状态机是一种模型,用来描述对象在其生命周期中的各种状态和状态之间的转换方式。一个状态机可以被描述为一个有限状态集、转移函数以及一个初始状态的三元组。在状态机中,对象具有特定的状态,当对象接收到某种事件时,它可以通过执行一系列操作来转移到新的状态。
# 状态机示例:自动售货机
class VendingMachine:
def __init__(self):
self.state = 'waiting'
self.paid = 0
def insert_coin(self, coin):
if self.state == 'waiting':
self.paid += coin
if self.paid >= 10:
self.state = 'shipped'
self.paid -= 10
def ship_item(self):
if self.state == 'shipped':
print('Item shipped.')
self.state = 'waiting'
self.paid = 0
在上面的示例中,自动售货机通过状态转移实现了从等待状态到出货状态的转换。当顾客投入硬币时,状态机进入一个检查状态,检查硬币是否足够。如果硬币足够,状态机进入一个出货状态,出货完成后返回等待状态。
pip install transitions
from transitions import Machine
class VendingMachine:
def __init__(self):
# 状态机的定义
self.states = ["rest", "wait", "choose", "pay", "deliver"]
self.transitions = [
{"trigger": "client_approach", "source": "rest", "dest": "wait"},
{"trigger": "choose_drink", "source": "wait", "dest": "choose"},
{"trigger": "insert_money", "source": "choose", "dest": "pay"},
{"trigger": "check_money", "source": "pay", "dest": "deliver", "conditions": "is_enough"},
{"trigger": "check_money", "source": "pay", "dest": "choose", "unless": "is_enough"},
{"trigger": "deliver_drink", "source": "deliver", "dest": "rest"}
]
self.machine = Machine(model=self, states=self.states, transitions=self.transitions, initial="rest")
# 初始化变量
self.drinks = {"Coca-Cola": 3, "Pepsi": 2, "Sprite": 0}
self.prices = {"Coca-Cola": 3, "Pepsi": 2.5, "Sprite": 2}
self.total_money = 0
self.selected_drink = ""
def client_approach(self):
print("Welcome! Please approach the vending machine.")
self.machine.client_approach()
def choose_drink(self):
print("Please choose a drink: ", end="")
for drink in self.drinks:
if self.drinks[drink] > 0:
print(drink, end=" ")
print("")
self.machine.choose_drink()
def insert_money(self, money):
self.total_money += money
print("You have inserted", money, "dollars. Total deposit is", self.total_money, "dollars.")
self.machine.insert_money()
def check_money(self):
if self.total_money >= self.prices[self.selected_drink]:
return True
else:
return False
def is_enough(self):
if self.total_money >= self.prices[self.selected_drink]:
return True
else:
return False
def deliver_drink(self):
self.drinks[self.selected_drink] -= 1
self.total_money -= self.prices[self.selected_drink]
print("Here is your", self.selected_drink, ". Please take it.")
print("Your change is", self.total_money, "dollars.")
self.machine.deliver_drink()
def choose(self, drink):
if drink not in self.drinks or self.drinks[drink] == 0:
print("Sorry, the drink is not available.")
self.machine.choose()
else:
self.selected_drink = drink
print("You have chosen", drink, ". The price is", self.prices[drink], "dollars.")
self.machine.choose()
def cancel(self):
print("You have cancelled the order.")
self.total_money = 0
self.selected_drink = ""
self.machine.cancel()
vm = VendingMachine()
vm.client_approach()
vm.choose_drink()
vm.choose("Coca-Cola")
vm.insert_money(3)
vm.check_money()
vm.deliver_drink()
vm.choose_drink()
vm.choose("Sprite")
vm.insert_money(1)
vm.check_money()
vm.deliver_drink()
vm.choose("Pepsi")
vm.check_money()
vm.cancel()
在这个示例中,我们定义了一个名为VendingMachine
的类。该类有几个状态(包括“休息”、“等待”、“选择”、“支付”和“送货”),以及用于转换状态的方法(使用pytransitions
库)。
在任何一个状态下,客人都可以选择取消操作。
from transitions import Machine
class Matter:
def solidify(self):
print('solidifying...')
def liquify(self):
print('liquifying...')
def vaporize(self):
print('vaporizing...')
states = ['solid', 'liquid', 'gas']
transitions = [
{'trigger': 'melt', 'source': 'solid', 'dest': 'liquid', 'before': 'liquify'},
{'trigger': 'evaporate', 'source': 'liquid', 'dest': 'gas', 'before': 'vaporize'},
{'trigger': 'condense', 'source': 'gas', 'dest': 'liquid'},
{'trigger': 'freeze', 'source': 'liquid', 'dest': 'solid', 'before': 'solidify'}
]
matter = Matter()
machine = Machine(matter, states=states, transitions=transitions, initial='solid')
print(matter.state)
matter.melt()
print(matter.state)
matter.evaporate()
print(matter.state)
在上面的示例中,我们定义了一个名为Matter
的类,并将其用于实现状态机。我们定义了三种状态:固体、液体和气体,并定义了四种转换:熔化、汽化、液化和凝固。每个转换都是一个Python字典,并包含一个触发器(trigger
)、源状态(source
)和目标状态(dest
)。
在创建状态机时,我们使用Machine
类,并传递初始状态(initial
)、状态列表(states
)和转换列表(transitions
)。然后,我们创建了一个名为matter
的实例,并可以使用melt、evaporate等
方法进行状态转换。
在转换期间,我们还可以指定一个回调函数(例如before),以便在转换之前执行一些操作。
总之,状态机可以被广泛应用于各个领域,以实现自动化控制和智能化决策。
以上就是关于Python 中状态机简单使用的基本介绍,希望对你有所帮助!