【Linux 之五】 Linux中使用fdisk命令实现磁盘分区
最近由于工作的需要，初步研究了uboot中的fastboot实现方式。研究fastboot不可避免的需要了解磁盘分区的相关知识点，在linux下可以使用fdisk命令实现磁盘的分区。好了，下面步入正题。
1. 查看帮助信息（fdisk --help）
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$ fdisk --help
Usage:
fdisk [options] <disk> change partition table
fdisk [options] -l [<disk>] list partition table(s)
Display or manipulate a disk partition table.
Options:
-b, --sector-size <size> physical and logical sector size
-B, --protect-boot don't erase bootbits when creating a new label
-c, --compatibility[=] mode is ' dos' or 'nondos' (default)
-L, --color[=<when>] colorize output (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-l, --list display partitions and exit
-o, --output <list> output columns
-t, --type <type> recognize specified partition table type only
......
2. 查看磁盘分区
通过命令 sudo fdisk -l可以查看磁盘的详细分区情况，如下所示，我电脑目前存在两个磁盘：分别为sda和sdb（其中sda即为240G的固态硬盘，为系统盘，而sdb则为一个容量为16G的SD卡）。
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for linux:
Disk /dev/sda: 232.9 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: DE19ADF1-DDE6-4899-BC1B-C6B608AD5C31
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 488396799 487346176 232.4G Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/sdb: 14.6 GiB, 15646851072 bytes, 30560256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9b9208de
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$
以sdb为例进行详细的说明如下：
- 磁盘容量为14.6GiB， 合计共15646851072 字节，每个“扇区”的大小为512字节，总共30560256个扇区；
- 扇区的大小（物理 / 逻辑）：512字节 / 512字节
- I / O大小（最小值 / 典型值）：512字节 / 512字节
- 磁盘标签类型：dos （sda的磁盘标签类型为gpt）
- 磁盘标识符：0x9b9208de
- 该磁盘共分了一个“分区”，分区名称为sdb1, 该分区的起始扇区号为2048， 结束扇区号为2099199，共2097152个扇区（sector），大小为1GiB， 分区ID为0x83（linux native分区），类型为Linux
3. 磁盘分区
需求举例：
- 将sdb磁盘分为4个区，其中1，2，3分区为主分区，4分区为扩展分区；
- 分区1的大小为512M字节， 分区2的大小为2G字节，分区3的大小为4G字节，分区4的大小为剩余的磁盘空间；
- 创建DOS类型的分区表（MBR）
步骤1：执行命令 sudo fdisk /dev/sdb，输入 m 获取帮助信息，如下：
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help):
步骤2：输入 p，查看磁盘当前的分区表
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 14.6 GiB, 15646851072 bytes, 30560256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9b9208de
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
当前磁盘共分了一个“分区”，分区名称为sdb1, 该分区的起始扇区号为2048， 结束扇区号为2099199，共2097152个扇区（sector），大小为1GiB， 分区ID为0x83（linux native分区），类型为Linux
步骤3：输入 o，创建一个新的GPT分区表
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6ade9f76.
The old dos signature will be removed by a write command.
步骤4：输入 n，添加一个新的分区（添加我们的第1个分区，大小为512M）
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p // 主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): // 分区号为1，直接按“回车”即可
First sector (2048-30560255, default 2048): // 直接按“回车”即可
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-30560255, default 30560255): +512M // 分配的空间大小为512M
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 512 MiB.
Command (m for help): p // 查询分区表
Disk /dev/sdb: 14.6 GiB, 15646851072 bytes, 30560256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6ade9f76
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
步骤5：输入 n，依次添加2，3，4分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): // 创建第2个分区
First sector (1050624-30560255, default 1050624):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1050624-30560255, default 30560255): +2G // 分区大小为2G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): // 创建第3个分区
First sector (5244928-30560255, default 5244928):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (5244928-30560255, default 30560255): +4G // 分区大小为4G
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 4 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): e // 创建扩展分区
Selected partition 4 // 创建第3个分区，MBR最多只能创建4个分区
First sector (13633536-30560255, default 13633536):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (13633536-30560255, default 30560255):
Created a new partition 4 of type 'Extended' and of size 8.1 GiB. // 分区大小为“磁盘剩余空间”
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 14.6 GiB, 15646851072 bytes, 30560256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6ade9f76
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1050624 5244927 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 5244928 13633535 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 13633536 30560255 16926720 8.1G 5 Extended
步骤6：输入 w，将分区表写入磁盘，至此磁盘分区完成。
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$ // 退出了磁盘的命令模式
步骤7：再次确认“磁盘分区表”是否真正的写入磁盘
linux@linux-System-Product-Name:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
[sudo] password for linux:
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 14.6 GiB, 15646851072 bytes, 30560256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6ade9f76
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1050624 5244927 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 5244928 13633535 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 13633536 30560255 16926720 8.1G 5 Extended
Command (m for help):
如上，与我们预期的是一致的，磁盘分区成功。
4. 其它命令
首先执行命令：
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
4.1 更改分区类型
将分区1的类型由“Linux”改为“W95 FAT32 (LBA)”。
