2019-03-20
On the Uses of Philosophy
【提出问题 】Shall we be more technical?
【论证科学的特点】Science is analytical description, philosophy is synthetic interpretation.Science wishes to resolve the whole into parts, the organism into organs, the obscure into the known. It does not inquire into the values and ideal possibilities of things, nor into their total and final significance; it is content to show their present actuality and operation, it narrows its gaze resolutely to the nature and process of things as they are.The scientist is as impartial as Nature in Turgenev's poem: he is as interested in the leg of a flea as in the creative throes of a genius.
*narrows its gaze：聚焦
【赏析】首句体现了建筑上的对称美学，论证了科学在于消解，满足于事物当前的现状，关注事物的过程和局部。
【将哲学和科学进行对比】But the philosopher is not content to describe the fact; he wishes to ascertain its relation to experience in general, and thereby to get at its meaning and its worth; he combines things in interpretive synthesis; he tries to put together, better than before, that great universe-watch which the inquisitive scientist has analytically taken apart. Science tells us how to heal and how to kill; it reduces the death rate in retail and then kills us wholesale in war; but only wisdom—desire coordinated in the light of all experience—can tell us when to heal and when to kill.
*【什么是智慧？】
To observe processes and to construct means is science; to criticize and coordinate ends is philosophy: and because in these days our means and instruments have multiplied beyond our interpretation and synthesis of ideals and ends, our life is full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. For a fact is nothing except in relation to desire; it is not complete except in relation to a purpose and a whole. Science without philosophy, facts without perspective and valuation, cannot save us from havoc and despair. Science gives us knowledge, but only philosophy can give us wisdom.
*哲学关注的两个问题：️真理 ️长久的终极，意义和价值（科学在乎的是过程、当下和实用）
*现状：我们的工具和技术已经非常发达，但意义感的构建没有跟上，导致我们的生活充斥着各种喧嚣和躁动，处于巨大的物质文明泛滥时期。
*观点：事实毫无意义，除非和我们的欲望联系在一起。事实本身不完整，除非和意义感建立起联系。（except的力量，好句子要将句子中最重要的部分突出，让人一眼看到你想表达的重点。）
用but作转折，用only作强调。
Specifically, philosophy means and includes five fields of study and discourse: logic, esthetics, ethics, politics, and metaphysics. Logic is the study of ideal method in thought and research: observation and introspection, deduction and induction, hypothesis and experiment, analysis and synthesis—such are the forms of human activity which logic tries to understand and guide; it is a dull study for most of us, and yet the great events in the history of thought are the improvements men have made in their methods of thinking and research.
*Specifically 用于举例
*哲学的5个分类：logic, esthetics, ethics, politics, and metaphysics
【赏析】欲扬先抑，想说哲学的用处，先提出哲学的无聊，再突出哲学的优势。