(2022.11.27 Sun)
unittest是Python自带的单元测试框架。unittest+html和pytest+allure(测试报告)成为常用的自动测试和报告的框架组合。
概念
- test case测试用例:测试用例是测试的基本单元,用于测试一组特定输入的特定响应,unittest提供了基类
unittest.TestCase
用于创建测试案例。案例包括“输入用户名不输入密码,则提示密码为空”等。 - test fixture测试脚手架:为开展测试需要进行的准备工作,以及所有相关的清理操作(cleanup actions),比如创建临时或代理数据库、目录,启动一个服务器进程等。
- test suite测试套件:一系列的测试用例或测试套件,用于整合一些一起执行的测试。
- test runner测试运行器:用于执行和输出测试结果的组件,可使用图形接口、文本接口,或返回运行测试结果的特定值。
案例
# unittest_basic_example01.py
import logging
import unittest
class Login:
pass
class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
# 必须使用@classmethod 装饰器,所有test运行前运行一次
super().setUpClass()
logging.info("setUpClass")
@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
# 必须使用@classmethod, 所有test运行完后运行一次
super().tearDownClass()
logging.info("tearDownClass")
def setUp(self):
# 每个测试用例执行之后做操作
# do preparation
super().setUp()
logging.info("setUp")
def tearDown(self):
# 每个测试用例执行之前做操作
super().tearDown()
logging.info("tearDown")
def test_upper(self):
logging.info('method test_upper is in progress')
self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')
def test_isupper(self):
logging.info('method test_isupper is in progress')
self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper())
self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper())
def test_split(self):
s = 'hello world'
logging.info('method test_split is in progress')
self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world'])
# check that s.split fails when the separator is not a string
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
s.split(2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
format = "%(asctime)s: %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=format, level=logging.INFO) #, datefmt="%H:%M:%S.%f"
unittest.main()
运行结果
$ python unittest_basic_example01.py
2022-11-27 14:48:37,872: setUpClass
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: setUp
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: method test_isupper is in progress
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: tearDown
.2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: setUp
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: method test_split is in progress
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: tearDown
.2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: setUp
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: method test_upper is in progress
2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: tearDown
.2022-11-27 14:48:37,873: tearDownClass
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.001s
OK
该案例给出若干测试用例的结果和方法的执行顺序。
案例中定义了单元测试类TestStringMethods
,在import unittest
之后,定义该单元测试类之时,继承unittest.TestCase
,使得该类成为一个unittest类。
unittest.TestCase
有四个基本方法
setUpClass
setUp
tearDownClass
tearDown
注意这四个方法针对不同的测试用例和测试用例类,两两成一对,即setUp
和tearDown
,setUpClass
和tearDownClass
。
setUpClass
和tearDownClass
都用@classmethod
装饰器装饰为类方法,这两个方法分别在TestStringMethods
的所有test case之前和之后运行一次。
setUp
和tearDown
则针对test case而言,每个test case执行前、后分别执行这两个方法。用于做测试的准备和收尾工作。
(2022.12.17 Sat)这四个方法都用于对测试的准备工作,如setUpClass
和tearDownClass
用于在测试类对象开始执行之前对类做初始化准备工作和收尾工作(如关闭什么)。setUp
和tearDown
针对test case做初始化和收尾工作。
test case都以test
作为方法的开始,这个命名传统用于向test runner通知哪些方法代表着test case。
观察测试结果,两个test case中, test_isupper
先于test_split
执行。默认情况下,test case的执行顺序为方法名的字典序(alphabetical)。同时还有其他若干方法可以调整test case的执行顺序。
断言assert
test case中最常用的断言方法
method | checks that | new in |
---|---|---|
assertEqual(a, b) |
a == b |
|
assertNotEqual(a, b) |
a != b |
|
assertTrue(x) |
bool(x) is True |
|
assertFalse(x) |
bool(x) is False |
|
assertIs(a, b) |
a is b |
3.1 |
assertIsNot(a, b) |
a is not b |
3.1 |
assertIsNone(x) |
x is None |
|
assertIsNotNone(x) |
x is not None |
|
assertIn(a, b) |
a in b |
3.1 |
assertNotIn(a, b) |
a not in b |
3.1 |
assertIsInstance(a, b) |
isinstance(a, b) |
3.2 |
assertNotIsInstance(a, b) |
not isinstance(a, b) |
3.2 |
assertRaises(xxxError) |
如何测试抛出异常 How to Raise an exception in unit test
(2023.02.11 Sat)
使用unittest
中的assertRaises
方法。考虑下面案例test_add_fish_to_aquarium.py
import unittest
def add_fish_to_aquarium(fish_list):
if len(fish_list) > 10:
raise ValueError("A maximum of 10 fish can be added to the aquarium")
return {"tank_a": fish_list}
class TestAddFishToAquarium(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add_fish_to_aquarium_success(self):
actual = add_fish_to_aquarium(fish_list=["shark", "tuna"])
expected = {"tank_a": ["shark", "tuna"]}
self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
def test_add_fish_to_aquarium_exception(self):
too_many_fish = ["shark"] * 25
with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exception_context:
add_fish_to_aquarium(fish_list=too_many_fish)
self.assertEqual(
str(exception_context.exception),
"A maximum of 10 fish can be added to the aquarium"
)
在该案例中被测试函数add_fish_to_aquarium
检测输入变量长度,如果超过10则返回ValueError
,和提示信息。在测试部分,使用context manager,执行被测试函数,即
with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exception_context:
add_fish_to_aquarium(fish_list=too_many_fish)
此时会抛出异常并保存在异常对象exception_context
中。接下来判断异常对象中内容和函数内的异常信息是否一致
self.assertEqual(str(exception_context.exception), 'A maximum of 10 fish can be added to the aquarium')
至此可以实现测试代码中对异常的测试。运行在终端该文本
>> python -m unittest test_add_fish_to_aquarium.py
Output
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
OK
TestCase的执行顺序
(2022.12.17 Sat)
unittest中各个test case的执行顺序如前面所述,按照以test_
开始的test case名字的字典顺序执行。比如上一部分的案例中,test case共三个test_upper
、test_isupper
、test_split
。按test_
之后名称的字典序,则其排序为test_isupper
、test_split
和test_upper
,而这也是运行结果中test case的排序。
除此之外,还有其他方法可以设定test case的排序
加序号
在test case的名字中加入预先设定的序号,执行时按照序号的顺序执行。
import logging
import unittest
class SeqOrder(unittest.TestCase):
def test_3(self):
logging.info('method step3')
def test_1(self):
logging.info('method step1')
def test_2(self):
logging.info('method step2')
if __name__ == '__main__':
format = "%(asctime)s: %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=format, level=logging.INFO) #, datefmt="%H:%M:%S.%f"
unittest.main()
运行结果为
% python unittest_basic_example03.py
2022-12-17 12:07:58,319: method step1
.2022-12-17 12:07:58,319: method step2
.2022-12-17 12:07:58,319: method step3
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.001s
OK
Monolithic test
将test case结合为一个整体,运行时按整体内部的test case排序运行。在下面案例中,test case名字不以test_
作为开头,但经过self._steps
方法排序(dir(self)
),在执行时(test_steps
),调用了self._steps
生成器,依次执行test case。这种方法类似于在test case的名字中按开发者意图加入序号并按序号执行。
import logging
import unittest
class Monolithic(unittest.TestCase):
def step3(self):
logging.info('method step3')
def step1(self):
logging.info('method step1')
def step2(self):
logging.info('method step2')
def _steps(self):
for name in dir(self): # dir() result is implicitly sorted
if name.startswith("step"):
yield name, getattr(self, name)
def test_steps(self):
for name, step in self._steps():
try:
step()
except Exception as e:
self.fail("{} failed ({}: {})".format(step, type(e), e))
if __name__ == '__main__':
format = "%(asctime)s: %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=format, level=logging.INFO) #, datefmt="%H:%M:%S.%f"
unittest.main()
运行结果
% python unittest_basic_example02.py
2022-12-17 11:34:38,555: method step1
2022-12-17 11:34:38,556: method step2
2022-12-17 11:34:38,556: method step3
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s
OK
上面代码中dir(self)
返回该类的内部对象,并按序输出。
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__',
'__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__',
'__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__', '_steps', 'step1', 'step2', 'step3', 'test_steps']
TestSuite
在test suite中加入test case,加入顺序即执行顺序。
import logging
import unittest
class TestOrder(unittest.TestCase):
def test_1(self):
logging.info('method step1')
def test_2(self):
logging.info('method step2')
class OtherOrder(unittest.TestCase):
def test_4(self):
logging.info('method step4')
def test_3(self):
logging.info('method step3')
def suite():
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
suite.addTest(OtherOrder('test_4'))
suite.addTest(TestOrder('test_2'))
suite.addTest(OtherOrder('test_3'))
suite.addTest(TestOrder('test_1'))
return suite
if __name__ == '__main__':
format = "%(asctime)s: %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=format, level=logging.INFO) #, datefmt="%H:%M:%S.%f"
runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(failfast=True)
runner.run(suite())
运行结果如下
% python unittest_basic_example04.py
2022-12-17 12:24:12,820: method step4
.2022-12-17 12:24:12,820: method step2
.2022-12-17 12:24:12,820: method step3
.2022-12-17 12:24:12,820: method step1
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.000s
OK
Reference
1 经验分享:自动化测试框架之unittest,测试小涛
2 unittest教程(2w字实例合集)——Python自动化测试一文入门,是羽十八ya
3 python unittest official doc
4 Python unittest.TestCase execution order, stackoverflow