更新为旧容量
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
//然后检查新容量是否大于最小需要容量，若还是小于最小需要容量，那么就把最小需要容
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
// 如果新容量大于 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,进入(执行) `hugeCapacity()` 方法来比较 minCa
//如果minCapacity大于最大容量，则新容量则为`Integer.MAX_VALUE`，否则，新容量大
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1),所以 ArrayList 每次扩容之后容量 都会变为原来的 1.5 倍左右（oldCapacity 为偶数就是 1.5 倍，否则是 1.5 倍左右）！ 奇偶不同，比如 ：10+10/2 = 15, 33+33/2=49。如果是奇数的话会丢掉小数.
">>"（移位运算符）：>>1 右移一位相当于除 2，右移 n 位相当于除以 2 的 n 次方。这里 oldCapacity 明显右移了 1 位所以相当于 oldCapacity /2。对于大数据的 2进制运算,位移运算符比那些普通运算符的运算要快很多,因为程序仅仅移动一下而已,不去计算,这样提高了效率,节省了资源
我们再来通过例子探究一下 grow() 方法 ：
当 add 第 1 个元素时，oldCapacity 为 0，经比较后第一个 if 判断成立，newCapacity = minCapacity(为 10)。但是第二个 if 判断不会成立，即 newCapacity不比 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE 大，则不会进入hugeCapacity 方法。数组容量为 10，add方法中 return true,size 增为 1。 当 add 第 11 个元素进入 grow 方法时，newCapacity 为 15，比 minCapacity（为11）大，第一个 if 判断不成立。新容量没有大于数组最大 size，不会进入hugeCapacity 方法。数组容量扩为 15，add 方法中 return true,size 增为 11。以此类推······
这里补充一点比较重要，但是容易被忽视掉的知识点：
java 中的 length 属性是针对数组说的,比如说你声明了一个数组,想知道这个数组的长度则用到了 length 这个属性.java 中的 length() 方法是针对字符串说的,如果想看这个字符串的长度则用到length() 这个方法.
java 中的 size() 方法是针对泛型集合说的,如果想看这个泛型有多少个元素,就调用此方法来查看!
6. hugeCapacity() 方法。
从上面 grow() 方法源码我们知道： 如果新容量大于 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,进入(执行) hugeCapacity() 方法来比较 minCapacity 和 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE，如果 minCapacity 大于
最大容量，则新容量则为 Integer.MAX_VALUE ，否则，新容量大小则为
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE 即为 Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8 。
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
//对minCapacity和MAX_ARRAY_SIZE进行比较
//若minCapacity大，将Integer.MAX_VALUE作为新数组的大小
//若MAX_ARRAY_SIZE大，将MAX_ARRAY_SIZE作为新数组的大小
//MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
7. ensureCapacity 方法
ArrayList 源码中有一个 ensureCapacity 方法不知道大家注意到没有，这个方法ArrayList 内部没有被调用过，所以很显然是提供给用户调用的，那么这个方法有什么作用呢？
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if not default element table
? 0
// larger than default for default empty table. It's already
// supposed to be at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
最好在 add 大量元素之前用 ensureCapacity 方法，以减少增量重新分配的次数我们通过下面的代码实际测试以下这个方法的效果：
/**
* @Author huang.bX
* @Date 2021/6/8
*/
public class He {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list =new ArrayList<>();
int n = 10000000;
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
list.add(i);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("使用ensureCapacity方法前:"+(endTime - startTime));
}
}
运行结果：
使用ensureCapacity方法前:4092
Process finished with exit code 0
/**
* @Author huang.bX
* @Date 2022/6/8
*/
public class He {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Object> list = new ArrayList<Object>();
final int N = 10000000;
list = new ArrayList<Object>();
long startTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
list.ensureCapacity(N);
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
list.add(i);
}
long endTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("使用ensureCapacity方法后："+(endTime1 - startTime1));
}
}
运行结果：
使用ensureCapacity方法后：1773
Process finished with exit code 0
通过运行结果，我们可以看出向 ArrayList 添加大量元素之前最好先使用 ensureCapacity方法，以减少增量重新分配的次数。