翻译自 https://medium.com/mindorks/how-to-unit-test-private-methods-in-java-and-kotlin-d3cae49dccd
❓如何单元测试 Kotlin/Java 中的 private 方法❓
首先,开发者应该测试代码里的 private 私有方法吗?
直接信任这些私有方法,测试到调用它们的公开方法感觉就够了吧。
对于这个争论,每个开发者都会有自己的观点。
但回到开头的问题本身,到底有没有一种合适的途径来实现私有方法的单元测试?
截止到目前,在面对单元测试私有方法的问题时,一般有如下几种选择:
不去测试私有方法 *(选择信任,直接躺平)*
将目标方法临时改成 public 公开访问权限 (可我不愿意这样做,这不符合代码规范。作为一名开发者,我要遵循最佳实践)
使用嵌套的测试类 *(将测试代码和生产代码混到一起不太好吧,我再强调一遍:我是很优秀的开发者,要遵循最佳实践)*
使用 Java 反射机制 *(听起来还行,可以试试这个方案)*
大家都知道通过 Java 反射机制可以访问到其他类中的私有属性和方法,而且写起来也不麻烦,在单元测试里采用该机制应该也很容易上手。
注意:
只有将代码作为独立的 Java 程序运行时,这个方案才适用,就像单元测试、常规的 Java 应用程序。但如果在 Java Applet 上执行反射,则需要对 SecurityManager
做些干预。由于这不是高频场景,本文不对其作额外阐述。
Java 8 中添加了对反射方法参数的支持,使得开发者可以在运行时获得参数名称。
Class
类提供的 getField(String name)
和 getFields()
只能返回公开访问权限的属性,访问私有权限的属性则需要调用 getDeclaredField(String name)
或 getDeclaredFields()
。
下面是一个简单的代码示例:一个拥有私有属性的类以及如何通过 Java 反射来访问这个属性。
public class PrivateObject {
private String privateString = null;
public PrivateObject(String privateString) {
this.privateString = privateString;
}
}
PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");
Field privateStringField = PrivateObject.class.getDeclaredField("privateString");
privateStringField.setAccessible(true);
String fieldValue = (String) privateStringField.get(privateObject);
System.out.println("fieldValue = " + fieldValue);
上述代码将打印出如下结果:内容来自于 PrivateObject
实例的私有属性 privateString
的值。
fieldValue = The Private Value
需要留意的是,getDeclaredField("privateString")
能返回私有属性没错,但其范围仅限 class 本身,不包含其父类中定义的属性。
还有一点是需要调用 Field.setAcessible(true)
,目的在于关闭反射里该 Field 的访问检查。
这样的话,如果访问的属性是私有的、受保护的或者包可见的,即使调用者不满足访问条件,仍然可以在反射里获取到该属性。当然,非反射的正常代码里依然无法获取到该属性,不受影响。
和访问私有属性一样,访问私有方法需要调用 Class
类提供的 getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class[] parameterTypes)
或 Class.getDeclaredMethods()
。
同样的,我们展示一段代码示例:定义了私有方法的类以及通过反射访问它。
public class PrivateObject {
private String privateString = null;
public PrivateObject(String privateString) {
this.privateString = privateString;
}
private String getPrivateString(){
return this.privateString;
}
}
PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");
Method privateStringMethod = PrivateObject.class.getDeclaredMethod("getPrivateString", null);
privateStringMethod.setAccessible(true);String returnValue = (String)
privateStringMethod.invoke(privateObject, null);
System.out.println("returnValue = " + returnValue);
打印出的结果来自于 PrivateObject
实例中私有方法 getPrivateString()
的调用结果。
returnValue = The Private Value
注意点和访问私有属性一样:
getDeclaredMethod()
存在 class 本身的范围限制,不能获取到父类中定义的任何方法Method.setAcessible(true)
来关闭反射中的 Method
的访问权限检查,确保即便不满足访问条件,亦能在反射中成功访问了解完通过反射来访问私有属性、方法的知识之后,让我们用在 unit test 中来测试本来难以覆盖到的私有方法。
比如,我们的代码库中存在如下类 LoginPresenter
,并且咱们想要去单元测试其私有方法 saveAccount()
。
class LoginPresenter @Inject constructor(
private val view: LoginView,
private val strategy: CancelStrategy,
private val navigator: AuthenticationNavigator,
private val tokenRepository: TokenRepository,
private val localRepository: LocalRepository,
private val settingsInteractor: GetSettingsInteractor,
private val analyticsManager: AnalyticsManager,
private val saveCurrentServer: SaveCurrentServerInteractor,
private val saveAccountInteractor: SaveAccountInteractor,
private val factory: RocketChatClientFactory,
val serverInteractor: GetConnectingServerInteractor
) {
private var currentServer = serverInteractor.get() ?: defaultTestServer
private val token = tokenRepository.get(currentServer)
private lateinit var client: RocketChatClient
private lateinit var settings: PublicSettings
fun setupView() {
setupConnectionInfo(currentServer)
setupForgotPasswordView()
}
private fun setupConnectionInfo(serverUrl: String) {
currentServer = serverUrl
client = factory.get(currentServer)
settings = settingsInteractor.get(currentServer)
}
private fun setupForgotPasswordView() {
if (settings.isPasswordResetEnabled()) {
view.showForgotPasswordView()
}
}
fun authenticateWithUserAndPassword(usernameOrEmail: String, password: String) {
launchUI(strategy) {
view.showLoading()
try {
val token = retryIO("login") {
when {
settings.isLdapAuthenticationEnabled() ->
client.loginWithLdap(usernameOrEmail, password)
usernameOrEmail.isEmail() ->
client.loginWithEmail(usernameOrEmail, password)
else ->
client.login(usernameOrEmail, password)
}
}
val myself = retryIO("me()") { client.me() }
myself.username?.let { username ->
val user = User(
id = myself.id,
roles = myself.roles,
status = myself.status,
name = myself.name,
emails = myself.emails?.map { Email(it.address ?: "", it.verified) },
username = username,
utcOffset = myself.utcOffset
)
localRepository.saveCurrentUser(currentServer, user)
saveCurrentServer.save(currentServer)
localRepository.save(LocalRepository.CURRENT_USERNAME_KEY, username)
saveAccount(username)
saveToken(token)
analyticsManager.logLogin(
AuthenticationEvent.AuthenticationWithUserAndPassword,
true
)
view.saveSmartLockCredentials(usernameOrEmail, password)
navigator.toChatList()
}
} catch (exception: RocketChatException) {
when (exception) {
is RocketChatTwoFactorException -> {
navigator.toTwoFA(usernameOrEmail, password)
}
else -> {
analyticsManager.logLogin(
AuthenticationEvent.AuthenticationWithUserAndPassword,
false
)
exception.message?.let {
view.showMessage(it)
}.ifNull {
view.showGenericErrorMessage()
}
}
}
} finally {
view.hideLoading()
}
}
}
fun forgotPassword() = navigator.toForgotPassword()
private fun saveAccount(username: String) {
val icon = settings.favicon()?.let {
currentServer.serverLogoUrl(it)
}
val logo = settings.wideTile()?.let {
currentServer.serverLogoUrl(it)
}
val thumb = currentServer.avatarUrl(username, token?.userId, token?.authToken)
val account = Account(
settings.siteName() ?: currentServer,
currentServer,
icon,
logo,
username,
thumb
)
saveAccountInteractor.save(account)
}
private fun saveToken(token: Token) = tokenRepository.save(currentServer, token)
}
单元测试的整体如下:
class LoginPresenterTest {
private val view = mock(LoginView::class.java)
private val strategy = mock(CancelStrategy::class.java)
private val navigator = mock(AuthenticationNavigator::class.java)
private val tokenRepository = mock(TokenRepository::class.java)
private val localRepository = mock(LocalRepository::class.java)
private val settingsInteractor = mock(GetSettingsInteractor::class.java)
private val analyticsManager = mock(AnalyticsManager::class.java)
private val saveCurrentServer = mock(SaveCurrentServerInteractor::class.java)
private val saveAccountInteractor = mock(SaveAccountInteractor::class.java)
private val factory = mock(RocketChatClientFactory::class.java)
private val serverInteractor = mock(GetConnectingServerInteractor::class.java)
private val token = mock(Token::class.java)
const val currentServer: String = "https://open.rocket.chat"
const val USERNAME: String = "user121"
const val PASSWORD: String = "123456"
lateinit var loginPresenter: LoginPresenter
private val account = Account(
currentServer, currentServer, null,
null, USERNAME, UPDATED_AVATAR
)
@Before
fun setUp() {
MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this)
`when`(strategy.isTest).thenReturn(true)
`when`(serverInteractor.get()).thenReturn(currentServer)
loginPresenter = LoginPresenter(
view, strategy, navigator, tokenRepository, localRepository, settingsInteractor,
analyticsManager, saveCurrentServer, saveAccountInteractor, factory, serverInteractor
)
}
@Test
fun `check account is saved`() {
...
}
}
通过反射机制,私有方法 saveAccount() 的单测则可以很方便地进行。
class LoginPresenterTest {
...
@Test
fun `check account is saved`() {
loginPresenter.setupView()
val method = loginPresenter.javaClass.getDeclaredMethod("saveAccount", String::class.java)
method.isAccessible = true
val parameters = arrayOfNulls<Any>(1)
parameters[0] = USERNAME
method.invoke(loginPresenter, *parameters)
verify(saveAccountInteractor).save(account)
}
}
本文浅显易懂,希望能向你展示反射的魔力,帮助开发者在单元测试中优雅、便捷地 cover 到私有方法!
最后,感谢你的阅读。