这数一全部内容太多了,放在一篇文章里的话,要编辑就很困难,就把线代和概率放在这篇文章里吧。
把一组线性无关的向量组转化为一组两两正交且规范的向量组的过程,称为施密特正交化。
设 α 1 , α 2 , ⋯ , α n \pmb{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\cdots,\alpha_n} α1,α2,⋯,αn 线性无关,其正交化过程为:
(1)正交化 l e t β 1 = α 1 , β 2 = α 2 − ( α 2 , β 1 ) ( β 1 , β 1 ) β 1 β n = α n − ( α n , β 1 ) ( β 1 , β 1 ) β 1 − ( α n , β 2 ) ( β 2 , β 2 ) β 2 − ⋯ − ( α n , β n − 1 ) ( β n − 1 , β n − 1 ) β n − 1 let\space \pmb{\beta_1=\alpha_1,\beta_2=\alpha_2-\frac{(\alpha_2,\beta_1)}{(\beta_1,\beta_1)}\beta_1}\\ \pmb{\beta_n=\alpha_n-\frac{(\alpha_n,\beta_1)}{(\beta_1,\beta_1)}\beta_1-\frac{(\alpha_n,\beta_2)}{(\beta_2,\beta_2)}\beta_2}-\cdots-\pmb{\frac{(\alpha_n,\beta_{n-1})}{(\beta_{n-1},\beta_{n-1})}\beta_{n-1}} let β1=α1,β2=α2−(β1,β1)(α2,β1)β1βn=αn−(β1,β1)(αn,β1)β1−(β2,β2)(αn,β2)β2−⋯−(βn−1,βn−1)(αn,βn−1)βn−1 则向量组 β 1 , β 2 , ⋯ , β n \pmb{\beta_1,\beta_2,\cdots,\beta_n} β1,β2,⋯,βn 两两正交。
(2)规范化。各自除以各自的模即可。
首先是行列式,有以下三个结论:
(1) ∣ A 1 A 2 ⋱ A n ∣ = ∣ A 1 ∣ ⋅ ∣ A 2 ∣ ⋯ ∣ A n ∣ . \begin{vmatrix} \pmb{A_1} & & & \\ & \pmb{A_2} & & \\ & & \ddots & \\ & & & \pmb{A_n}\end{vmatrix}=|\pmb{A_1}|\cdot|\pmb{A_2}|\cdots|\pmb{A_n}|. A1A2⋱An =∣A1∣⋅∣A2∣⋯∣An∣.
(2) ∣ A C O B ∣ = ∣ A O O B ∣ = ∣ A ∣ ⋅ ∣ B ∣ . \begin{vmatrix} \pmb{A} & \pmb{C}\\ \pmb{O}& \pmb{B} \end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix} \pmb{A} & \pmb{O}\\ \pmb{O}& \pmb{B} \end{vmatrix}=|\pmb{A}|\cdot|\pmb{B}|. AOCB = AOOB =∣A∣⋅∣B∣.
(3)设 A , B \pmb{A,B} A,B 分别为 m , n m,n m,n 阶方阵,则有 ∣ O A B O ∣ = ( − 1 ) m n ∣ A ∣ ⋅ ∣ B ∣ . \begin{vmatrix} \pmb{O} & \pmb{A}\\ \pmb{B}& \pmb{O} \end{vmatrix}=(-1)^{mn}|\pmb{A}|\cdot|\pmb{B}|. OBAO =(−1)mn∣A∣⋅∣B∣.
然后是转置的结论: [ A B C D ] T = [ A T C T B T D T ] . \begin{bmatrix} \pmb{A} & \pmb{B}\\ \pmb{C}& \pmb{D} \end{bmatrix}^T=\begin{bmatrix} \pmb{A^T} & \pmb{C^T}\\ \pmb{B^T}& \pmb{D^T} \end{bmatrix}. [ACBD]T=[ATBTCTDT].
接着是逆矩阵的结论: [ A O O B ] − 1 = [ A − 1 O O B − 1 ] , [ O A B O ] − 1 = [ O B − 1 A − 1 O ] . \begin{bmatrix} \pmb{A} & \pmb{O}\\ \pmb{O}& \pmb{B} \end{bmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{bmatrix} \pmb{A^{-1}} & \pmb{O}\\ \pmb{O}& \pmb{B^{-1}} \end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix} \pmb{O} & \pmb{A}\\ \pmb{B}& \pmb{O} \end{bmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{bmatrix} \pmb{O} & \pmb{B^{-1}}\\ \pmb{A^{-1}}& \pmb{O} \end{bmatrix}. [AOOB]−1=[A−1OOB−1],[OBAO]−1=[OA−1B−1O].
对可逆矩阵,转置、逆和伴随可以随意交换顺序,即 ( A − 1 ) T = ( A T ) − 1 , ( A ∗ ) − 1 = ( A − 1 ) ∗ , ( A ∗ ) T = ( A T ) ∗ . (\pmb{A}^{-1})^T=(\pmb{A}^{T})^{-1},(\pmb{A}^{*})^{-1}=(\pmb{A}^{-1})^{*},(\pmb{A}^{*})^T=(\pmb{A}^{T})^*. (A−1)T=(AT)−1,(A∗)−1=(A−1)∗,(A∗)T=(AT)∗.
矩阵的秩的定义:
设 A \pmb{A} A 是 m × n m\times n m×n 矩阵,从中任取 r r r 行 r r r 列,元素按照原有次序构成的 r r r 阶行列式,称为矩阵 A \pmb{A} A 的 r r r 阶子式。若 矩阵 A \pmb{A} A 中至少有一个 r r r 阶子式不为零,但所有 r + 1 r+1 r+1 阶子式(可能没有)均为零,称 r r r 为矩阵 A \pmb{A} A 的秩。
向量组秩的定义:
设 α 1 , α 2 , ⋯ , α n \pmb{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\cdots,\alpha_n} α1,α2,⋯,αn 为一组向量,若其存在 r r r 个向量线性无关,且任意 r + 1 r+1 r+1 个向量(不一定有)一定线性相关,称这 r r r 个线性无关的向量构成的向量组为 α 1 , α 2 , ⋯ , α n \pmb{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\cdots,\alpha_n} α1,α2,⋯,αn 的极大线性无关组,极大线性无关组所含向量的个数,称为向量组的秩。
矩阵的秩有如下性质: r ( A ) = r ( A T ) = r ( A A T ) = r ( A T A ) . [ r ( A ) + r ( B ) − n ] ≤ r ( A + B ) ≤ r ( A ) + r ( B ) . r ( A B ) ≤ min { r ( A ) , r ( B ) } . i f A B = O , t h e n , r ( A ) + r ( B ) ≤ n . i f ∣ P ∣ , ∣ Q ∣ ≠ 0 , r ( A ) = r ( P A ) = r ( A Q ) = r ( P A Q ) . r ( A ∗ ) = { n r ( A ) = n 1 r ( A ) = n − 1 0 r ( A ) < n − 1 , ( n ≥ 2 ) . l e t A m × n , B m × s , t h e n , max { r ( A ) , r ( A ) } ≤ r ( A ⋮ B ) ≤ r ( A ) + r ( B ) . α , β ≠ 0 , r ( A ) = 1 ⟺ A = α β T . r ( A O O B ) = r ( A ) + r ( A ) . r(\pmb{A})=r(\pmb{A}^T)=r(\pmb{A}\pmb{A}^T)=r(\pmb{A}^T\pmb{A}).\\ [r(\pmb{A})+r(\pmb{B})-n]\leq r(\pmb{A}+\pmb{B})\leq r(\pmb{A})+r(\pmb{B}). \\ r(\pmb{AB})\leq \min\{r(\pmb{A}),r(\pmb{B})\}. \\ if\space \pmb{AB=O},then\space ,r(\pmb{A})+r(\pmb{B})\leq n. \\ if\space |\pmb{P}|,|\pmb{Q}|\ne0,r(\pmb{A})=r(\pmb{PA})=r(\pmb{AQ})=r(\pmb{PAQ}).\\ r(\pmb{A}^*)=\begin{cases} n&r(\pmb{A})=n\\ 1&r(\pmb{A})=n-1\\ 0&r(\pmb{A})
{ 分布 ‾ 分布律或概率密度 ‾ 数学期望 ‾ 方差 ‾ ( 0 − 1 )分布 P { X = k } = p k ( 1 − p ) 1 − k , k = 0 , 1 p p ( 1 − p ) 二项分布 P { X = k } = C n k p k ( 1 − p ) n − k , k = 0 ⋯ n n p n p ( 1 − p ) 泊松分布 P { X = k } = λ k k ! e − λ , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ λ λ 正态分布 f ( x ) = 1 2 π σ E X P ( − ( x − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 ) μ σ 2 几何分布 P { X = k } = ( 1 − p ) k − 1 p , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ 1 / p ( 1 − p ) / p 2 \begin{cases}\underline{分布}&\underline{分布律或概率密度}&\underline{数学期望}&\underline{方差}\\ (0-1)分布&P\{X=k\}=p^k(1-p)^{1-k},k=0,1&p&p(1-p)\\ 二项分布& P\{X=k\}=C_n^kp^k(1-p)^{n-k},k=0\cdots n&np&np(1-p)\\ 泊松分布&P\{X=k\}=\frac{\lambda^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda},k=0,1,2,\cdots&\lambda&\lambda \\ 正态分布 & f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}E XP(-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2})&\mu&\sigma^2\\ 几何分布&P\{X=k\}=(1-p)^{k-1}p,k=1,2,\cdots&1/p&(1-p)/p^2\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧分布(0−1)分布二项分布泊松分布正态分布几何分布分布律或概率密度P{X=k}=pk(1−p)1−k,k=0,1P{X=k}=Cnkpk(1−p)n−k,k=0⋯nP{X=k}=k!λke−λ,k=0,1,2,⋯f(x)=2πσ1EXP(−2σ2(x−μ)2)P{X=k}=(1−p)k−1p,k=1,2,⋯数学期望pnpλμ1/p方差p(1−p)np(1−p)λσ2(1−p)/p2 均匀分布: f ( x ) = { 1 / ( b − a ) , a < x < b 0 , e l s e , E ( X ) = a + b 2 , D ( X ) = ( b − a ) 2 12 . f(x)=\begin{cases} 1/(b-a),&a