基础MySQL的语法练习

基础MySQL的语法练习_第1张图片

基础MySQL的语法练习

create table DEPT(
  DEPTNO int(2) not null,
  DNAME  VARCHAR(14),
  LOC    VARCHAR(13)
);

alter table DEPT
  add constraint PK_DEPT primary key (DEPTNO);

create table EMP
(
  EMPNO    int(4) primary key,
  ENAME    VARCHAR(10),
  JOB      VARCHAR(9),
  MGR      int(4),
  HIREDATE DATE,
  SAL      double(7,2),
  COMM     double(7,2),
  DEPTNO   int(2)
);

alter table EMP
  add constraint FK_DEPTNO foreign key (DEPTNO)
  references DEPT (DEPTNO);

create table SALGRADE
(
  GRADE int primary key,
  LOSAL double(7,2),
  HISAL double(7,2)
);

create table BONUS
(
  ENAME VARCHAR(10),
  JOB   VARCHAR(9),
  SAL   double(7,2),
  COMM  double(7,2)
);

insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');

insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');

insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');

insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, null, 20);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, null, 20);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250, 1400, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, null, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, null, 10);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, null, 20);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', null, '1981-11-17', 5000, null, 10);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500, 0, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, null, 20);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950, null, 30);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, null, 20);

insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)
values (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, null, 10);

insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)
values (1, 700, 1200);

insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)
values (2, 1201, 1400);
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)
values (3, 1401, 2000);
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)
values (4, 2001, 3000);
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)
values (5, 3001, 9999);

select * from dept;
EXPLAIN select * from dept;
EXPLAIN select DEPTNO from dept;

select * from emp;
EXPLAIN select * from emp;
EXPLAIN select EMPNO from emp;

select * from salgrade;
EXPLAIN select * from salgrade;
EXPLAIN select GRADE from salgrade;


select * from bonus;
EXPLAIN select * from bonus;
EXPLAIN select ENAME from bonus;

-- 对emp表查询
select * from emp;

EXPLAIN select empno,ename,sal from emp;

EXPLAIN select * from emp where sal > 2000;

select empno,ename,job,mgr from emp where sal > 2000;

-- 起别名:
select empno 员工编号,ename 姓名,sal 工资 from emp;

select empno as 员工编号,ename as 姓名,sal as 工资 from emp;

select empno as '员工编号',ename as "姓名",sal as 工资 from emp;

-- 算术运算符:
select empno,ename,sal,sal+1000 as '涨薪后',deptno from emp where sal < 2500;

select empno,ename,sal,comm,sal+comm from emp;

-- 去重操作
select job from emp;

select distinct job from emp;

select job,deptno from emp;

select distinct job,deptno from emp; -- 对后面的所有列组合 去重 ,而不是单独的某一列去重

-- 排序:
select * from emp order by sal; -- 默认情况下是按照升序排列的

select * from emp order by sal asc; -- asc 升序,可以默认不写

select * from emp order by sal desc; -- desc 降序

select * from emp order by sal asc ,deptno desc; -- 在工资升序的情况下,deptno按照降序排列

-- 查看emp表:
select * from emp;

-- where子句:将过滤条件放在where子句的后面,可以筛选/过滤出我们想要的符合条件的数据:
-- where 子句 + 关系运算符
select * from emp where deptno = 10;

select * from emp where deptno > 10;

select * from emp where deptno >= 10;

select * from emp where deptno < 10;

select * from emp where deptno <= 10;

select * from emp where deptno <> 10;

select * from emp where deptno != 10;

select * from emp where job = 'CLERK';

select * from emp where job = 'clerk';

select * from emp where binary job = 'clerk'; -- binary区分大小写

select * from emp where hiredate < '1981-12-25';

-- where 子句 + 逻辑运算符:and
select * from emp where sal > 1500 and sal < 3000;  -- (1500,3000)

select * from emp where sal > 1500 && sal < 3000;

select * from emp where sal > 1500 and sal < 3000 order by sal;

select * from emp where sal between 1500 and 3000; -- [1500,3000]

-- where 子句 + 逻辑运算符:or
select * from emp where deptno = 10 or deptno = 20;
select * from emp where deptno = 10 || deptno = 20;
select * from emp where deptno in (10,20);
select * from emp where job in ('MANAGER','CLERK','ANALYST');

-- where子句 + 模糊查询:
-- 查询名字中带A的员工  -- %代表任意多个字符 0,1,2.....
select * from emp where ename like '%A%' ;

-- -任意一个字符
select * from emp where ename like '__A%';

-- 关于null的判断:
select * from emp where comm is null;
select * from emp where comm is not null;

-- 小括号的使用  :因为不同的运算符的优先级别不同,加括号为了可读性
select * from emp where job = 'SALESMAN' or job = 'CLERK' and sal >=1500; -- 先and再or  and > or

select * from emp where job = 'SALESMAN' or (job = 'CLERK' and sal >=1500);

select * from emp where (job = 'SALESMAN' or job = 'CLERK') and sal >=1500;

-- 函数举例:
select empno,ename,lower(ename),upper(ename),sal from emp;

-- 函数的功能:封装了特定的一些功能,我们直接拿过来使用,可以实现对应的功能
-- 函数作用:为了提高select的能力
-- 注意:函数没有改变数据自身的值,而是在真实数据的上面进行加工处理,展示新的结果而已。
select max(sal),min(sal),count(sal),sum(sal),avg(sal) from emp;
-- 函数的分类:
-- lower(ename),upper(ename) :改变每一条结果,每一条数据对应一条结果  -- 单行函数
-- max(sal),min(sal),count(sal),sum(sal),avg(sal):多条数据,最终展示一个结果  -- 多行函数

-- 单行函数包含:
-- 1.字符串函数
-- substring字符串截取,2:从字符下标为2开始,3:截取长度3    (下标从1开始)
select ename,length(ename),substring(ename,2,3) from emp;

-- 2.数值函数
select abs(-5),ceil(5.3),floor(5.9),round(3.14) from dual; -- dual实际就是一个伪表

select abs(-5) 绝对值,ceil(5.3) 向上取整,floor(5.9) 向下取整,round(3.14) 四舍五入;  -- 如果没有where条件的话,from dual可以省略不写

select ceil(sal) from emp;

select 10/3,10%3,mod(10,3);

-- 3.日期与时间函数
select * from emp;

select curdate(),curtime() ; -- curdate()年月日 curtime()时分秒

select now(),sysdate(),sleep(3),now(),sysdate() from dual; -- now(),sysdate() 年月日时分秒

insert into emp values (999,'lili','SALASMAN',7698,now(),1000,null,30);

-- 4.流程函数
-- if相关
select empno,ename,sal,if(sal>=2500,'高薪','低薪') as '薪资等级' from emp; -- if-else 双分支结构

select empno,ename,sal,comm,sal+ifnull(comm,0) from emp; -- 如果comm是null,那么取值为0 -- 单分支

select nullif(1,1),nullif(1,2) from dual; --  如果value1等于value2,则返回null,否则返回value1

-- case相关:
-- case等值判断
select empno,ename,job,
case job
 when 'CLERK' then '店员'
 when 'SALESMAN'  then '销售'
 when 'MANAGER' then '经理'
 else '其他'
end '岗位',
sal from emp;

-- case区间判断:
select empno,ename,sal,
case
 when sal<=1000 then 'A'
 when sal<=2000 then 'B'
 when sal<=3000 then 'C'
 else 'D'
end '工资等级',
deptno from emp;

-- 6.其他函数
select database(),user(),version() from dual;

-- 多行函数:
select max(sal),min(sal),count(sal),sum(sal),sum(sal)/count(sal),avg(sal) from emp;

select * from emp;

-- 多行函数自动忽略null值
select max(comm),min(comm),count(comm),sum(comm),sum(comm)/count(comm),avg(comm) from emp;

-- max(),min(),count()针对所有类型   sum(),avg() 只针对数值型类型有效
select max(ename),min(ename),count(ename),sum(ename),avg(ename) from emp;

-- count --计数
-- 统计表的记录数:方式1:
select * from emp;
select count(ename) from emp;
select count(*) from emp;

-- 统计表的记录数:方式2
select 1 from dual;
select 1 from emp;
select count(1) from emp;

select * from emp;

-- 统计各个部门的平均工资
select deptno,avg(sal) from emp; -- 字段和多行函数不可以同时使用

select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno; -- 字段和多行函数不可以同时使用,除非这个字段属于分组

select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno order by deptno desc;

-- 统计各个岗位的平均工资
select job,avg(sal) from emp group by job;
select job,lower(job),avg(sal) from emp group by job;


-- 统计各个部门的平均工资 ,只显示平均工资2000以上的  - 分组以后进行二次筛选 having
select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal) > 2000;

select deptno,avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having 平均工资 > 2000;

select deptno,avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having 平均工资 > 2000 order by deptno desc;

-- 统计各个岗位的平均工资,除了MANAGER
-- 方法1:
select job,avg(sal) from emp where job != 'MANAGER' group by job;

-- 方法2:
select job,avg(sal) from emp group by job having job != 'MANAGER'

# 单表查询总结
# 【1】select语句总结
# select column, group_function(column)
# from table
# [where condition]
# [group by group_by_expression]
# [having group_condition]
# [order by column];
# 注意:顺序固定,不可以改变顺序

# 【2】select语句的执行顺序
# from--where -- group by– select-having-order by

-- 单表查询练习:
-- 列出工资最小值小于2000的职位
select job,min(sal)
from emp
group by job
having min(sal) < 2000 ;


-- 列出平均工资大于1200元的部门和工作搭配组合
select deptno,job,avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno,job
having avg(sal) > 1200
order by deptno;

-- 统计[人数小于4]部门的平均工资。
select deptno,count(1),avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno
having count(1) < 4;

-- 统计各部门的最高工资,排除最高工资小于3000的部门。
select deptno,max(sal)
from emp
group by deptno
having max(sal) < 3000;

-- 查询员工的编号,姓名,部门编号:
select * from emp;
select empno,ename,deptno from emp;

-- 查询员工的编号,姓名,部门编号,部门名称:
select * from emp; -- 14条记录
select * from dept; -- 4条记录

-- 多表查询 :
-- 交叉连接:cross join
select *
from emp
cross join dept; -- 14*4 = 56条 笛卡尔乘积 : 没有实际意义,有理论意义

select *
from emp
join dept; -- cross 可以省略不写,mysql中可以,oracle中不可以

-- 自然连接:natural join
-- 优点:自动匹配所有的同名列 ,同名列只展示一次 ,简单
select *
from emp
natural join dept;

select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc
from emp
natural join dept;

-- 缺点: 查询字段的时候,没有指定字段所属的数据库表,效率低
-- 解决: 指定表名:
select emp.empno,emp.ename,emp.sal,dept.dname,dept.loc,dept.deptno
from emp
natural join dept;

-- 缺点:表名太长
-- 解决:表起别名
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,d.loc,d.deptno
from emp e
natural join dept d;

-- 自然连接 natural join 缺点:自动匹配表中所有的同名列,但是有时候我们希望只匹配部分同名列:
-- 解决: 内连接 - using子句:
select *
from emp e
inner join dept d -- inner可以不写
using(deptno) -- 这里不能写natural join了 ,这里是内连接

-- using缺点:关联的字段,必须是同名的
-- 解决: 内连接 - on子句:
select *
from emp e
inner join dept d
on (e.deptno = d.deptno);

-- 多表连接查询的类型: 1.交叉连接  cross join  2. 自然连接  natural join
-- 3. 内连接 - using子句   4.内连接 - on子句
-- 综合看:内连接 - on子句

select *
from emp e
inner join dept d
on (e.deptno = d.deptno)
where sal > 3500;

-- 条件:
-- 1.筛选条件  where  having
-- 2.连接条件 on,using,natural
-- SQL99语法 :筛选条件和连接条件是分开的

-- 外连接查询


-- inner join - on子句: 显示的是所有匹配的信息
select *
from emp e
inner join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

select * from emp;
select * from dept;
-- 问题:
-- 1.40号部分没有员工,没有显示在查询结果中
-- 2.员工scott没有部门,没有显示在查询结果中

-- 外连接:除了显示匹配的数据之外,还可以显示不匹配的数据

-- 左外连接: left outer join   -- 左面的那个表的信息,即使不匹配也可以查看出效果
select *
from emp e
left outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

-- 右外连接: right outer join   -- 右面的那个表的信息,即使不匹配也可以查看出效果
select *
from emp e
right outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

-- 全外连接  full outer join -- 这个语法在mysql中不支持,在oracle中支持 -- 展示左,右表全部不匹配的数据
-- scott ,40号部门都可以看到
# select *
# from emp e
# full outer join dept d
# on e.deptno = d.deptno;


-- 解决mysql中不支持全外连接的问题:

select *
from emp e
left outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno
union -- 并集 去重 效率低
select *
from emp e
right outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

select *
from emp e
left outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno
union all-- 并集 不去重 效率高
select *
from emp e
right outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

-- mysql中对集合操作支持比较弱,只支持并集操作,交集,差集不支持(oracle中支持)
-- outer可以省略不写

-- 三表连接查询

-- 查询员工的编号、姓名、薪水、部门编号、部门名称、薪水等级
select * from emp;
select * from dept;
select * from salgrade;

select e.ename,e.sal,e.empno,e.deptno,d.dname,s.*
from emp e
right outer join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno
inner join salgrade s
on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal

-- 自连接查询

-- 查询员工的编号、姓名、上级编号,上级的姓名
select * from emp;

select e1.empno 员工编号,e1.ename 员工姓名,e1.mgr 领导编号,e2.ename 员工领导姓名
from emp e1
inner join emp e2
on e1.mgr = e2.empno;

-- 左外连接:
select e1.empno 员工编号,e1.ename 员工姓名,e1.mgr 领导编号,e2.ename 员工领导姓名
from emp e1
left outer join emp e2
on e1.mgr = e2.empno;

-- 92语法:多表查询
-- 查询员工的编号,员工姓名,薪水,员工部门编号,部门名称:
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname
from emp e,dept d;
-- 相当于99语法中的cross join ,出现笛卡尔积,没有意义
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname
from emp e,dept d
where e.deptno = d.deptno;
-- 相当于99语法中的natural join


-- 查询员工的编号,员工姓名,薪水,员工部门编号,部门名称,查询出工资大于2000的员工
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname
from emp e,dept d
where e.deptno = d.deptno and e.sal > 2000;

-- 查询员工的名字,岗位,上级编号,上级名称(自连接):
select e1.ename,e1.job,e1.mgr ,e2.ename
from emp e1,emp e2
where e1.mgr = e2.empno;

-- 查询员工的编号、姓名、薪水、部门编号、部门名称、薪水等级
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname,s.grade
from emp e,dept d,salgrade s
where e.deptno = d.deptno and e.sal >= s.losal and e.sal <= s.hisal;

-- 总结:
-- 1.92语法麻烦
-- 2.92语法中 表的连接条件 和  筛选条件  是放在一起的没有分开
-- 3.99语法中提供了更多的查询连接类型:cross,natural,inner,outer



-- 引入子查询:
-- 查询所有比“CLARK”工资高的员工的信息
-- 步骤1:“CLARK”工资
select sal from emp where ename = 'CLARK'; -- 2450
-- 步骤2:查询所有工资比2450高的员工的信息
select * from emp where sal > 2450;
-- 两次命令解决问题 --》效率低 ,第二个命令依托于第一个命令,第一个命令的结果给第二个命令使用,但是
-- 因为第一个命令的结果可能不确定要改,所以第二个命令也会导致修改

-- 将步骤1和步骤2合并 --》子查询:
select * from emp where sal > (select sal from emp where ename = 'CLARK');
-- 一个命令解决问题 --》效率高

# 【2】执行顺序:
# 先执行子查询,再执行外查询;
# 【3】不相关子查询:
# 子查询可以独立运行,称为不相关子查询。
# 【4】不相关子查询分类:
# 根据子查询的结果行数,可以分为单行子查询和多行子查询。

-- 单行子查询:
-- 查询工资高于平均工资的雇员名字和工资。
select ename,sal
from emp
where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);

-- 查询和CLARK同一部门且比他工资低的雇员名字和工资。
select ename,sal
from emp
where deptno = (select deptno from emp where ename = 'CLARK')
      and
      sal < (select sal from emp where ename = 'CLARK');

-- 查询职务和SCOTT相同,比SCOTT雇佣时间早的雇员信息
select * 
from emp
where job = (select job from emp where ename = 'SCOTT')
      and
      hiredate < (select hiredate from emp where ename = 'SCOTT')

你可能感兴趣的:(MySQL,mysql,android,数据库)