MQTT 是一个轻量的发布订阅模式消息传输协议,专门针对低带宽和不稳定网络环境的物联网应用设计。MQTT 基于发布/订阅范式,工作在 TCP/IP协议族上,MQTT 协议轻量、简单、开放并易于实现,这些特点使它适用范围非常广泛。
MQTT 基于客户端-服务器通信模式,MQTT 服务端称为 MQTT Broker,目前行业内可选的 MQTT Broker 较多,其优劣与功能差别比较本文不再赘述。本文以开源社区中最流行的 MQTT 消息服务器 EMQ X 为例,使用 EMQ 提供的公共 Broker broker.emqx.io
,通过一个简单客户端连接 Broker 并发布、处理消息的例子,整理总结不同编程语言、平台下 MQTT 客户端库的使用方式与样例。
入选客户端库如下:
MQTT 社区收录了许多 MQTT 客户端库,读者可以在此处查看。
MQTT 客户端整个生命周期的行为可以概括为:建立连接、订阅主题、接收消息并处理、向指定主题发布消息、取消订阅、断开连接。
标准的客户端库在每个环节都暴露出相应的方法,不同库在相同环节所需方法参数含义大致相同,具体选用哪些参数、启用哪些功能特性需要用户深入了解 MQTT 协议特性并结合实际应用场景而定。
本文以一个客户端连接并发布、处理消息为例,给出每个环节大致需要使用的参数:
+
与 #
的使用+
或 #
,若主题中包含通配符可能会导致消息发布失败、客户端断开等情况(视 Broker 与客户端库实现方式)Eclipse Paho C 与 Eclipse Paho Embedded C 均为 Eclipse Paho 项目下的客户端库,均为使用 ANSI C 编写的功能齐全的 MQTT 客户端,Eclipse Paho Embedded C 可以在桌面操作系统上使用,但主要针对 mbed,Arduino和 FreeRTOS 等嵌入式环境。
该客户端有同步/异步两种 API ,分别以 MQTTClient 和 MQTTAsync 开头:
API-waitForCompletion
,通过回调进行结果通知,更适用于非主线程的环境。两个库的下载、使用详细说明请移步至项目主页查看,本文使用 Eclipse Paho C,直接提供样例代码如下:
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "MQTTClient.h"
#define ADDRESS "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883"
#define CLIENTID "emqx_test"
#define TOPIC "testtopic/1"
#define PAYLOAD "Hello World!"
#define QOS 1
#define TIMEOUT 10000L
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
MQTTClient client;
MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
MQTTClient_message pubmsg = MQTTClient_message_initializer;
MQTTClient_deliveryToken token;
int rc;
MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID,
MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
// Connection parameters
conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
conn_opts.cleansession = 1;
if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS)
{
printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
exit(-1);
}
// Publish message
pubmsg.payload = PAYLOAD;
pubmsg.payloadlen = strlen(PAYLOAD);
pubmsg.qos = QOS;
pubmsg.retained = 0;
MQTTClient_publishMessage(client, TOPIC, &pubmsg, &token);
printf("Waiting for up to %d seconds for publication of %s\n"
"on topic %s for client with ClientID: %s\n",
(int)(TIMEOUT/1000), PAYLOAD, TOPIC, CLIENTID);
rc = MQTTClient_waitForCompletion(client, token, TIMEOUT);
printf("Message with delivery token %d delivered\n", token);
// Disconnect
MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
MQTTClient_destroy(&client);
return rc;
}
Eclipse Paho Java Client 是用 Java 编写的 MQTT 客户端库,可用于 JVM 或其他 Java 兼容平台(例如Android)。
Eclipse Paho Java Client 提供了MqttAsyncClient 和 MqttClient 异步和同步 API。
通过 Maven 安装:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.eclipse.pahogroupId>
<artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3artifactId>
<version>1.2.2version>
dependency>
连接样例代码如下:
App.java
package io.emqx;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttClient;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttConnectOptions;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttException;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttMessage;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String subTopic = "testtopic/#";
String pubTopic = "testtopic/1";
String content = "Hello World";
int qos = 2;
String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
String clientId = "emqx_test";
MemoryPersistence persistence = new MemoryPersistence();
try {
MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientId, persistence);
// Connection options
MqttConnectOptions connOpts = new MqttConnectOptions();
connOpts.setUserName("emqx_test");
connOpts.setPassword("emqx_test_password".toCharArray());
// Retain connection
connOpts.setCleanSession(true);
// Set callback
client.setCallback(new PushCallback());
// Setup connection
System.out.println("Connecting to broker: " + broker);
client.connect(connOpts);
System.out.println("Connected");
System.out.println("Publishing message: " + content);
// Publish
client.subscribe(subTopic);
// Required parameters for publishing message
MqttMessage message = new MqttMessage(content.getBytes());
message.setQos(qos);
client.publish(pubTopic, message);
System.out.println("Message published");
client.disconnect();
System.out.println("Disconnected");
client.close();
System.exit(0);
} catch (MqttException me) {
System.out.println("reason " + me.getReasonCode());
System.out.println("msg " + me.getMessage());
System.out.println("loc " + me.getLocalizedMessage());
System.out.println("cause " + me.getCause());
System.out.println("excep " + me);
me.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
回调消息处理类 OnMessageCallback.java
package io.emqx;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.IMqttDeliveryToken;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttCallback;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttMessage;
public class OnMessageCallback implements MqttCallback {
public void connectionLost(Throwable cause) {
// Reconnect after lost connection.
System.out.println("Connection lost, and re-connect here.");
}
public void messageArrived(String topic, MqttMessage message) throws Exception {
// Message handler after receiving message
System.out.println("Topic:" + topic);
System.out.println("QoS:" + message.getQos());
System.out.println("Payload:" + new String(message.getPayload()));
}
public void deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token) {
System.out.println("deliveryComplete---------" + token.isComplete());
}
}
Eclipse Paho MQTT Go Client 为 Eclipse Paho 项目下的 Go 语言版客户端库,该库能够连接到 MQTT Broker 以发布消息,订阅主题并接收已发布的消息,支持完全异步的操作模式。
客户端依赖于 Google 的 proxy 和 websockets 软件包,通过以下命令完成安装:
go get github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.golang
连接样例代码如下:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"os"
"time"
"github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.golang"
)
var f mqtt.MessageHandler = func(client mqtt.Client, msg mqtt.Message) {
fmt.Printf("TOPIC: %s\n", msg.Topic())
fmt.Printf("MSG: %s\n", msg.Payload())
}
func main() {
mqtt.DEBUG = log.New(os.Stdout, "", 0)
mqtt.ERROR = log.New(os.Stdout, "", 0)
opts := mqtt.NewClientOptions().AddBroker("tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883").SetClientID("emqx_test_client")
opts.SetKeepAlive(60 * time.Second)
// Message callback handler
opts.SetDefaultPublishHandler(f)
opts.SetPingTimeout(1 * time.Second)
c := mqtt.NewClient(opts)
if token := c.Connect(); token.Wait() && token.Error() != nil {
panic(token.Error())
}
// Subscription
if token := c.Subscribe("testtopic/#", 0, nil); token.Wait() && token.Error() != nil {
fmt.Println(token.Error())
os.Exit(1)
}
// Publish message
token := c.Publish("testtopic/1", 0, false, "Hello World")
token.Wait()
time.Sleep(6 * time.Second)
// Cancel subscription
if token := c.Unsubscribe("testtopic/#"); token.Wait() && token.Error() != nil {
fmt.Println(token.Error())
os.Exit(1)
}
// Disconnect
c.Disconnect(250)
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
}
emqtt 是开源 MQTT Broker EMQ X 官方 EMQ 提供的客户端库,适用于 Erlang 语言。
Erlang 生态有多个 MQTT Broker 实现,如通过插件支持 MQTT 的 RabbitMQ ,VerenMQ、EMQ X 等。但是 MQTT 客户端库几乎没有选择的余地,MQTT 社区收录的 Erlang 客户端库中 emqtt 是最佳选择。
emqtt 完全由 Erlang 实现,完成支持 MQTT v3.1.1 和 MQTT v5.0 协议版本,支持 SSL 单双向认证与 WebSocket 连接。另一款 MQTT 基准测试工具 emqtt_bench 就基于该客户端库构建。
emqtt 使用方式如下:
ClientId = <<"test">>.
{ok, ConnPid} = emqtt:start_link([{clientid, ClientId}]).
{ok, _Props} = emqtt:connect(ConnPid).
Topic = <<"guide/#">>.
QoS = 1.
{ok, _Props, _ReasonCodes} = emqtt:subscribe(ConnPid, {Topic, QoS}).
{ok, _PktId} = emqtt:publish(ConnPid, <<"guide/1">>, <<"Hello World!">>, QoS).
%% If the qos of publish packet is 0, `publish` function would not return packetid.
ok = emqtt:publish(ConnPid, <<"guide/2">>, <<"Hello World!">>, 0).
%% Recursively get messages from mail box.
Y = fun (Proc) -> ((fun (F) -> F(F) end)((fun(ProcGen) -> Proc(fun() -> (ProcGen(ProcGen))() end) end))) end.
Rec = fun(Receive) -> fun()-> receive {publish, Msg} -> io:format("Msg: ~p~n", [Msg]), Receive(); _Other -> Receive() after 5 -> ok end end end.
(Y(Rec))().
%% If you don't like y combinator, you can also try named function to recursively get messages in erlang shell.
Receive = fun Rec() -> receive {publish, Msg} -> io:format("Msg: ~p~n", [Msg]), Rec(); _Other -> Rec() after 5 -> ok end end.
Receive().
{ok, _Props, _ReasonCode} = emqtt:unsubscribe(ConnPid, <<"guide/#">>).
ok = emqtt:disconnect(ConnPid).
MQTT.js 是 JavaScript 编写的,实现了 MQTT 协议客户端功能的模块,可以在 Node.js 或浏览器环境中使用。在 Node.js 中使用时,即可以 -g
全局安装以命令行的形式使用,又可以将其集成到项目中调用。
由于 JavaScript 单线程特性,MQTT.js 是全异步 MQTT 客户端,MQTT.js 支持 MQTT 与 MQTT over WebSocket,在不同运行环境支持程度如下:
不同环境里除了少部分连接参数不同,其他 API 均是相同的。
使用 npm 安装:
npm i mqtt
使用 CDN 安装(浏览器):
<script src="https://unpkg.com/mqtt/dist/mqtt.min.js">script>
<script>
// Initialize a global mqtt variable
console.log(mqtt)
script>
样例代码:
// const mqtt = require('mqtt')
import mqtt from 'mqtt'
// Connection option
const options = {
clean: true, // Retain connection
connectTimeout: 4000, // Timeout
// Authtication
clientId: 'emqx_test',
username: 'emqx_test',
password: 'emqx_test',
}
// Connection string
// ws: unsecured WebSocket
// wss: secured WebSocket connection
// mqtt: unsecured TCP connection
// mqtts: secured TCP connection
const connectUrl = 'wss://broker.emqx.io:8084/mqtt'
const client = mqtt.connect(connectUrl, options)
client.on('reconnect', (error) => {
console.log('reconnect:', error)
})
client.on('reconnect', (error) => {
console.log('reconnect:', error)
})
client.on('message', (topic, message) => {
console.log('message:', topic, message.toString())
})
Eclipse Paho Python 为 Eclipse Paho 项目下的 Python 语言版客户端库,该库能够连接到 MQTT Broker 以发布消息,订阅主题并接收已发布的消息。
使用 PyPi 包管理工具安装:
pip install paho-mqtt
代码样例:
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
# Successful Connection Callback
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
print('Connected with result code '+str(rc))
client.subscribe('testtopic/#')
# Message delivery callback
def on_message(client, userdata, msg):
print(msg.topic+" "+str(msg.payload))
client = mqtt.Client()
# Set callback handler
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.on_message = on_message
# Set up connection
client.connect('broker.emqx.io', 1883, 60)
# Publish message
client.publish('emqtt',payload='Hello World',qos=0)
client.loop_forever()
关于 MQTT 协议、MQTT 客户端库使用流程、常用 MQTT 客户端的简介就到这里,欢迎读者通过 EMQ X 进行MQTT 学习、项目开发使用。