SpringMVC 资源状态转移RESTful

1、RESTful简介

REST：Representational State Transfer，表现层资源状态转移。

a>资源

资源是一种看待服务器的方式，即，将服务器看作是由很多离散的资源组成。每个资源是服务器上一个可命名的抽象概念。因为资源是一个抽象的概念，所以它不仅仅能代表服务器文件系统中的一个文件、数据库中的一张表等等具体的东西，可以将资源设计的要多抽象有多抽象，只要想象力允许而且客户端应用开发者能够理解。与面向对象设计类似，资源是以名词为核心来组织的，首先关注的是名词。一个资源可以由一个或多个URI来标识。URI既是资源的名称，也是资源在Web上的地址。对某个资源感兴趣的客户端应用，可以通过资源的URI与其进行交互。

b>资源的表述

资源的表述是一段对于资源在某个特定时刻的状态的描述。可以在客户端-服务器端之间转移（交换）。资源的表述可以有多种格式，例如HTML/XML/JSON/纯文本/图片/视频/音频等等。资源的表述格式可以通过协商机制来确定。请求-响应方向的表述通常使用不同的格式。

c>状态转移

状态转移说的是：在客户端和服务器端之间转移（transfer）代表资源状态的表述。通过转移和操作资源的表述，来间接实现操作资源的目的。

2、RESTful的实现

具体说，就是 HTTP 协议里面，四个表示操作方式的动词：GET、POST、PUT、DELETE。

它们分别对应四种基本操作：GET 用来获取资源，POST 用来新建资源，PUT 用来更新资源，DELETE 用来删除资源。

REST 风格提倡 URL 地址使用统一的风格设计，从前到后各个单词使用斜杠分开，不使用问号键值对方式携带请求参数，而是将要发送给服务器的数据作为 URL 地址的一部分，以保证整体风格的一致性。

操作	传统方式	REST风格
查询操作	getUserById?id=1	user/1–>get请求方式
保存操作	saveUser	user–>post请求方式
删除操作	deleteUser?id=1	user/1–>delete请求方式
更新操作	updateUser	user–>put请求方式

HiddenHttpMethodFilter

由于浏览器只支持发送get和post方式的请求，那么该如何发送put和delete请求呢？

SpringMVC 提供了 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 帮助我们将 POST 请求转换为 DELETE 或 PUT 请求

HiddenHttpMethodFilter 处理put和delete请求的条件：

a>当前请求的请求方式必须为post

b>当前请求必须传输请求参数_method

满足以上条件，HiddenHttpMethodFilter 过滤器就会将当前请求的请求方式转换为请求参数_method的值，因此请求参数_method的值才是最终的请求方式

在web.xml中注册HiddenHttpMethodFilter

<filter>
    <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
    <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-class>
filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
filter-mapping>

注：

目前为止，SpringMVC中提供了两个过滤器：CharacterEncodingFilter和HiddenHttpMethodFilter

在web.xml中注册时，必须先注册CharacterEncodingFilter，再注册HiddenHttpMethodFilter

原因：

• 在 CharacterEncodingFilter 中通过 request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding) 方法设置字符集的

• request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding) 方法要求前面不能有任何获取请求参数的操作

• 而 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 恰恰有一个获取请求方式的操作：

• String paramValue = request.getParameter(this.methodParam);
  

RESTful案例

和传统 CRUD 一样，实现对员工信息的增删改查。
1.搭建环境

web.xml

<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0">

    
    <filter>
        <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilterfilter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilterfilter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>encodingparam-name>
            <param-value>UTF-8param-value>
        init-param>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>forceResponseEncodingparam-name>
            <param-value>trueparam-value>
        init-param>
    filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilterfilter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
    filter-mapping>

    
    <filter>
        <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-class>
    filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
    filter-mapping>

    
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>DispatcherServletservlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServletservlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocationparam-name>
            <param-value>classpath:springMVC.xmlparam-value>
        init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1load-on-startup>
    servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>DispatcherServletservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

web-app>

delete put 方法需要过滤器org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter
记得添加

springMVC.xml

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">

    
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.restful.demo_restful">context:component-scan>

    
    <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.view.ThymeleafViewResolver">
        <property name="order" value="1"/>
        <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8"/>
        <property name="templateEngine">
            <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.SpringTemplateEngine">
                <property name="templateResolver">
                    <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.templateresolver.SpringResourceTemplateResolver">

                        
                        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/templates/"/>

                        
                        <property name="suffix" value=".html"/>
                        <property name="templateMode" value="HTML5"/>
                        <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8" />
                    bean>
                property>
            bean>
        property>
    bean>

    
    <mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="index">mvc:view-controller>
    <mvc:view-controller path="/toAdd" view-name="employee_add">mvc:view-controller>

    
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler />

    
    <mvc:annotation-driven />

beans>

Mycontroller.java

package com.restful.demo_restful.controller;

import com.restful.demo_restful.dao.EmployeeDao;
import com.restful.demo_restful.pro.Employee;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

import java.util.Collection;

/**
 * ClassName: MyController
 * Package: com.restful.demo_restful.controller
 * Description:
 *
 * @Author Thmiao
 * @Create 2023/10/24 17:21
 * @Version 1.0
 */

@Controller
public class MyController {
    @Autowired
    EmployeeDao employeeDao;
    // 获取所有的员工
    @RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String getEmployeeList(Model model){
        Collection<Employee> employeeList = employeeDao.getAll();
        model.addAttribute("employeeList", employeeList);
        return "employee_list";
    }
    // 删除员工
    @RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
    public String deleteEmployee(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
        employeeDao.delete(id);
        return "redirect:/employee";
    }
    // 添加员工信息
    @RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String addEmployee(Employee employee){
        employeeDao.save(employee);
        return "redirect:/employee";
    }

    // 修改页面
    @RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String getEmployeeById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model){
        Employee employee = employeeDao.get(id);
        model.addAttribute("employee", employee);
        return "employee_update";
    }
    // 修改员工信息
    @RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
    public String updateEmployee(Employee employee){
        employeeDao.save(employee);
        return "redirect:/employee";
    }
}

EmpolyeeDao.java

package com.restful.demo_restful.dao;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import com.restful.demo_restful.pro.Employee;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;


@Repository
public class EmployeeDao {

    private static Map<Integer, Employee> employees = null;

    static{
        employees = new HashMap<Integer, Employee>();

        employees.put(1001, new Employee(1001, "E-AA", "[email protected]", 1));
        employees.put(1002, new Employee(1002, "E-BB", "[email protected]", 1));
        employees.put(1003, new Employee(1003, "E-CC", "[email protected]", 0));
        employees.put(1004, new Employee(1004, "E-DD", "[email protected]", 0));
        employees.put(1005, new Employee(1005, "E-EE", "[email protected]", 1));
    }

    private static Integer initId = 1006;

    public void save(Employee employee){
        if(employee.getId() == null){
            employee.setId(initId++);
        }
        employees.put(employee.getId(), employee);
    }

    public  Collection<Employee> getAll(){
        return employees.values();
    }

    public Employee get(Integer id){
        return employees.get(id);
    }

    public void delete(Integer id){
        employees.remove(id);
    }
}

Employee.java

package com.restful.demo_restful.pro;

public class Employee {

    private Integer id;
    private String lastName;

    private String email;
    //1 male, 0 female
    private Integer gender;

    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getLastName() {
        return lastName;
    }

    public void setLastName(String lastName) {
        this.lastName = lastName;
    }

    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }

    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }

    public Integer getGender() {
        return gender;
    }

    public void setGender(Integer gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public Employee(Integer id, String lastName, String email, Integer gender) {
        super();
        this.id = id;
        this.lastName = lastName;
        this.email = email;
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public Employee() {
    }
}

myjs.js

    var vue = new Vue({
     "el":"#dataTable",
    methods:{
    //event表示当前事件
    deleteEmployee:function (event) {
     //阻止超链接的默认跳转行为
    event.preventDefault();
    //通过id获取表单标签
    var delete_form = document.getElementById("delete_form");
    //将触发事件的超链接的href属性为表单的action属性赋值
    delete_form.action = event.target.href;
    //提交表单
    delete_form.submit();

}
}
});

employee_add.html

DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Add Employeetitle>
head>
<body>

<form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post">
    lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName"><br>
    email:<input type="text" name="email"><br>
    gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1">male
    <input type="radio" name="gender" value="0">female<br>
    <input type="submit" value="add"><br>
form>

body>
html>

employee_list.html

DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Employee Infotitle>
    <script type="text/javascript" th:src="@{/static/js/vue.js}">script>

head>
<body>

<table id="dataTable" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center;" >
    <tr>
        <th colspan="5">Employee Infoth>
    tr>
    <tr>
        <th>idth>
        <th>lastNameth>
        <th>emailth>
        <th>genderth>
        <th>options(<a th:href="@{/toAdd}">adda>)th>
    tr>
    <tr th:each="employee : ${employeeList}">
        <td th:text="${employee.id}">td>
        <td th:text="${employee.lastName}">td>
        <td th:text="${employee.email}">td>
        <td th:text="${employee.gender}">td>
        <td>
            <a class="deleteA" @click="deleteEmployee" th:href="@{'/employee/'+${employee.id}}">deletea>
            <a th:href="@{'/employee/'+${employee.id}}">updatea>
        td>
    tr>
table>


<form id="delete_form" method="post">
    
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="DELETE"/>

form>
body>
<script type="text/javascript" th:src="@{/static/js/myjs.js}">script>
html>

employee_update.html

DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Update Employeetitle>
head>
<body>

<form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post">
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put">
    <input type="hidden" name="id" th:value="${employee.id}">
    lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName" th:value="${employee.lastName}"><br>
    email:<input type="text" name="email" th:value="${employee.email}"><br>
    
    gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1" th:field="${employee.gender}">male
    <input type="radio" name="gender" value="0" th:field="${employee.gender}">female<br>
    <input type="submit" value="update"><br>
form>

body>
html>

index.html

DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8" >
  <title>Titletitle>
head>
<body>
<h1>首页h1>
<a th:href="@{/employee}">访问员工信息a>
body>
html>

spring 环境 。还有vue.js记得导入！

功能清单

功能	URL 地址	请求方式
访问首页√	/	GET
查询全部数据√	/employee	GET
删除√	/employee/2	DELETE
跳转到添加数据页面√	/toAdd	GET
执行保存√	/employee	POST
跳转到更新数据页面√	/employee/2	GET
执行更新√	/employee	PUT