目录
一、playbook
1.1 playbook的组成
二、playbook的编写格式(示例)
1、定义、引用变量
2、指定远程主机sudo切换用户
3、when条件判断
4、迭代
5、Templates 模块
7、Roles 模块
playbook基于yaml语言编写
//示例:
vim test1.yaml
--- #yaml文件以---开头,以表明这是一个yaml文件,可省略
- name: first play #定义一个play的名称,可省略
gather_facts: false #设置不进行facts信息收集,这可以加快执行速度,可省略
hosts: webservers #指定要执行任务的被管理主机组,如多个主机组用冒号分隔
remote_user: root #指定被管理主机上执行任务的用户
tasks: #定义任务列表,任务列表中的各任务按次序逐个在hosts中指定的主机上执行
- name: test connection #自定义任务名称
ping: #使用 module: [options] 格式来定义一个任务
- name: disable selinux
command: '/sbin/setenforce 0' #command模块和shell模块无需使用key=value格式
ignore_errors: True #如执行命令的返回值不为0,就会报错,tasks停止,可使用ignore_errors忽略失败的任务
- name: disable firewalld
service: name=firewalld state=stopped #使用 module: options 格式来定义任务,option使用key=value格式
- name: install httpd
yum: name=httpd state=latest
- name: install configuration file for httpd
copy: src=/opt/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #这里需要一个事先准备好的/opt/httpd.conf文件
notify: "restart httpd" #如以上操作后为changed的状态时,会通过notify指定的名称触发对应名称的handlers操作
- name: start httpd service
service: enabled=true name=httpd state=started
handlers: #handlers中定义的就是任务,此处handlers中的任务使用的是service模块
- name: restart httpd #notify和handlers中任务的名称必须一致
service: name=httpd state=restarted
##Ansible在执行完某个任务之后并不会立即去执行对应的handler,而是在当前play中所有普通任务都执行完后再去执行handler,这样的好处是可以多次触发notify,但最后只执行一次对应的handler,从而避免多次重启。
ansible-playbook test1.yaml
//补充参数:
-k(–ask-pass):用来交互输入ssh密码
-K(-ask-become-pass):用来交互输入sudo密码
-u:指定用户
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --syntax-check #检查yaml文件的语法是否正确
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-task #检查tasks任务
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-hosts #检查生效的主机
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --start-at-task='install httpd' #指定从某个task开始运行
- name: second play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
vars: #定义变量
- groupname: mysql #格式为 key: value
- username: nginx
tasks:
- name: create group
group: name={{groupname}} system=yes gid=306 #使用 {{key}} 引用变量的值
- name: create user
user: name={{username}} uid=306 group={{groupname}}
- name: copy file
copy: content="{{ansible_default_ipv4}}" dest=/opt/vars.txt #在setup模块中可以获取facts变量信息
ansible-playbook test1.yaml -e "username=nginx" #在命令行里定义变量
---
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: zhangsan
become: yes #2.6版本以后的参数,之前是sudo,意思为切换用户运行
become_user: root #指定sudo用户为root
#执行playbook时:ansible-playbook test1.yml -K <密码>
vim test2.yaml
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: shutdown host
command: /sbin/shutdown -r now
when: ansible_default_ipv4.address == "192.168.247.23" #when指令中的变量名不需要手动加上 {{}}
或
when: inventory_hostname == "<主机名>"
ansible-playbook test2.yaml
Ansible提供了很多种循环结构,一般都命名为with_items,作用等同于 loop 循环。
vim test3.yaml
---
- name: play1
hosts: dbservers
tasks:
- name: create directories
file:
path: "{{item}}"
state: directory
with_items: #等同于 loop:
- /tmp/test1
- /tmp/test2
- name: add users
user: name={{item.name}} state=present groups={{item.groups}}
with_items:
- name: test1
groups: wheel
- name: test2
groups: root
或
with_items:
- {name:'test1', groups:'wheel'}
- {name:'test2', groups:'root'}
ansible-playbook test3.yaml
Jinja是基于Python的模板引擎。Template类是Jinja的一个重要组件,可以看作是一个编译过的模板文件,用来产生目标文本,传递Python的变量给模板去替换模板中的标记。
cp /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /opt/httpd.conf.j2
vim /opt/httpd.conf.j2
Listen {{http_port}} #42行,修改
ServerName {{server_name}} #95行,修改
DocumentRoot "{{root_dir}}" #119行,修改
vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
192.168.247.22 http_port=192.168.247.22:80 server_name=www.accp.com:80 root_dir=/etc/httpd/htdocs
[dbservers]
192.168.247.23 http_port=192.168.247.23:80 server_name=www.benet.com:80 root_dir=/etc/httpd/htdocs
vim apache.yaml
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
vars:
- package: httpd
- service: httpd
tasks:
- name: install httpd package
yum: name={{package}} state=latest
- name: install configure file
template: src=/opt/httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #使用template模板
notify:
- restart httpd
- name: create root dir
file: path=/etc/httpd/htdocs state=directory
- name: start httpd server
service: name={{service}} enabled=true state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name={{service}} state=restarted
ansible-playbook apache.yaml
vim webhosts.yaml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: Copy hosts file
copy: src=/etc/hosts dest=/opt/hosts
tags:
- only #可自定义
- name: touch file
file: path=/opt/testhost state=touch
tags:
- always #表示始终要运行的代码
vim dbhosts.yaml
---
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: Copy hosts file
copy: src=/etc/hosts dest=/opt/hosts
tags:
- only
- name: touch file
file: path=/opt/testhost state=touch
ansible-playbook dbhosts.yaml --tags="only"
Ansible为了层次化、结构化地组织Playbook,使用了角色(roles),roles可以根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件、task以及handlers等。简单来讲,roles就是通过分别将变量、文件、任务、模块及处理器放置于单独的目录中,并可以便捷地include它们。roles一般用于基于主机构建服务的场景中,但也可以用于构建守护进程等场景中。
roles 内各目录含义解释
在一个 playbook 中使用 roles 的步骤:
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/ -p #yum装完默认就有
mkdir /etc/ansible/group_vars/ -p
touch /etc/ansible/group_vars/all #文件名自己定义,引用的时候注意
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql
files、handlers、tasks、templates、meta、defaults和vars目录,用不到的目录可以创建为空目录,也可以不创建
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta}
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta}
touch /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
vim /etc/ansible/site.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- mysql
cd /etc/ansible
ansible-playbook site.yml
示例:
(1)在 roles 目录中分别创建以各角色名称命令的目录
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/php/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
(2)在每个角色的 handlers、tasks、meta、defaults、vars 目录下创建 main.yml 文件,千万不能自定义文件名
touch /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/php/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
(3)编写httpd模块
vim /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/tasks/main.yml
- name: install apache
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start apache
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
vim /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/vars/main.yml
pkg: httpd
svc: httpd
(4)编写mysql模块
vim /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/tasks/main.yml
- name: install mysql
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start mysql
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
vim /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/vars/main.yml
pkg:
- mariadb
- mariadb-server
svc: mariadb
(5)编写php模块
vim /etc/ansible/roles/php/tasks/main.yml
- name: install php
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start php-fpm
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
vim /etc/ansible/roles/php/vars/main.yml
pkg:
- php
- php-fpm
svc: php-fpm
(6)编写roles示例
vim /etc/ansible/site.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
- mysql
- php
启动
cd /etc/ansible
ansible-playbook site.yml